Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) is a chemical industrial material that is widely used as a metal cleaner, adhesive, and as a filler in the detergent, soap and toothpaste industries. Sodium silicate can be synthesized from silica dioxide (SiO2), which can be obtained through an extraction process from materials containing silica such as sand, glass bottle waste or rice husks. In this research, the synthesis of Na2SiO3 was carried out using silica extracted from Bengkalis beach sand using the acid leaching method, with a 3M HCl solution. The results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of Bengkalis Beach sand showed that the silica content reached 89.1%. This research aims to determine the effect of the molar ratio of the NaOH reactant to the extracted SiO2 (2:1, 3:1 and 4:1) on the Na2SiO3 produced. The synthesis of Na2SiO3 was carried out using the hydrothermal method at atmospheric pressure, by reacting a 4M NaOH solution with 10 g of silica from Bengkalis sand, by heating at 110oC for an hour and stirring at 600 rpm. A molar ratio of 2:1 is the best ratio which produces 9.427g of Na2SiO3. From analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the spectrum patterns obtained are suitable for compounds containing silanol (≡Si-OH) and siloxane (≡Si-O-Si≡) groups. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the synthesized compound is in accordance with standard sodium silicate. The Na2SiO3 obtained has a crystal diameter of 44.8 nm with an agglomerate-shaped morpology.
{"title":"Sintesis Natrium Silikat Menggunakan Silika dari Pasir Pantai Bengkalis","authors":"Yelmida ' Azis, Ida ' Zahrina, Anisa Mutamima, Cory Dian Alfarisi, Nurfatihayati","doi":"10.25077/jrk.v15i1.640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v15i1.640","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) is a chemical industrial material that is widely used as a metal cleaner, adhesive, and as a filler in the detergent, soap and toothpaste industries. Sodium silicate can be synthesized from silica dioxide (SiO2), which can be obtained through an extraction process from materials containing silica such as sand, glass bottle waste or rice husks. In this research, the synthesis of Na2SiO3 was carried out using silica extracted from Bengkalis beach sand using the acid leaching method, with a 3M HCl solution. The results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of Bengkalis Beach sand showed that the silica content reached 89.1%. This research aims to determine the effect of the molar ratio of the NaOH reactant to the extracted SiO2 (2:1, 3:1 and 4:1) on the Na2SiO3 produced. The synthesis of Na2SiO3 was carried out using the hydrothermal method at atmospheric pressure, by reacting a 4M NaOH solution with 10 g of silica from Bengkalis sand, by heating at 110oC for an hour and stirring at 600 rpm. A molar ratio of 2:1 is the best ratio which produces 9.427g of Na2SiO3. From analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the spectrum patterns obtained are suitable for compounds containing silanol (≡Si-OH) and siloxane (≡Si-O-Si≡) groups. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the synthesized compound is in accordance with standard sodium silicate. The Na2SiO3 obtained has a crystal diameter of 44.8 nm with an agglomerate-shaped morpology.","PeriodicalId":33366,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140666127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Excessive sun exposure to the skin can cause redness (erythema) and darkening of the skin (pigmentation). This effect can be prevented by using sunscreen. Kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex G. Forst) can act as a natural sunscreen because they contain secondary metabolite compounds with a conjugated double bond structure (chromophore), including phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The presence of conjugated double bonds in phenolic and flavonoid compounds is known to be able to absorb UV radiation thereby reducing its intensity on the skin. This study aims to determine the sunscreen activity of kedondong leaves based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), , the percentage of erythema transmission value (%Te), and the percentage of pigmentation transmission value (%Tp) and determine the secondary metabolite groups in kedondong leaf extracts and fractions. The research stages carried out were extraction of kedondong leaves by maceration, dechlorophyllation, followed by fractionation using n-hexane and dichloromethane, to obtain methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction and methanol fraction. Then phytochemical tests were carried out on the extracts and fractions. Phytochemical tests showed that the secondary metabolite compounds in the methanol extract of kedondong leaves were alkaloids, phenolics, steroids and saponins. Furthermore, in the n-hexane fraction are steroids, the dichloromethane fraction is phenolic compounds, and the methanol fraction is alkaloid, phenolic and saponin compounds. Using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 200-400 nm, the sunscreen activity test showed that the dichloromethane fraction at a concentration of 120 mg/L was included in the extra protection category with an SPF value of 7,86±0,23; fast tanning with a %Te value of 15,99±0,83 and sunblock with a %Tp value of 32,72±1,09.
{"title":"Aktivitas Tabir Surya Secara In-Vitro Ekstrak dan Fraksi Daun Kedondong (Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex G.Forst)","authors":"Rudiyansyah, Rizal Fathurrahman, Endah Sayekti","doi":"10.25077/jrk.v15i1.615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v15i1.615","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive sun exposure to the skin can cause redness (erythema) and darkening of the skin (pigmentation). This effect can be prevented by using sunscreen. Kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex G. Forst) can act as a natural sunscreen because they contain secondary metabolite compounds with a conjugated double bond structure (chromophore), including phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The presence of conjugated double bonds in phenolic and flavonoid compounds is known to be able to absorb UV radiation thereby reducing its intensity on the skin. This study aims to determine the sunscreen activity of kedondong leaves based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), , the percentage of erythema transmission value (%Te), and the percentage of pigmentation transmission value (%Tp) and determine the secondary metabolite groups in kedondong leaf extracts and fractions. The research stages carried out were extraction of kedondong leaves by maceration, dechlorophyllation, followed by fractionation using n-hexane and dichloromethane, to obtain methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction and methanol fraction. Then phytochemical tests were carried out on the extracts and fractions. Phytochemical tests showed that the secondary metabolite compounds in the methanol extract of kedondong leaves were alkaloids, phenolics, steroids and saponins. Furthermore, in the n-hexane fraction are steroids, the dichloromethane fraction is phenolic compounds, and the methanol fraction is alkaloid, phenolic and saponin compounds. Using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 200-400 nm, the sunscreen activity test showed that the dichloromethane fraction at a concentration of 120 mg/L was included in the extra protection category with an SPF value of 7,86±0,23; fast tanning with a %Te value of 15,99±0,83 and sunblock with a %Tp value of 32,72±1,09.","PeriodicalId":33366,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140668418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Achmad Rochliadi, Mohammad Alief Ramdhan, Aep Patah
This study aims to investigate the possible utilization of silica (SiO2) and silicon (Si) derived from rice husks as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). SiO2 and Si have impressive theoretical capacities of 1965 and 4200 mAh/g, respectively. However, their direct use as LIBs anodes faces challenges such as substantial volume changes during battery charging and discharging, as well as low electrical conductivity. Consequently, a common approach is to create nanostructures of SiO2 and Si, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes, and combine them with conductive matrices like carbon-based materials. In this study, the Si/SiO2/C composite was synthesized from rice husks, taking into account the mass ratio of Si/SiO2 to C. The process involved first separating SiO2 and C from rice husks and then synthesizing the composite using the ball mill method and activated molten salt aluminothermic reduction (AlCl3/NaCl). X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of the composite, as indicated by characteristic peaks of the constituent compounds. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging showed non-uniform morphology with varying particle sizes. Tests results demonstrated that the Si/SiO2/C composite with a 3:1 ratio exhibited the most promising performance as a LIB anode, maintaining a high capacity of 280.48 mAh/g with a Coulombic Efficiency (CE) of 99% after 50 testing cycles. These findings suggest that silica and silicon compounds derived from rice husks hold great potential as efficient and durable anode materials for LIBs applications.
{"title":"Pengaruh Perbandingan Massa Silikon/Silika terhadap Karbon pada Kinerja Anode Baterai Litium Ion dari Sekam Padi","authors":"Achmad Rochliadi, Mohammad Alief Ramdhan, Aep Patah","doi":"10.25077/jrk.v14i2.624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v14i2.624","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the possible utilization of silica (SiO2) and silicon (Si) derived from rice husks as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). SiO2 and Si have impressive theoretical capacities of 1965 and 4200 mAh/g, respectively. However, their direct use as LIBs anodes faces challenges such as substantial volume changes during battery charging and discharging, as well as low electrical conductivity. Consequently, a common approach is to create nanostructures of SiO2 and Si, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes, and combine them with conductive matrices like carbon-based materials. In this study, the Si/SiO2/C composite was synthesized from rice husks, taking into account the mass ratio of Si/SiO2 to C. The process involved first separating SiO2 and C from rice husks and then synthesizing the composite using the ball mill method and activated molten salt aluminothermic reduction (AlCl3/NaCl). X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of the composite, as indicated by characteristic peaks of the constituent compounds. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging showed non-uniform morphology with varying particle sizes. Tests results demonstrated that the Si/SiO2/C composite with a 3:1 ratio exhibited the most promising performance as a LIB anode, maintaining a high capacity of 280.48 mAh/g with a Coulombic Efficiency (CE) of 99% after 50 testing cycles. These findings suggest that silica and silicon compounds derived from rice husks hold great potential as efficient and durable anode materials for LIBs applications.","PeriodicalId":33366,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anang Takwanto, None Yanty Maryanty, None Anugrah Windy Mustikarini, None Dina Wulan Sari, None Rizki Kurnia Juliansyah
Granular zeolite-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites without glutralaldehyde and zeolite-PVA composites with the addition of glutaraldehyde were carried out in this study and used as adsorbents. This study aims to reduce groundwater hardness, determine the optimum zeolite size in composite mixtures, and determine the characterization of functional groups in composites. The stages of the research included: preparation and activation of zeolite with variations in zeolite sizes of 100, 60 and 45 mesh and variations in composition of zeolite-polyvinyl alcohol 1:1; 1:2; 2:1; 2:3 and 3:2. Furthermore, the preparation of PVA solution concentration of 9% and the formation of the composite. The results showed that the optimum size of the zeolite on the composite without glutaraldehyde was 60 mesh with a decrease in hardness of 68% while the ratio of the optimum zeolite-PVA composition was at a ratio of 3:2 with a decrease in hardness of 34 mg/L. The results of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm analysis showed the presence of chemical bonds because the determination value (R2) of the adsorption isotherm was > 0.9. The results of functional group characterization showed OH- in the zeolite-PVA composite without glutaraldehyde at a wavelength of 3363.01 cm-1 while in the composite with glutaraldehyde at a wavelength of 3345.89 cm-1. The C=C functional group appeared at a wavelength of 1628.73 cm-1 for the zeolite-PVA composite without glutaraldehyde and 1635.86 cm-1 for the composite with glutaraldehyde. At a wavelength of 788.70 cm-1 and 794.40 cm-1, the Si-O symmetric stretching vibrations show in the zeolite structure.
{"title":"Komposit Zeolit-Polivinil Alkohol sebagai Adsorben untuk Menurunkan Kesadahan Air Tanah","authors":"Anang Takwanto, None Yanty Maryanty, None Anugrah Windy Mustikarini, None Dina Wulan Sari, None Rizki Kurnia Juliansyah","doi":"10.25077/jrk.v14i2.597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v14i2.597","url":null,"abstract":"Granular zeolite-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites without glutralaldehyde and zeolite-PVA composites with the addition of glutaraldehyde were carried out in this study and used as adsorbents. This study aims to reduce groundwater hardness, determine the optimum zeolite size in composite mixtures, and determine the characterization of functional groups in composites. The stages of the research included: preparation and activation of zeolite with variations in zeolite sizes of 100, 60 and 45 mesh and variations in composition of zeolite-polyvinyl alcohol 1:1; 1:2; 2:1; 2:3 and 3:2. Furthermore, the preparation of PVA solution concentration of 9% and the formation of the composite. The results showed that the optimum size of the zeolite on the composite without glutaraldehyde was 60 mesh with a decrease in hardness of 68% while the ratio of the optimum zeolite-PVA composition was at a ratio of 3:2 with a decrease in hardness of 34 mg/L. The results of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm analysis showed the presence of chemical bonds because the determination value (R2) of the adsorption isotherm was > 0.9. The results of functional group characterization showed OH- in the zeolite-PVA composite without glutaraldehyde at a wavelength of 3363.01 cm-1 while in the composite with glutaraldehyde at a wavelength of 3345.89 cm-1. The C=C functional group appeared at a wavelength of 1628.73 cm-1 for the zeolite-PVA composite without glutaraldehyde and 1635.86 cm-1 for the composite with glutaraldehyde. At a wavelength of 788.70 cm-1 and 794.40 cm-1, the Si-O symmetric stretching vibrations show in the zeolite structure.","PeriodicalId":33366,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136038969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None Sugiarti, None Nurul Setiadewi, None Cynthia Henny, None Dewi Verawati, None Agus Waluyo
Floating Treatment Wetland (FTW) is a form of wetland that functions to remove waste such as Nitrogen (N element) and Phosphorus (Phosphorous/P element) waste by utilizing plant roots as pollutant absorbers. This study aims to examine the reaction rate of phosphate removal from synthetic P waste through FTW. The water plants used were water jasmine (Echinodorus palifolius) and banana (Helliconia psittaforum). Four FTW ponds are filled with synthetic P waste. The first pond is a control pond, while the second pond is filled with FTW without plants, and the third and fourth ponds are filled with each of the aquatic plants mentioned above. The study was conducted from July to mid-August 2019. Water samples were taken in four pools five times in the first week, three times in the second week and twice in the third to sixth weeks. The parameters measured are water temperature, pH, Oxidative Reductive Potential (ORP) and phosphate. The data analysis carried out was calculating the phosphate reaction rate for each measured sample. The rate of phosphate decreases in proportion to the decrease in phosphate concentration in the test pond. Aquatic plants have been proven to remove phosphate from synthetic waste by using it as a nutrient for plant growth.
{"title":"Laju Reaksi Penghilangan Fosfat pada Limbah Cair Artifisial NPK Menggunakan Sistem Floating Treatment Wetlands","authors":"None Sugiarti, None Nurul Setiadewi, None Cynthia Henny, None Dewi Verawati, None Agus Waluyo","doi":"10.25077/jrk.v14i2.620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v14i2.620","url":null,"abstract":"Floating Treatment Wetland (FTW) is a form of wetland that functions to remove waste such as Nitrogen (N element) and Phosphorus (Phosphorous/P element) waste by utilizing plant roots as pollutant absorbers. This study aims to examine the reaction rate of phosphate removal from synthetic P waste through FTW. The water plants used were water jasmine (Echinodorus palifolius) and banana (Helliconia psittaforum). Four FTW ponds are filled with synthetic P waste. The first pond is a control pond, while the second pond is filled with FTW without plants, and the third and fourth ponds are filled with each of the aquatic plants mentioned above. The study was conducted from July to mid-August 2019. Water samples were taken in four pools five times in the first week, three times in the second week and twice in the third to sixth weeks. The parameters measured are water temperature, pH, Oxidative Reductive Potential (ORP) and phosphate. The data analysis carried out was calculating the phosphate reaction rate for each measured sample. The rate of phosphate decreases in proportion to the decrease in phosphate concentration in the test pond. Aquatic plants have been proven to remove phosphate from synthetic waste by using it as a nutrient for plant growth.","PeriodicalId":33366,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) with magnesium (Mg) doping for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) photoanode application has been synthesized. DSSC components used in this study were photosensitizer (bixin), electrolyte (), cathode (platinum), and photoanode (Mg-TiO2). This research aims to determine the characteristics of Mg-doped TiO2 photoanode with variations in dopant concentration based on the results of XRD and DR/UV-Vis analysis, as well as to determine the maximum efficiency conversion energy of DSSC using Mg-doped TiO2 and undoped TiO2 as photoanodes. The synthesis of TiO2 and Mg-TiO2 was carried out using the hydrothermal method with variations in the concentration of Mg dopant of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% based on the molar ratio. The presenceof 2% of Mg in anatase TiO2 paste decreased the TiO2 band gap from 3.15 to 2.60 eV. Analysis results show that adding Mg dopant decreased the crystal size. Mg dopants on TiO2 could also form new energy levels, which reduced the band gap energy of TiO2. In addition, the increased concentration of Mg dopants also shifted the absorption capacity of TiO2 from the ultra-violet (UV) wavelengths region to the visible light area. The maximum energy conversion efficiency of the DSSCs with Mg-doped TiO2 photoanode of 0.5, 1, and 2% are 0.045; 0.070, and 0.172%, respectively, where these three efficiency values are higher than undoped TiO2 (0.017%). The results proved that the presence of Mg dopants on the TiO2 photoanode can increase the efficiency of DSSC.
{"title":"Synthesis of Mg-doped TiO2 Using a Hydrothermal Method as Photoanode on Bixin-Sensitized Solar Cell","authors":"None Winda Rahmalia, None Intan Syahbanu, None Nurlina, None Ayu Widya Sari, None Septiani","doi":"10.25077/jrk.v14i2.622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v14i2.622","url":null,"abstract":"Titanium dioxide (TiO2) with magnesium (Mg) doping for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) photoanode application has been synthesized. DSSC components used in this study were photosensitizer (bixin), electrolyte (), cathode (platinum), and photoanode (Mg-TiO2). This research aims to determine the characteristics of Mg-doped TiO2 photoanode with variations in dopant concentration based on the results of XRD and DR/UV-Vis analysis, as well as to determine the maximum efficiency conversion energy of DSSC using Mg-doped TiO2 and undoped TiO2 as photoanodes. The synthesis of TiO2 and Mg-TiO2 was carried out using the hydrothermal method with variations in the concentration of Mg dopant of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% based on the molar ratio. The presenceof 2% of Mg in anatase TiO2 paste decreased the TiO2 band gap from 3.15 to 2.60 eV. Analysis results show that adding Mg dopant decreased the crystal size. Mg dopants on TiO2 could also form new energy levels, which reduced the band gap energy of TiO2. In addition, the increased concentration of Mg dopants also shifted the absorption capacity of TiO2 from the ultra-violet (UV) wavelengths region to the visible light area. The maximum energy conversion efficiency of the DSSCs with Mg-doped TiO2 photoanode of 0.5, 1, and 2% are 0.045; 0.070, and 0.172%, respectively, where these three efficiency values are higher than undoped TiO2 (0.017%). The results proved that the presence of Mg dopants on the TiO2 photoanode can increase the efficiency of DSSC.","PeriodicalId":33366,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the 2021 Central Statistics Agency (BPS) about environment, there is still a high level of pollution, especially pollution in water. The pollution is dominated by heavy metal contaminants. This research was carried out to make and characterized biosorbents which were activated into activated carbon from banana peel waste called BPAC (Banana Peels Activated Carbon) with HCl activator. Activated carbon has many advantages as an adsorbent with time and cost efficiency in absorbed heavy metals. Activated carbon from banana peels that has been formed was tested for its characterization included tests for water content, ash content, and iodine absorption and compared with SNI standard activated carbon quality with results of 3.9% water content, 6.2% ash content and iodine absorption 563.6 mg/g. The functional groups were tested by FT-IR (Fourier Transform-Infra Red) with the result spectrum at the peak of 3334 cm-1, 2921 cm-1, 2853 cm-1, 1575 cm-1, 1375 cm-1, and 1098 cm-1 which indicated the presence of functional groups such as (C-O); (C=O); (C-H); (O-H) of several compounds such as lignin, pectin, cellulose and galacturonic acid as active sites that can bind heavy metals such as mercury. Surface morphology of activated carbon was tested by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) with 500x and 1000x magnification. Activated carbon that has been tested is then applied to artificial mercury metal waste to determine the adsorption power and effectiveness of the activated carbon. Mercury metal content before adsorption was 6.995 mg/L and after adsorption was 0.0084 mg/L which was measured used ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometry). The percentage effectiveness of BPAC (Banana Peels Activated Carbon) reaches 99.87% with an adsorption capacity of 0.698 mg/g. Based on the results of this percentage it can be said that BPAC is effective to be used as a metal mercury biosorbent.
{"title":"Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi BPAC (Banana Peels Activated Carbon) Sebagai Biosorben Logam Raksa (Hg) dengan Aktivator HCl","authors":"None Putri Ade Rahma Yulis, None Asyti Febliza","doi":"10.25077/jrk.v14i2.596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v14i2.596","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the 2021 Central Statistics Agency (BPS) about environment, there is still a high level of pollution, especially pollution in water. The pollution is dominated by heavy metal contaminants. This research was carried out to make and characterized biosorbents which were activated into activated carbon from banana peel waste called BPAC (Banana Peels Activated Carbon) with HCl activator. Activated carbon has many advantages as an adsorbent with time and cost efficiency in absorbed heavy metals. Activated carbon from banana peels that has been formed was tested for its characterization included tests for water content, ash content, and iodine absorption and compared with SNI standard activated carbon quality with results of 3.9% water content, 6.2% ash content and iodine absorption 563.6 mg/g. The functional groups were tested by FT-IR (Fourier Transform-Infra Red) with the result spectrum at the peak of 3334 cm-1, 2921 cm-1, 2853 cm-1, 1575 cm-1, 1375 cm-1, and 1098 cm-1 which indicated the presence of functional groups such as (C-O); (C=O); (C-H); (O-H) of several compounds such as lignin, pectin, cellulose and galacturonic acid as active sites that can bind heavy metals such as mercury. Surface morphology of activated carbon was tested by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) with 500x and 1000x magnification. Activated carbon that has been tested is then applied to artificial mercury metal waste to determine the adsorption power and effectiveness of the activated carbon. Mercury metal content before adsorption was 6.995 mg/L and after adsorption was 0.0084 mg/L which was measured used ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometry). The percentage effectiveness of BPAC (Banana Peels Activated Carbon) reaches 99.87% with an adsorption capacity of 0.698 mg/g. Based on the results of this percentage it can be said that BPAC is effective to be used as a metal mercury biosorbent.","PeriodicalId":33366,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136039412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tropical diseases are infectious diseases that commonly occur in tropical climates. Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and are transmitted by several vectors. There are 8 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that have spread in Indonesia. Therefore, massive efforts are needed to overcome this disease. Active plant substances have long been popular in treating various diseases. Cocok Bubu (Elatostema rostratum (Blume) Hassk) is an endemic plant of Indonesia. Ethnobotanical studies of this plant are used to treat fever and diarrhea. But, there are no pharmacological studies on previous research because this species belongs to a limited distribution plant. However, Elatostema has a secondary metabolite with various pharmacological activities. This study aims to determine the activity of antibacterial and biolarvicides from Cocok bubu leaf extract. The extraction using the maceration method with acetone, phytochemicals screening, toxicity test using BSLT, antibacterial test with disc diffusion to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutant, and Streptococcus sanguinis, and biolarvicide activity against Aedes aegypti. Based on the results, Cocok bubu leaf extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin, tannin, terpenoids, and steroids with a toxicity of 758.45 ppm. From antibacterial activity results, Cocok bubu exctract had the best inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus (10 – 18 mm). According to the biolarvicide test, it is effective as a biolarvicide to Aedes aegypti with LC50 51.099 ppm and LT50 of 5 h 43 min. This study shows that Cocok bubu was more effective for treating and preventing NTDs in Indonesia, especially dengue and chikungunya fever in the future.
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria and Biolarvicide to Aedes aegypti from Cocok Bubu (Elatostema rostratum (Blume) Hassk) Leaves Extract","authors":"None Lela Lilatul Khumaisah, None Rika Ayuningtias, None Salih Muharam, None Reni Mulyani, None Luthfi Awaliah","doi":"10.25077/jrk.v14i2.613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v14i2.613","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical diseases are infectious diseases that commonly occur in tropical climates. Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and are transmitted by several vectors. There are 8 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that have spread in Indonesia. Therefore, massive efforts are needed to overcome this disease. Active plant substances have long been popular in treating various diseases. Cocok Bubu (Elatostema rostratum (Blume) Hassk) is an endemic plant of Indonesia. Ethnobotanical studies of this plant are used to treat fever and diarrhea. But, there are no pharmacological studies on previous research because this species belongs to a limited distribution plant. However, Elatostema has a secondary metabolite with various pharmacological activities. This study aims to determine the activity of antibacterial and biolarvicides from Cocok bubu leaf extract. The extraction using the maceration method with acetone, phytochemicals screening, toxicity test using BSLT, antibacterial test with disc diffusion to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutant, and Streptococcus sanguinis, and biolarvicide activity against Aedes aegypti. Based on the results, Cocok bubu leaf extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin, tannin, terpenoids, and steroids with a toxicity of 758.45 ppm. From antibacterial activity results, Cocok bubu exctract had the best inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus (10 – 18 mm). According to the biolarvicide test, it is effective as a biolarvicide to Aedes aegypti with LC50 51.099 ppm and LT50 of 5 h 43 min. This study shows that Cocok bubu was more effective for treating and preventing NTDs in Indonesia, especially dengue and chikungunya fever in the future.","PeriodicalId":33366,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136034449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heavy metals are known to seriously injure land plants and animals, including humans, as well as marine species when present in contaminated water. For the batch adsorption technique used in this study, Cu(II) ions were removed from an aqueous solution using an inexpensive environmentally friendly adsorbent prepared from the extracted pectin of ambarella fruit peel. The functional groups of the extracted pectin were studied using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Operational conditions like pH, contact time, and initial adsorbate concentration were investigated. FTIR characterization showed that pectin was successfully extracted from ambarella fruit peel with the appearance of the peaks at 3331.36 cm-1, 2924.02 cm-1, 1727.38 cm-1, 1626.20 cm-1, 1329.31cm−1, 1232.43cm−1, 994.18 cm−1 and these peaks have similar characteristic with a commercial pectin. The maximum uptake of Cu(II) ions was obtained at a pH of 4, a contact time of 90 min, an initial metal concentration of 150 ppm. The extracted pectin has an adsorption capacity of 6.5860 mg/g for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution under the optimum adsorption conditions. In addition, the data obtained from contacting the extracted pectin of ambarella fruit peel in Batang Arau River water showed an adsorption capacity of 0.0376 mg/g. Therefore, the pectin that was extracted from the peel of the ambarella fruit could be used to filter out Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions.
{"title":"The Extracted Pectin from Ambarella Fruit Peel (Spondias dulcis) as Biosorbent in Adsorption of Cu(II) Metal Ions","authors":"Trisna Kumala Sari, Elinda Fithriana, Indang Dewata, Desy Kurniawati, Romy Dwipa Yamesa Away","doi":"10.25077/jrk.v14i2.608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v14i2.608","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals are known to seriously injure land plants and animals, including humans, as well as marine species when present in contaminated water. For the batch adsorption technique used in this study, Cu(II) ions were removed from an aqueous solution using an inexpensive environmentally friendly adsorbent prepared from the extracted pectin of ambarella fruit peel. The functional groups of the extracted pectin were studied using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Operational conditions like pH, contact time, and initial adsorbate concentration were investigated. FTIR characterization showed that pectin was successfully extracted from ambarella fruit peel with the appearance of the peaks at 3331.36 cm-1, 2924.02 cm-1, 1727.38 cm-1, 1626.20 cm-1, 1329.31cm−1, 1232.43cm−1, 994.18 cm−1 and these peaks have similar characteristic with a commercial pectin. The maximum uptake of Cu(II) ions was obtained at a pH of 4, a contact time of 90 min, an initial metal concentration of 150 ppm. The extracted pectin has an adsorption capacity of 6.5860 mg/g for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution under the optimum adsorption conditions. In addition, the data obtained from contacting the extracted pectin of ambarella fruit peel in Batang Arau River water showed an adsorption capacity of 0.0376 mg/g. Therefore, the pectin that was extracted from the peel of the ambarella fruit could be used to filter out Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions.","PeriodicalId":33366,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136033796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rhizome of black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa) is a plant rich in benefits and has been used as a herbal medicine to treat various health problems. This study aims to obtain the n-hexane extract of black turmeric rhizome and perform phytochemical tests, determine total phenolic and total flavonoid levels, as well antioxidant tests using the DPPH method. Extraction of n-hexane from black turmeric rhizome obtained yield of 4.88%, total phenolic content of 3.01 mg QE/g extract and total flavonoids of 6.31 mg QE/g extract. The phytochemical test obtained positive results for the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids; negative tannins, steroids/triterpenoids and saponins. Antioxidant tests using the DPPH method obtained the percentage of DPPH capture ranging from 76-78%, with the largest percentage value obtained when the extract concentration was 125 ppm, which was 78.02%. This shows that black turmeric n-hexane extract has weak antioxidant activity.
{"title":"Fitokimia, Kadar Fenolik Total, dan Flavonoid Total serta Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak n-Heksana Rimpang Temu Hitam (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb)","authors":"Auliya Ilmiawati, Ika Resmeiliana, None Ishika Jauza Nasywa, None Fadia Fahira, None Nafisa Muthia Wafa, None M. Raffi Rayandhika, None Andi Thaariq Muhammad, None Arini Septianti, None Hafizah Fatunisa","doi":"10.25077/jrk.v14i2.599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v14i2.599","url":null,"abstract":"The rhizome of black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa) is a plant rich in benefits and has been used as a herbal medicine to treat various health problems. This study aims to obtain the n-hexane extract of black turmeric rhizome and perform phytochemical tests, determine total phenolic and total flavonoid levels, as well antioxidant tests using the DPPH method. Extraction of n-hexane from black turmeric rhizome obtained yield of 4.88%, total phenolic content of 3.01 mg QE/g extract and total flavonoids of 6.31 mg QE/g extract. The phytochemical test obtained positive results for the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids; negative tannins, steroids/triterpenoids and saponins. Antioxidant tests using the DPPH method obtained the percentage of DPPH capture ranging from 76-78%, with the largest percentage value obtained when the extract concentration was 125 ppm, which was 78.02%. This shows that black turmeric n-hexane extract has weak antioxidant activity.","PeriodicalId":33366,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Riset Kimia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136034739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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