Nada Hamad Khalaf, Saheb M. Mahdi, Yasir Khalil Ibrahim
Cement mortar without fibers might crack due to shrinkage or volume changes. Cracking in cement mortar leads to elastic deformation. The development of these cracks causes elastic deformation of cement mortar. This study examined the influence of two steel fibers' geometrical forms (crimped and hooked with just one end) in different amounts by volume (Volume fraction = 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%) on the cement mortar's mechanical features. Among the characteristics were splitting, compressive as well as flexural strength. The samples were prepared, poured into cubic molds for compressive strength testing cylindrical molds used for splitting strength testing, and prismatic molds for flexural strength testing, and processed at various times 3, 14, and 28 days before the tests. According to the findings, the highest increase was obtained after adding 0.75% of crimped fibers, the compressive strength increased by 13.3 %21.29%, and 44.8%, for 3,14.28 days respectively, and split tensile strength increased by 66.17%,68.9%, and 79.48% for 3.14 and 28 days respectively and flexural strength increased by 72 %,91% and 92% for 3.14 and 28 days, respectively.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF STEEL FIBRES OF CRIMPED AND HOOKED-END SHAPE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT","authors":"Nada Hamad Khalaf, Saheb M. Mahdi, Yasir Khalil Ibrahim","doi":"10.31272/jeasd.28.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Cement mortar without fibers might crack due to shrinkage or volume changes. Cracking in cement mortar leads to elastic deformation. The development of these cracks causes elastic deformation of cement mortar. This study examined the influence of two steel fibers' geometrical forms (crimped and hooked with just one end) in different amounts by volume (Volume fraction = 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%) on the cement mortar's mechanical features. Among the characteristics were splitting, compressive as well as flexural strength. The samples were prepared, poured into cubic molds for compressive strength testing cylindrical molds used for splitting strength testing, and prismatic molds for flexural strength testing, and processed at various times 3, 14, and 28 days before the tests. According to the findings, the highest increase was obtained after adding 0.75% of crimped fibers, the compressive strength increased by 13.3 %21.29%, and 44.8%, for 3,14.28 days respectively, and split tensile strength increased by 66.17%,68.9%, and 79.48% for 3.14 and 28 days respectively and flexural strength increased by 72 %,91% and 92% for 3.14 and 28 days, respectively.","PeriodicalId":33282,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development","volume":"61 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141049407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a method to limit the functioning of the differential relay during the different operating conditions of an Indirect Symmetrical Phase Shift Transformer (ISPST). The proposed method depends on two thresholds; phase angle shift (PAS) between two ends of an ISPST to discriminate internal faults and inrush conditions from normal, over-excitation, and external fault conditions and slope of differential current helps to discriminate the situation of internal fault from inrush. In the first step of the algorithm, the PAS-based threshold discriminates normal, over-excitation, and external fault conditions from magnetizing inrush and internal fault conditions. In the second step, the slope-based threshold discriminates magnetizing inrush from internal fault conditions. The reliability of the proposed method has also been examined under the condition of current transformer saturation due to heavy external faults. Additionally, the comparison of the suggested and conventional methods is discussed to check the superiority of the proposed method. The proposed method eliminates the need for phase angle shift correction in the suggested method. A variety of faults in the series and excitation unit are simulated using the PSCAD/EMTDC platform to verify the approach method.
本研究提出了一种在间接对称移相变压器（ISPST）的不同运行条件下限制差动继电器功能的方法。所提出的方法依赖于两个阈值：ISPST 两端之间的相位角偏移 (PAS)，用于从正常、过励磁和外部故障条件中区分内部故障和浪涌条件；差动电流斜率有助于从浪涌中区分内部故障情况。在算法的第一步中，基于 PAS 的阈值将正常、过励磁和外部故障情况与磁化浪涌和内部故障情况区分开来。在第二步中，基于斜率的阈值将磁化浪涌与内部故障情况区分开来。在严重外部故障导致电流互感器饱和的情况下，也对所提方法的可靠性进行了检验。此外，还讨论了建议方法与传统方法的比较，以检验建议方法的优越性。建议的方法无需进行相位角偏移校正。使用 PSCAD/EMTDC 平台模拟了串联单元和励磁单元中的各种故障，以验证该方法。
{"title":"PHASE ANGLE SHIFT AND SLOPE BASED RESTRAINT FOR INDIRECT SYMMETRICAL PHASE SHIFT TRANSFORMER PROTECTION","authors":"S. Bhasker, Manoj Tripathy","doi":"10.31272/jeasd.28.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a method to limit the functioning of the differential relay during the different operating conditions of an Indirect Symmetrical Phase Shift Transformer (ISPST). The proposed method depends on two thresholds; phase angle shift (PAS) between two ends of an ISPST to discriminate internal faults and inrush conditions from normal, over-excitation, and external fault conditions and slope of differential current helps to discriminate the situation of internal fault from inrush. In the first step of the algorithm, the PAS-based threshold discriminates normal, over-excitation, and external fault conditions from magnetizing inrush and internal fault conditions. In the second step, the slope-based threshold discriminates magnetizing inrush from internal fault conditions. The reliability of the proposed method has also been examined under the condition of current transformer saturation due to heavy external faults. Additionally, the comparison of the suggested and conventional methods is discussed to check the superiority of the proposed method. The proposed method eliminates the need for phase angle shift correction in the suggested method. A variety of faults in the series and excitation unit are simulated using the PSCAD/EMTDC platform to verify the approach method.","PeriodicalId":33282,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development","volume":"32 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141047147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The public transportation system is critical in meeting the demands of the rapidly growing population and increased mobility. Thus, providing and improving public services has become an urgent need in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the level of Baghdad's public transport system using a variety of criteria, including public transport availability, and comfort level. Service level is a method used to develop transport infrastructure labels based on a specific analysis. The importance of evaluating road operational performance services to improve bus service delivery is based on the concept of service level. The relatively high performance of bus service delivery can affect the level of satisfaction of its users. The availability of public transportation is analyzed in terms of frequency, service coverage, and hours. This study assesses the level of service for five specific major bus routes in Baghdad (4, 12, 45, 61, and 113). Survey processes were used to collect data. The results indicate that all lines according to service hours were at the level of service "E". While the service frequency is within the service levels "A", "B", and "C", and transit-auto travel time is within the service levels Class "B", and "C". This study contributes to being a useful guide for developing a comprehensive plan for the level of service and improving the quality of bus service.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF THE LEVEL OF SERVICE PROVIDED AT SOME BUS ROUTES IN BAGHDAD CITY","authors":"Sara Raoof Nasser, Ghofran J. Qasim","doi":"10.31272/jeasd.28.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"The public transportation system is critical in meeting the demands of the rapidly growing population and increased mobility. Thus, providing and improving public services has become an urgent need in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the level of Baghdad's public transport system using a variety of criteria, including public transport availability, and comfort level. Service level is a method used to develop transport infrastructure labels based on a specific analysis. The importance of evaluating road operational performance services to improve bus service delivery is based on the concept of service level. The relatively high performance of bus service delivery can affect the level of satisfaction of its users. The availability of public transportation is analyzed in terms of frequency, service coverage, and hours. This study assesses the level of service for five specific major bus routes in Baghdad (4, 12, 45, 61, and 113). Survey processes were used to collect data. The results indicate that all lines according to service hours were at the level of service \"E\". While the service frequency is within the service levels \"A\", \"B\", and \"C\", and transit-auto travel time is within the service levels Class \"B\", and \"C\". This study contributes to being a useful guide for developing a comprehensive plan for the level of service and improving the quality of bus service.","PeriodicalId":33282,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141048928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ammar Muttar, Sana Taha Abdulhussain, Osamah M. G. Al-Kerttani, Omar Khalid
Annually, engineers face many sustainability problems due to thousands of tons of concrete being manufactured for buildings and structures. So, alternatives to some construction materials are used. In this research, cement composites reinforced with steel mesh and cement composites reinforced with polypropylene fibers (PPFs) were used. For this purpose, 36 concrete slabs were poured with dimensions of 40 x 40 x 4 cm containing steel mesh, and PPF with dimensions (10 x 10, 15x15, 20x20, 25x25, and 40x40) cm in the center of the slab. The impact resistance of both types of concrete was examined, in addition to noting the initial cracking of the samples and examining the energy absorption at the initial cracking and the final failure of both types, through the results, it was found that the use of steel mesh 40x40 cm is the best in terms of its resistance to repeated impact loads as well as its energy absorption.
由于每年要为建筑物和结构生产成千上万吨混凝土，工程师们面临着许多可持续发展问题。因此，人们开始使用一些建筑材料的替代品。在这项研究中，使用了用钢网增强的水泥复合材料和用聚丙烯纤维（PPF）增强的水泥复合材料。为此，浇筑了 36 块混凝土板，板的尺寸为 40 x 40 x 4 厘米，板的中心含有钢网和聚丙烯纤维，尺寸分别为（10 x 10、15x15、20x20、25x25 和 40x40）厘米。对这两种混凝土的抗冲击性进行了检测，此外还记录了样本的初始开裂情况，并对两种混凝土在初始开裂和最终破坏时的能量吸收情况进行了检测，通过检测结果发现，使用 40x40 厘米钢网的混凝土在抗反复冲击荷载和能量吸收方面的性能最佳。
{"title":"دراسة تجريبية لسلوك الخرسانة المحتوية على ألياف البولي بروبيلين والمشبك الفولاذي على مقاومة الخرسانة للصدمات","authors":"Ammar Muttar, Sana Taha Abdulhussain, Osamah M. G. Al-Kerttani, Omar Khalid","doi":"10.31272/jeasd.28.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Annually, engineers face many sustainability problems due to thousands of tons of concrete being manufactured for buildings and structures. So, alternatives to some construction materials are used. In this research, cement composites reinforced with steel mesh and cement composites reinforced with polypropylene fibers (PPFs) were used. For this purpose, 36 concrete slabs were poured with dimensions of 40 x 40 x 4 cm containing steel mesh, and PPF with dimensions (10 x 10, 15x15, 20x20, 25x25, and 40x40) cm in the center of the slab. The impact resistance of both types of concrete was examined, in addition to noting the initial cracking of the samples and examining the energy absorption at the initial cracking and the final failure of both types, through the results, it was found that the use of steel mesh 40x40 cm is the best in terms of its resistance to repeated impact loads as well as its energy absorption.","PeriodicalId":33282,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141028660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. F. Aili Hamzah, M. H. Hamzah, H. Che Man, N. S. Jamali, S. I. Siajam
Anaerobic digestion of pineapple waste appears to be an effective method for non-renewable energy substitution through biogas production. The potential power generation from the exploitation of pineapple waste as fuel is estimated to be roughly 20.8 MW. Nevertheless, the intricate composition of pineapple waste, characterized by the complex arrangement of its structure, poses a significant challenge in attaining a substantial amount of biogas production. This study pretreated pineapple waste with subcritical water to increase biogas production. Two temperature settings (120⁰C and 200⁰C) were used for pretreatment. Combined pre-treatment at low temperatures and short time (120⁰C, 5 minutes, 10 water to solid ratio) resulted in 31.6% higher biogas production than untreated. However, pretreatment at high temperatures and longer reaction time (200⁰C,25 min) reduced the biogas production by 9% as compared to untreated. Using the Modified Gompertz kinetic model, pretreatment improved the lag phase and increased biogas production to 14.41 mL/day. The lignocellulosic composition of pre-treated pineapple waste decreased, while process parameters such as total ammonia nitrogen removal and pH improved after the pretreatment. Subcritical water pretreatment, particularly when conducted at high temperatures, did not yield any enhancements in the anaerobic digestion of pineapple waste. As a result, it is not advisable to employ this method for these purposes.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF SUBCRITICAL WATER PRETREATMENT TEMPERATURE ON PINEAPPLE WASTE BIOGAS EFFICIENCY: EXPERIMENTAL AND KINETIC STUDY","authors":"A. F. Aili Hamzah, M. H. Hamzah, H. Che Man, N. S. Jamali, S. I. Siajam","doi":"10.31272/jeasd.28.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Anaerobic digestion of pineapple waste appears to be an effective method for non-renewable energy substitution through biogas production. The potential power generation from the exploitation of pineapple waste as fuel is estimated to be roughly 20.8 MW. Nevertheless, the intricate composition of pineapple waste, characterized by the complex arrangement of its structure, poses a significant challenge in attaining a substantial amount of biogas production. This study pretreated pineapple waste with subcritical water to increase biogas production. Two temperature settings (120⁰C and 200⁰C) were used for pretreatment. Combined pre-treatment at low temperatures and short time (120⁰C, 5 minutes, 10 water to solid ratio) resulted in 31.6% higher biogas production than untreated. However, pretreatment at high temperatures and longer reaction time (200⁰C,25 min) reduced the biogas production by 9% as compared to untreated. Using the Modified Gompertz kinetic model, pretreatment improved the lag phase and increased biogas production to 14.41 mL/day. The lignocellulosic composition of pre-treated pineapple waste decreased, while process parameters such as total ammonia nitrogen removal and pH improved after the pretreatment. Subcritical water pretreatment, particularly when conducted at high temperatures, did not yield any enhancements in the anaerobic digestion of pineapple waste. As a result, it is not advisable to employ this method for these purposes.","PeriodicalId":33282,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development","volume":"64 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140085356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaith M. Hamdi Hamdi, Mohammed Nsaif Abbas, Seroor Atalah Khaleefa Ali
The importance of this research lies in keeping pace with the global trend to diversify energy sources and reduce climate change and air pollution by shedding light on how to benefit from agricultural waste by using it as a raw material for the production of bioethanol, which is one of the most important types of renewable fuels. This review highlighted the; ways of converting agricultural and fruit waste into bioethanol and its environmental and economic benefits-including adding it to gasoline used as car fuel in different proportions, as it works to raise the octane number of gasoline and improve its quality, thus reducing its production costs and reducing gas emissions from vehicle exhaust. In addition, the global production of bio-ethanol was reviewed and is expected to reach it by the end of 2023. It also highlighted the results of several studies that dealt with the properties and uses of ethanol and the best agricultural wastes used for this purpose. It is suggested to focus on the agricultural waste in Iraq, such as rice husks, in terms of cost and conditions for improvement to increase bio-ethanol production using fermentation processes.
{"title":"BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE: A REVIEW","authors":"Gaith M. Hamdi Hamdi, Mohammed Nsaif Abbas, Seroor Atalah Khaleefa Ali","doi":"10.31272/jeasd.28.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of this research lies in keeping pace with the global trend to diversify energy sources and reduce climate change and air pollution by shedding light on how to benefit from agricultural waste by using it as a raw material for the production of bioethanol, which is one of the most important types of renewable fuels. This review highlighted the; ways of converting agricultural and fruit waste into bioethanol and its environmental and economic benefits-including adding it to gasoline used as car fuel in different proportions, as it works to raise the octane number of gasoline and improve its quality, thus reducing its production costs and reducing gas emissions from vehicle exhaust. In addition, the global production of bio-ethanol was reviewed and is expected to reach it by the end of 2023. It also highlighted the results of several studies that dealt with the properties and uses of ethanol and the best agricultural wastes used for this purpose. It is suggested to focus on the agricultural waste in Iraq, such as rice husks, in terms of cost and conditions for improvement to increase bio-ethanol production using fermentation processes.","PeriodicalId":33282,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development","volume":"120 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140089134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noor Haider Saeed, Malik Jasim Farhan, Ali Al-Sherbaz
A new proposed antenna is presented in this article for 5G applications. The dimensions of this antenna are (32×32×0.8) mm³. The antenna that is suggested is built upon FR-4 epoxy dielectric substrate, with a loss tangent of 0.025 and relative permittivity of dielectric is 4.3 and, on the top layer of this substrate a polygon patch is etched with specific dimensions, also a ground plane on the bottom layer of the substrate is built. The patch of the antenna is fed from a microstrip feed line with a 50Ω characteristic impedance. The proposed antenna operates at 3.6 GHz as a resonance frequency with a bandwidth of (3.15 - 4.3) GHz, and gain (3.3) dBi at the operating frequency, these characteristics are suitable for 5G applications. To attain the targeted bandwidth and gain, distinct slots are carved onto both the patch and ground plane. The simulation outcomes are gathered using CST-MW 2020.
{"title":"DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FOR 5G APPLICATIONS","authors":"Noor Haider Saeed, Malik Jasim Farhan, Ali Al-Sherbaz","doi":"10.31272/jeasd.28.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"A new proposed antenna is presented in this article for 5G applications. The dimensions of this antenna are (32×32×0.8) mm³. The antenna that is suggested is built upon FR-4 epoxy dielectric substrate, with a loss tangent of 0.025 and relative permittivity of dielectric is 4.3 and, on the top layer of this substrate a polygon patch is etched with specific dimensions, also a ground plane on the bottom layer of the substrate is built. The patch of the antenna is fed from a microstrip feed line with a 50Ω characteristic impedance. The proposed antenna operates at 3.6 GHz as a resonance frequency with a bandwidth of (3.15 - 4.3) GHz, and gain (3.3) dBi at the operating frequency, these characteristics are suitable for 5G applications. To attain the targeted bandwidth and gain, distinct slots are carved onto both the patch and ground plane. The simulation outcomes are gathered using CST-MW 2020.","PeriodicalId":33282,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development","volume":"22 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140084745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Open Ground Story (OGS) building is a functional need of all urban areas so cannot be eliminated. According to studies from previous earthquakes, when there is severe earthquake shaking, Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame buildings with open ground levels function badly. In this work, four models of G+14 RC frame buildings with and without a shear wall, coupled sheal wall, and diagonal strut were modeled and analyzed using ETABS-2018 software's static and dynamic response spectrum method. Model 1 open ground story RC building without strut and the shear wall was compared to the other three models that included a shear wall, coupled shear wall, and diagonal strut. As a result of the findings, it has been determined that shear wall, coupled shear wall, and diagonal strut not only increased the stiffness but also reduced displacement. A model with a combination of shear wall and coupled shear wall showed a minimum base shear and overturning moment than all other models.
{"title":"SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF MULTISTORIED OPEN GROUND STORY BUILDING WITH DIAGONAL STRUT AND SHEAR WALLS","authors":"Mohankumar Bajad, Rakhi D. Patil","doi":"10.31272/jeasd.28.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The Open Ground Story (OGS) building is a functional need of all urban areas so cannot be eliminated. According to studies from previous earthquakes, when there is severe earthquake shaking, Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame buildings with open ground levels function badly. In this work, four models of G+14 RC frame buildings with and without a shear wall, coupled sheal wall, and diagonal strut were modeled and analyzed using ETABS-2018 software's static and dynamic response spectrum method. Model 1 open ground story RC building without strut and the shear wall was compared to the other three models that included a shear wall, coupled shear wall, and diagonal strut. As a result of the findings, it has been determined that shear wall, coupled shear wall, and diagonal strut not only increased the stiffness but also reduced displacement. A model with a combination of shear wall and coupled shear wall showed a minimum base shear and overturning moment than all other models.","PeriodicalId":33282,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development","volume":"84 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140086634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are severe ecological imbalances from both carbon emissions and sand mining. Steel slag can be used as an aggregate in concrete to enhance the environment and conserve natural resources because of the impact of depleting resources. The paper's main aim is to investigate the appropriateness of steel slag as an aggregate substitute and determine its impact on the behavior and durability properties of columns subjected to various circumstances and loads. After discussing slag and its properties, its effects on plain concrete were reviewed, followed by its effects on concrete columns. Previous studies indicate that columns made with steel slag aggregate concrete have comparable initial stiffness, strength, and flexibility as regular concrete. For columns with fine steel slag aggregates, the conventional section design approach can be used as an option for the design method. The European standard for stub columns filled with steel slag aggregate concrete under compression is more accurate than the American standard, which is circumspect.
{"title":"A REVIEW OF STEEL SLAG AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR NATURAL AGGREGATE APPLIED TO CONCRETE COLUMNS","authors":"Zahraa Hayder Ali, Nibras N. Abdul-Hameed","doi":"10.31272/jeasd.28.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"There are severe ecological imbalances from both carbon emissions and sand mining. Steel slag can be used as an aggregate in concrete to enhance the environment and conserve natural resources because of the impact of depleting resources. The paper's main aim is to investigate the appropriateness of steel slag as an aggregate substitute and determine its impact on the behavior and durability properties of columns subjected to various circumstances and loads. After discussing slag and its properties, its effects on plain concrete were reviewed, followed by its effects on concrete columns. Previous studies indicate that columns made with steel slag aggregate concrete have comparable initial stiffness, strength, and flexibility as regular concrete. For columns with fine steel slag aggregates, the conventional section design approach can be used as an option for the design method. The European standard for stub columns filled with steel slag aggregate concrete under compression is more accurate than the American standard, which is circumspect.","PeriodicalId":33282,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development","volume":" 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140090866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. M. Aboud, Teba Tariq Khaled, Estabraq N. Ezzat, Hisham Jashami, Zinah Ahmed Shukri
Over the world, signalized intersections and road networks with heavy traffic have posed severe issues. So, it is crucial to employ cutting-edge software tools to ensure the current system can be managed and assessed. Therefore; this paper aims to analyze and evaluate the traffic flow performance at AL-Masbah signalized intersections in Baghdad city during peak hours by utilizing SIDRA INTERSECTION 5. For purposes of evaluation, the Level of Service LOS, average delay time, capacity, degree of saturation, queue for Intersection, fuel consumption, and carbon dioxide emission have been considered. In this study, video count was used to collect data. The main input data included peak hour factor (PHF), numbers and width of lanes, percent of heavy vehicles for each direction and movement, median, phasing, and timing. The results of the analysis indicated that the intersection is operated at LOS ( F) with a backlog queue of 166.1 which is the queue for any lane used by movement (vehicles)and a 1262m queue for any lane used by movement (meters) m, while fuel consumption was at a rate of 849.9 liters per hour. Furthermore, the results revealed that carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was increased by 2124.8 Kg per hour. So, It can be concluded that the intersection needs to improve its level of service by changing its geometry or by implementing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).
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