Pub Date : 1960-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201730
R. Fitzgerald, H. C. Brown, M. D. Reed
Several cooperative radio systems for avoiding aircraft collisions are considered from the standpoints of technical requirements, feasibility, and cost. The system with the broadest potential application is selected. In basic form, the selected system utilizes the upper UHF region to communicate altitude and heading information, and vertical maneuvers are defined by the altitude information. In expanded form this system determines relative bearing and heading, to predict collision hazard in both the vertical and horizontal planes. Potentially, a reduction in unintentional collisions of 100: 1 can be achieved with the selected approach. The applicability of this system to collision avoidance problems of military, commercial, and private aircraft, and to related problems of navigation and air traffic control is outlined.
{"title":"Radio Collision-Avoidance Systems for Aircraft","authors":"R. Fitzgerald, H. C. Brown, M. D. Reed","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201730","url":null,"abstract":"Several cooperative radio systems for avoiding aircraft collisions are considered from the standpoints of technical requirements, feasibility, and cost. The system with the broadest potential application is selected. In basic form, the selected system utilizes the upper UHF region to communicate altitude and heading information, and vertical maneuvers are defined by the altitude information. In expanded form this system determines relative bearing and heading, to predict collision hazard in both the vertical and horizontal planes. Potentially, a reduction in unintentional collisions of 100: 1 can be achieved with the selected approach. The applicability of this system to collision avoidance problems of military, commercial, and private aircraft, and to related problems of navigation and air traffic control is outlined.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122986786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201715
F. Moseley, C. B. Watts
This reproduction of an historic 1946 paper discusses the general problem of automatic control of aircraft flight on radiodefined tracks as an aid to point-to-point navigation, traffic control, and final approach and landing. Practical systems which have been extensively tested are described, and their operation is explained on both operational and theoretical grounds. A brief outline is given of the various radio navigational facilities which are available to define suitable tracks for automatic aircraft guidance. Effects of cross winds are analyzed, and a complete discussion of damping problems is given. The improvements in accuracy, reliability, and safety in flight which accrue through the use of automatic instead of manual control are described, and supported by results of operational tests. The paper recommends widespread adoption of automatic radio flight control systems as an indispensable aid to all-weather operation of aircraft.
{"title":"Historic Paper on Automatic Radio Flight Control","authors":"F. Moseley, C. B. Watts","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201715","url":null,"abstract":"This reproduction of an historic 1946 paper discusses the general problem of automatic control of aircraft flight on radiodefined tracks as an aid to point-to-point navigation, traffic control, and final approach and landing. Practical systems which have been extensively tested are described, and their operation is explained on both operational and theoretical grounds. A brief outline is given of the various radio navigational facilities which are available to define suitable tracks for automatic aircraft guidance. Effects of cross winds are analyzed, and a complete discussion of damping problems is given. The improvements in accuracy, reliability, and safety in flight which accrue through the use of automatic instead of manual control are described, and supported by results of operational tests. The paper recommends widespread adoption of automatic radio flight control systems as an indispensable aid to all-weather operation of aircraft.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125299088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201716
H. Morgan
The basic need for air traffic control for aircraft and missiles results from the inability of any pilot or missile control agency to digest and handle information concerning many aircraft, even if presented perfectly, since judgment must be centrally controlled. Only in wholly controlled space is separation safely handled, a system necessity. Positive Occupancy systems define occupied space most safely and economically. Area control has uniform application for universal use. The interlocking function to maintain separation can be handled most efficiently and safely by a computer, while trained controllers can expedite most economically with such automatic protection. The flight plan used for control can consist of much more limited data than those for an entire trip, a saving over methods of transmitting full plans with updating. The fundamental basis of presentation of ATC information to the pilot can be simplified by either automatic flag presentations or, for voice, equivalent short phrases. Clear distinction is necessary between the control data and monitoring data, and the two methods should be used as a cross check. Uncontrolled space, with speed restriction, is required for certain users and restricted space is required for others in certain areas. Methods of handling space on an area basis utilize all space with maximum freedom. A universal coordinate system for control has many advantages and can be easily introduced. Aircraft and missile identity numbers can contain useful additional information. Frequency, time, and space assignments are necessary considerations for control communications.
{"title":"Basic Air Traffic Control System Concepts","authors":"H. Morgan","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201716","url":null,"abstract":"The basic need for air traffic control for aircraft and missiles results from the inability of any pilot or missile control agency to digest and handle information concerning many aircraft, even if presented perfectly, since judgment must be centrally controlled. Only in wholly controlled space is separation safely handled, a system necessity. Positive Occupancy systems define occupied space most safely and economically. Area control has uniform application for universal use. The interlocking function to maintain separation can be handled most efficiently and safely by a computer, while trained controllers can expedite most economically with such automatic protection. The flight plan used for control can consist of much more limited data than those for an entire trip, a saving over methods of transmitting full plans with updating. The fundamental basis of presentation of ATC information to the pilot can be simplified by either automatic flag presentations or, for voice, equivalent short phrases. Clear distinction is necessary between the control data and monitoring data, and the two methods should be used as a cross check. Uncontrolled space, with speed restriction, is required for certain users and restricted space is required for others in certain areas. Methods of handling space on an area basis utilize all space with maximum freedom. A universal coordinate system for control has many advantages and can be easily introduced. Aircraft and missile identity numbers can contain useful additional information. Frequency, time, and space assignments are necessary considerations for control communications.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126851544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201717
H. Staras, R. Klopfenstein
A model is developed relating navigational instrument errors to the actual cross-track error of an aircraft. At a set of equispaced points, fixes on precisely known landmarks are obtained whose accuracy is assumed independent of the length of the flight. An optimum procedure is developed for utilizing these fixes to calibrate the compass on board the aircraft. Finally, the accuracy of arriving at a predetermined destination after the last checkpoint is evaluated. Because of the complexity of the problem, numerical calculations using the IBM 650 were used. Two interesting conclusions were reached: 1) for a fixed spacing between fixes the accuracy of arriving at the destination is improved as the length of the flight (and therefore the number of fixes taken) is increased, and 2) for a fixed length of flight, the accuracy of arriving at the destination is almost independent of the number of fixes.
{"title":"A Statistical Analysis of Cross-Track Errors in a Navigation System Utilizing Intermittent Fixes","authors":"H. Staras, R. Klopfenstein","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201717","url":null,"abstract":"A model is developed relating navigational instrument errors to the actual cross-track error of an aircraft. At a set of equispaced points, fixes on precisely known landmarks are obtained whose accuracy is assumed independent of the length of the flight. An optimum procedure is developed for utilizing these fixes to calibrate the compass on board the aircraft. Finally, the accuracy of arriving at a predetermined destination after the last checkpoint is evaluated. Because of the complexity of the problem, numerical calculations using the IBM 650 were used. Two interesting conclusions were reached: 1) for a fixed spacing between fixes the accuracy of arriving at the destination is improved as the length of the flight (and therefore the number of fixes taken) is increased, and 2) for a fixed length of flight, the accuracy of arriving at the destination is almost independent of the number of fixes.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"195 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120940445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201702
R. Madden
A theoretical derivation of the indeterminacies of simultaneous position and velocity measurements of a reflector when using reflected electromagnetic waves is given. It is shown that the product of the indeterminacies is given by 1/(8π)/λsc where λs is the illuminating wavelength and c the speed of light. It is shown that the necessary consequence of nonsimultaneous measurements is an uncertainty as to whether the measurements are common to the same reflector. If this uncertainty is to be overcome, the reflectors must be spaced at a distance ½cΔT where ΔT is the time separation of the position and velocity measurement.
{"title":"The Indeterminacy of Measurements Performed by Radar Equipment","authors":"R. Madden","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201702","url":null,"abstract":"A theoretical derivation of the indeterminacies of simultaneous position and velocity measurements of a reflector when using reflected electromagnetic waves is given. It is shown that the product of the indeterminacies is given by 1/(8π)/λsc where λs is the illuminating wavelength and c the speed of light. It is shown that the necessary consequence of nonsimultaneous measurements is an uncertainty as to whether the measurements are common to the same reflector. If this uncertainty is to be overcome, the reflectors must be spaced at a distance ½cΔT where ΔT is the time separation of the position and velocity measurement.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126143369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201703
P. C. Sandretto
Electronic navigation systems of all types are discussed, and classified as classical or self-contained. The error rates and accuracies of the various systems are discussed.
{"title":"Principles of Electronic Navigation Systems","authors":"P. C. Sandretto","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201703","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic navigation systems of all types are discussed, and classified as classical or self-contained. The error rates and accuracies of the various systems are discussed.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133871792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201701
W. Spanos, J. Ashbrook
This paper describes a 1000-mc dual antenna system which uses parallel-driven sector antennas. Methods for determining the performance in pattern interference regions are given together with applications to DME, Radar Safety Beacon and TACAN navigation systems. A flyable-model dual antenna system for Constellation and DC-6 type aircraft is described. Provision of an RF hybrid permits the simultaneous operation of two navigation equipments, such as DME and Radar Safety Beacon, from the same antenna system. A prototype of this antenna system on a DC-3 has provided improved performance for the TACAN navigation system. Flight tests with an experimental dual antenna system have shown improved performance for DME and Radar Safety Beacon systems. The results of flight tests show agreement with theoretically determined values of performance.
{"title":"Airborne Dual Antenna System for Aerial Navigation","authors":"W. Spanos, J. Ashbrook","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201701","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a 1000-mc dual antenna system which uses parallel-driven sector antennas. Methods for determining the performance in pattern interference regions are given together with applications to DME, Radar Safety Beacon and TACAN navigation systems. A flyable-model dual antenna system for Constellation and DC-6 type aircraft is described. Provision of an RF hybrid permits the simultaneous operation of two navigation equipments, such as DME and Radar Safety Beacon, from the same antenna system. A prototype of this antenna system on a DC-3 has provided improved performance for the TACAN navigation system. Flight tests with an experimental dual antenna system have shown improved performance for DME and Radar Safety Beacon systems. The results of flight tests show agreement with theoretically determined values of performance.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130386207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201704
L. Fogel, M. Dwonczyk
Modern high-performance aircraft currently are pressing the limitations of the human operator. The increased speeds compress the allowable reaction time to such levels wherein logical decisions, and even conditioned reflex actions, may no longer be possible. The only way to overcome this human limitation of manned aircraft performance is through the incorporation of anticipatory displays; displays which offer a prediction of the various parameters so that the human operator is projected ahead of the system. An aircraft was analog computer simulated, data reduction was programmed and the same computer was used to allow biophysical measurement, which furnished correlative measure. The effectiveness of various piloting techniques, as well as prediction intervals, was explored. The results indicated a first approximation to the design of improved displays through the use of anticipatory information.
{"title":"Anticipatory Display Design through the Use of an Analog Computer","authors":"L. Fogel, M. Dwonczyk","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201704","url":null,"abstract":"Modern high-performance aircraft currently are pressing the limitations of the human operator. The increased speeds compress the allowable reaction time to such levels wherein logical decisions, and even conditioned reflex actions, may no longer be possible. The only way to overcome this human limitation of manned aircraft performance is through the incorporation of anticipatory displays; displays which offer a prediction of the various parameters so that the human operator is projected ahead of the system. An aircraft was analog computer simulated, data reduction was programmed and the same computer was used to allow biophysical measurement, which furnished correlative measure. The effectiveness of various piloting techniques, as well as prediction intervals, was explored. The results indicated a first approximation to the design of improved displays through the use of anticipatory information.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"5 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131111904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201691
H. Groginsky
Three-dimensional generalized position-measurement systems are analyzed in this paper. In these systems, target position is obtained by trilateration using only range data collected by a group of v stations located in an arbitrary geometry. The method of maximum likelihood is used to obtain a joint estimator for the target coordinates which makes optimal use of the redundant data when the noise is Gaussian. A simple recursion formula for the estimator is obtained for this purpose and is shown to be convergent. This formula makes it possible to add data from a redundant number of stations at will and in proportion to their relative reliability. Further, it is shown that the recursion formula can be written entirely in terms of the changes in the successive iterative target position estimates. This technique offers a new means of obtaining tracking data on a moving target since it permits changes in target position to be computed directly as new data are obtained. The covariance matrix of the joint three-dimensional estimator is obtained in the case in which the measurement noise is small compared to the distances measured. The mean-square position error, namely, the trace of the covariance matrix, is shown to have a simple form for the general two-dimensional system in which the target and stations are coplanar. The geometry enters the variance expression only through the angles of cut θii, which are the angles between the lines joining the target and the stations.
{"title":"Position Estimation Using Only Multiple Simultaneous Range Measurements","authors":"H. Groginsky","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201691","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional generalized position-measurement systems are analyzed in this paper. In these systems, target position is obtained by trilateration using only range data collected by a group of v stations located in an arbitrary geometry. The method of maximum likelihood is used to obtain a joint estimator for the target coordinates which makes optimal use of the redundant data when the noise is Gaussian. A simple recursion formula for the estimator is obtained for this purpose and is shown to be convergent. This formula makes it possible to add data from a redundant number of stations at will and in proportion to their relative reliability. Further, it is shown that the recursion formula can be written entirely in terms of the changes in the successive iterative target position estimates. This technique offers a new means of obtaining tracking data on a moving target since it permits changes in target position to be computed directly as new data are obtained. The covariance matrix of the joint three-dimensional estimator is obtained in the case in which the measurement noise is small compared to the distances measured. The mean-square position error, namely, the trace of the covariance matrix, is shown to have a simple form for the general two-dimensional system in which the target and stations are coplanar. The geometry enters the variance expression only through the angles of cut θii, which are the angles between the lines joining the target and the stations.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116381718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201692
D. Makow, H. T. Stevinson
A novel, light, simple and inexpensive position indicator for crashed aircraft has been developed and subjected to severe tests. A special pulsed transmitter with trickle-charged batteries and an internal antenna is potted in shock-absorbing foam transparent to radio waves and placed inside a special aerofoil. This device, held on the tail of the aircraft, is released automatically upon detection of any abnormal structural disturbance. Then it tumbles away from the aircraft in time to clear the danger zone, slows down to a safe landing and transmits a distress signal from any position and under wide environmental conditions.
{"title":"\"C.P.I.\"---A Crash Position Indicator for Aircraft","authors":"D. Makow, H. T. Stevinson","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201692","url":null,"abstract":"A novel, light, simple and inexpensive position indicator for crashed aircraft has been developed and subjected to severe tests. A special pulsed transmitter with trickle-charged batteries and an internal antenna is potted in shock-absorbing foam transparent to radio waves and placed inside a special aerofoil. This device, held on the tail of the aircraft, is released automatically upon detection of any abnormal structural disturbance. Then it tumbles away from the aircraft in time to clear the danger zone, slows down to a safe landing and transmits a distress signal from any position and under wide environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124678649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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