Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.007
Wei Li , Shuo Wang , Jiepeng Wang , Fang Fang , Chaoyi Fang
Objective
To investigate the underlying mechanism of the compound Bugansan Decoction (补肝散, BGSD) in intervening learning and memory in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging rats.
Methods
A total of 40 rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, model, BGSD [14.06 g/(kg·d)], and piracetam [0.4 g/(kg·d)] groups, with 10 rats in each group. D-gal [400 mg/(kg·d)] was injected intraperitoneally to establish the aging rat model. The rats' body weight, water intake, food intake, and gripping strength were recorded each week. The eight-arm maze and step-down test were used to measure the rats' capacity for learning and memory. Liver, thymus, spleen, and brain tissues were weighed to calculate the corresponding organ indices; serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was adopted to observe the pathological changes of the hippocampus; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β in the hippocampus. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA in the hippocampus. Western blot (WB) was employed to detect the expression levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), RAGE, and NF-κB protein in the hippocampus.
Results
In D-gal-induced aging rats, BGSD significantly increased food intake, water intake, body weight, gripping strength, and organ indices (P < 0.05), and significantly decreased working memory error (WME), reference memory error (RME), and total memory errors (TE) in an eight-arm maze (P < 0.05). In the step-down test, step-down latency was prolonged and the frequency of errors dropped (P < 0.05). Additionally, BGSD could lessen the harm done to hippocampus neurons, increase serum SOD activity, lower MDA levels, and down-regulate the expression levels of the pro-inflammatory molecules TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β (P < 0.05). Further findings showed that BGSD significantly decreased hippocampal AGEs, RAGE, and NF-κB expression (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
By blocking the AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway, BGSD may regulate the neuroinflammatory damage in D-gal-induced aging rats, and thus improve learning and memory.
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.009
Zhou Yiqun , Wu Ping , Tang Yu , Liu Wenlong , Shi Jilian , He Fuyuan
Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma, ZR) and Jiangtan (Carbonized Zingiberis Rhizoma, CZR) have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a rich history in the treatment of various ailments. While ZR and CZR obviously stem from the same botanical source, their attributes, chemical compositions, pharmacological behaviors, and clinical applications are different owing to variations in the extent of drying and processing they undergo. In this paper, data pertaining to ZR and CZR were retrieved from databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. These sources were scrutinized to elucidate the distinctions between ZR and CZR arising from carbonization processing in terms of their ethnopharmacology, quality control, chemical compositions, biological activities, pharmacological mechanisms, and clinical uses. In this study, a total of 56 chemical constituents were identified and isolated from ZR and CZR, which primarily encompassed volatile oils, gingerols, and diphenylheptane compounds. CZR's pharmacological effects include hemostatic, anti-oxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and other biological activities. ZR has pungent and warm properties. It is a Yang-supplementing herbal medicine for ailments exacerbated by cold or damp climatic influences. CZR is a product of ZR after undergoing high temperature, with diminished intensity of its pungent and warm attributes. This change leads to a more gradual treatment efficacy, renowned hemostatic effects and its ability to gently invigorate the spleen and effectively alleviate diarrhea. Currently, research on the pharmacological mechanism of CZR is mainly focused on the effects of CZR on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Although the healing effect of CZR has long been known, and some correlation has been found between the changing composition and the changing color of the decoctions, people still lack relatively clear processing mechanisms to reflect the characteristics and specific quality standards of the ingredients of CZR's hemostatic effect. This review provides a systematic summary on quality control, chemical composition, ethnopharmacology, and pharmacology of CZR, offering novel perspectives for advancing the exploration of additional carbonized herbal medicine and fostering their application in clinical settings.
甘姜(姜黄，ZR)和姜谭(碳化姜黄，CZR)在中药中使用已久，在治疗各种疾病方面有着悠久的历史。虽然ZR和CZR显然来自相同的植物来源，但由于干燥和加工程度的不同，它们的属性、化学成分、药理行为和临床应用都不同。本文从中国知网(CNKI)、PubMed、Web of Science和Google Scholar等数据库中检索ZR和CZR相关数据。对这些来源进行了仔细审查，以阐明碳化加工产生的ZR和CZR在民族药理学，质量控制，化学成分，生物活性，药理机制和临床用途方面的区别。在本研究中，从ZR和CZR中共鉴定分离到56个化学成分，主要包括挥发油、姜辣素和二苯庚烷类化合物。CZR的药理作用包括止血、抗氧化、镇痛、抗菌、抗癌等生物活性。ZR有辛辣和温暖的性质。它是一种补阳草药，用于治疗因寒冷或潮湿的气候影响而加剧的疾病。CZR是ZR经过高温后的产物，其刺激性和温暖性减弱。这种变化导致了更渐进的治疗效果，著名的止血效果和它的能力温和地健脾和有效地缓解腹泻。目前，对CZR药理机制的研究主要集中在CZR对凝血和纤溶的作用。虽然CZR的治疗作用早已为人所知，并且发现其成分变化与汤剂颜色变化之间存在一定的相关性，但人们仍然缺乏相对明确的加工机制来反映CZR止血作用成分的特点和具体的质量标准。本文就其质量控制、化学成分、民族药理学、药理学等方面的研究进展进行了系统的综述，为进一步开发中药炭化制剂和促进其临床应用提供了新的思路。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.004
Boye Li , Tian Chen , Enhui Ji , Ying Chen , Qin Hu , Qingyan Li
Objective
To investigate the evolution of inflammation under conditions and the effects of ginsenosides on macrophages subjected to the simulated weightlessness, with the aim of mitigating the inflammation.
Methods
Initially, genes related to weightlessness, inflammation, and immunity were identified in the GeneCards database. Then, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interaction Gene/Proteins (STRING) protein network analysis was conducted to determine the core targets involved in the weightlessness-induced inflammation. Subsequently, Label-Free Quantitative (LFQ) proteomics was carried out to discern the distinctive genes within ginsenoside-treated Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1 (THP-1) cells. Next, utilizing the outcomes of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, the biological processes and signaling pathways in which ginsenosides predominately engaged were scrutinized, and the primary targets of ginsenosides in combating weightlessness-induced inflammation were examined. Finally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the secretion levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 cells under simulated weightlessness conditions, as well as during the weightlessness recovery period following treatment with ginsenosides.
Results
A total of 2 933 genes associated with inflammation, 425 genes linked to weightlessness, and 4 564 genes connected to immunity were retrieved from the GeneCards database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were generated to identify pivotal targets associated with weightlessness-induced inflammation such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and albumin (ALB). It was found that ginsenosides primarily participated in the regulation of various inflammation-related signaling pathways and pathways related to pathogenic microorganism infections. Moreover, it has a significant impact on the expression of proteins such as cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), IL-1β, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1). As revealed in the simulated weightlessness cell test, ginsenosides exhibited a remarkable capacity to attenuate the secretion of inflammatory factors, specifically IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.000 1), in THP-1 macrophages following induction by LPS under simulated weightlessness conditions. In addition, it reduced the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α (P < 0.000 1) during the weightlessness recovery phase.
Conclusion
Weightlessness can disrupt several inflammation-related signaling pathways, but ginsenosides were shown to mitigate the release of various inflammatory factors in macrophages subjected to simulated weightlessness, thereby exerting a protective role against inflammation. This study has laid a theoretic
目的探讨模拟失重条件下巨噬细胞炎症的演变及人参皂苷对巨噬细胞炎症的影响，以期达到减轻炎症的目的。方法首先，在GeneCards数据库中确定与失重、炎症和免疫相关的基因。然后，使用Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interaction Gene/Proteins (STRING)蛋白网络分析，确定参与失重诱导炎症的核心靶点。随后，进行无标签定量(LFQ)蛋白质组学研究，以识别人参皂苷处理的东北医院儿科-1 (THP-1)细胞中的独特基因。接下来，利用基因本体(GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析的结果，仔细检查了人参皂苷主要参与的生物过程和信号通路，并检查了人参皂苷在对抗失重诱导炎症中的主要靶点。最后，采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测脂多糖(LPS)诱导的THP-1细胞在模拟失重条件下以及人参皂苷处理后失重恢复期的白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的分泌水平。结果从GeneCards数据库中检索到与炎症相关的基因2 933个，与失重相关的基因425个，与免疫相关的基因4 564个。生成蛋白-蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络，以确定与失重诱导炎症相关的关键靶点，如IL-1β、IL-6、TNF和白蛋白(ALB)。研究发现，人参皂苷主要参与调节多种炎症相关信号通路和病原微生物感染相关通路。此外，它对分化簇40 (CD40)、IL-1β和聚adp核糖聚合酶1 (PARP1)等蛋白的表达也有显著影响。在模拟失重细胞试验中，人参皂苷显示出显著的降低炎症因子分泌的能力，特别是IL-6和TNF-α (P <0.000 1)，在模拟失重条件下LPS诱导的THP-1巨噬细胞中。此外，它还能降低IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的分泌(P <0.000 1)在失重恢复阶段。结论失重可破坏几种炎症相关的信号通路，但人参皂苷可减轻模拟失重巨噬细胞中各种炎症因子的释放，从而发挥抗炎症的保护作用。本研究为进一步探索人参皂苷在失重环境下抗LPS诱导炎症的潜在应用奠定了理论基础。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.010
Liu Ping , Fang Rui , He Jiawei , Li Ze , Zhou Yue , Yang Yong , Cheng Shaowu
[Objective]
To analyze the current status and development trends of the patents of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food in China, and to provide ideas and references for the research and development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food.
[Methods]
The State Administration for Market Regulation website’s “Special Food Information Query Platform” and the incoPat global patent database were searched in this study. Based on the methods of bibliometrics, the registered health food and patents related to spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food in China were sorted out. Furthermore, the research and development numbers, provinces, institutions, technology and efficacy classification, major drugs, active ingredients and others of invigorating spleen health food in China were analyzed, and filtered patent data were visualized and analyzed by R programming language and CytoScape software.
[Results]
A total of 285 patents of health food with the homology of medicine and food for invigorating spleen were included and analyzed. From 2012, the patent registration numbers of these spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food increased significantly in China. Over the past 20 years, the top five provinces in terms of patent disclosures were Guangdong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Guangxi. It was found that the technical efficacy of over 20 patents was described as “immune enhancement” “digestion” “disease prevention”, etc. Patent applications were mainly aimed at the research and development of the preservation of food or ingredients, the specific therapeutic activity of compounds, and pharmaceutical preparations, which were led by corporation research and development registrations, and supplemented by applications from research institutions and individuals. Among the 285 patents, the top 10 raw materials of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food were Shanyao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus), Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma), Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium), Dazao (Jujubae Fructus), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Fengmi (Mel), Maiya (Hordei Fructus Germinatus), and Dangshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma). The main functions were to nourish spleen and replenish Qi, invigorate spleen and benefit lungs, nourish blood and promote fluid production, and nourish spleen and stomach.
[Conclusion]
The main drug composition and functional components of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food are relatively clear, and the technical effects of invigorating the spleen and stomach, eliminating accumulation of food, and enhancing immunity are highly targeted. This paper provides evidence for the res
{"title":"Patents research and development prospects of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food from 2000 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis","authors":"Liu Ping , Fang Rui , He Jiawei , Li Ze , Zhou Yue , Yang Yong , Cheng Shaowu","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>[Objective]</h3><p>To analyze the current status and development trends of the patents of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food in China, and to provide ideas and references for the research and development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food.</p></div><div><h3>[Methods]</h3><p>The State Administration for Market Regulation website’s “Special Food Information Query Platform” and the incoPat global patent database were searched in this study. Based on the methods of bibliometrics, the registered health food and patents related to spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food in China were sorted out. Furthermore, the research and development numbers, provinces, institutions, technology and efficacy classification, major drugs, active ingredients and others of invigorating spleen health food in China were analyzed, and filtered patent data were visualized and analyzed by R programming language and CytoScape software.</p></div><div><h3>[Results]</h3><p>A total of 285 patents of health food with the homology of medicine and food for invigorating spleen were included and analyzed. From 2012, the patent registration numbers of these spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food increased significantly in China. Over the past 20 years, the top five provinces in terms of patent disclosures were Guangdong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Guangxi. It was found that the technical efficacy of over 20 patents was described as “immune enhancement” “digestion” “disease prevention”, etc. Patent applications were mainly aimed at the research and development of the preservation of food or ingredients, the specific therapeutic activity of compounds, and pharmaceutical preparations, which were led by corporation research and development registrations, and supplemented by applications from research institutions and individuals. Among the 285 patents, the top 10 raw materials of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food were Shanyao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus), Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma), Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium), Dazao (Jujubae Fructus), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Fengmi (Mel), Maiya (Hordei Fructus Germinatus), and Dangshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma). The main functions were to nourish spleen and replenish Qi, invigorate spleen and benefit lungs, nourish blood and promote fluid production, and nourish spleen and stomach.</p></div><div><h3>[Conclusion]</h3><p>The main drug composition and functional components of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food are relatively clear, and the technical effects of invigorating the spleen and stomach, eliminating accumulation of food, and enhancing immunity are highly targeted. This paper provides evidence for the res","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 357-368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000605/pdfft?md5=13803e9c59e44f5eb5869e25209f888b&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000605-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138395702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.008
Di Zhao , Sharmeen Fayyaz , Ziyang Yi , Zhao Liu , Yan Wang , Ping Cai , Wei He
Objective
To investigate the metabolic trajectory of kidney aging and the effects of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) against kidney aging in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mice, based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography/Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS).
Methods
A total of 36 C57 BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to six groups: control (CON), model (MOD), PSP low-dose (PSP-L), PSP medium-dose (PSP-M), PSP high-dose (PSP-H), and positive drug ascorbic acid (VC) groups. To create models of aging mice, D-gal was intraperitoneally administered to all other groups of mice except the CON group. After modeling, the appropriate Chinese medicine [PSP-L: 150 mg/(kg·d), PSP-M: 300 mg/(kg·d), PSP-H: 600 mg/(kg·d)] or positive drug [ascorbic acid, 300 mg/(kg·d)] was administered for intervention. Key markers of renal function in urine and serum of mice in each group, such as creatinine (Crea), urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA) levels, as well as key indicators of oxidative stress in serum and kidney, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined to validate the successful establishment of kidney aging models and to estimate the effects of PSP. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid Schiff (PAS), and β-galactosidase staining were used to assess the renal pathological changes. The metabolic profiles of serum, kidney, and urine samples from CON, MOD, and PSP-H groups were analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS, and pattern recognition methods were used to outline the metabolic trajectory of kidney aging and to identify the characteristic metabolites.
Results
Age-related alterations in renal histopathology and impaired renal function in mice were also associated with oxidative stress indicators. Following the injection of PSP [PSP-H: 600 mg/(kg·d)], the pathological indices associated with aging were adjusted to normal levels, renal function and oxidative stress were improved in aging mice, and renal pathological damage was markedly improved. Meanwhile, the potential biomarkers were identified by UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS analysis and were further analyzed to form related metabolic pathways, with P < 0.05 as a threshold. The results showed that purine, sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, tryptophan, and riboflavin metabolisms were the main metabolic pathways associated with aging. After administration of PSP, these pathological indices returned to normal levels, and biomarkers related to the aging process, such as adenosine monophosphate (AMP), tryptophan, and 5-hydroxytryptophan, also demonstrated, to some degree, reverse regulation (promoting synthesis).
Conclusion
Metabolomics methods based on UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS and multivariate statistical analysis can be adopted to establish metabolic profiles in aging mic
{"title":"Metabolic profile changes of kidney aging and protective effects of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides on D-galactose-induced aging mice","authors":"Di Zhao , Sharmeen Fayyaz , Ziyang Yi , Zhao Liu , Yan Wang , Ping Cai , Wei He","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To investigate the metabolic trajectory of kidney aging and the effects of <em>Polygonatum sibiricum</em> polysaccharides (PSP) against kidney aging in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mice, based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography/Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 36 C57 BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to six groups: control (CON), model (MOD), PSP low-dose (PSP-L), PSP medium-dose (PSP-M), PSP high-dose (PSP-H), and positive drug ascorbic acid (VC) groups. To create models of aging mice, D-gal was intraperitoneally administered to all other groups of mice except the CON group. After modeling, the appropriate Chinese medicine [PSP-L: 150 mg/(kg·d), PSP-M: 300 mg/(kg·d), PSP-H: 600 mg/(kg·d)] or positive drug [ascorbic acid, 300 mg/(kg·d)] was administered for intervention. Key markers of renal function in urine and serum of mice in each group, such as creatinine (Crea), urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA) levels, as well as key indicators of oxidative stress in serum and kidney, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined to validate the successful establishment of kidney aging models and to estimate the effects of PSP. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid Schiff (PAS), and <em>β</em>-galactosidase staining were used to assess the renal pathological changes. The metabolic profiles of serum, kidney, and urine samples from CON, MOD, and PSP-H groups were analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS, and pattern recognition methods were used to outline the metabolic trajectory of kidney aging and to identify the characteristic metabolites.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Age-related alterations in renal histopathology and impaired renal function in mice were also associated with oxidative stress indicators. Following the injection of PSP [PSP-H: 600 mg/(kg·d)], the pathological indices associated with aging were adjusted to normal levels, renal function and oxidative stress were improved in aging mice, and renal pathological damage was markedly improved. Meanwhile, the potential biomarkers were identified by UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS analysis and were further analyzed to form related metabolic pathways, with <em>P</em> < 0.05 as a threshold. The results showed that purine, sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, tryptophan, and riboflavin metabolisms were the main metabolic pathways associated with aging. After administration of PSP, these pathological indices returned to normal levels, and biomarkers related to the aging process, such as adenosine monophosphate (AMP), tryptophan, and 5-hydroxytryptophan, also demonstrated, to some degree, reverse regulation (promoting synthesis).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Metabolomics methods based on UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS and multivariate statistical analysis can be adopted to establish metabolic profiles in aging mic","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 328-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000587/pdfft?md5=1ab1b4ea1cf4e1cc548df57b29f2697e&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000587-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138395703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Croton hirtus (CH) extract against streptozotocin (STZ) in rats.
Methods
(i) The sub-chronic toxicity consisted of 24 adult rats of either sex weighing from 160 to 200 g were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Rats in group 1 received Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixed with saline; rats in groups 2, 3, and 4 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of methanolic extract of CH (MECH) orally by gavage administration for 28 d, respectively. The functional observation battery and locomotor activity were graded as part of their neurobehavioral activity and the brain regions, including cortex and hippocampus, were analyzed for neuropathological abnormalities. (ii) The main research consisted of 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing from 160 to 200 g, which were divided into five groups and six rats in each group, including control (I), STZ (II), Donepezil (III), MECH (100 mg/kg, IV), and MECH (200 mg/kg, V) groups. Rats in group I received citrate buffer orally and DMSO mixed with saline for 14 d. Rats in group II received STZ via intracerebroventricular injection (3 mg/kg, bilateral ICV-STZ) on days 1 and 3 followed by DMSO mixed with saline for 14 d. Rats in groups III, IV, and V received STZ administration on days 1 and 3 followed by Donepezil [3 mg/(kg·d), p.o.] and MECH [100 and 200 mg/(kg·d), p.o.] for 14 d. Rats were tested for learning and memory parameters such as Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance test (PAT). They were sacrificed after completing behavioural experiments; brains were harvested to estimate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer; caspase-3 was evaluated by total fluorescence emission spectra; amyloid β (Aβ) levels were detected using enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay (ELISA); and histopathological examination was conducted in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.
Results
(i) The sub-chronic toxicity results revealed that open field test parameters including line crossing, rearing, entering the middle square, defecating, or urinating did not differ significantly in the MECH rats (P > 0.05). The histopathological observation did not show any lesions in the neuronal cells and inflammation in both the regions in MECH rats compared with control rats. (ii) The main study findings demonstrated that STZ-treated rats showed a significant increase in impairment in learning and memory parameters (P < 0.001), the levels of AChE, caspase-3, Aβ (1-40 and 1-42), and LPO were increased significantly (P < 0.001), and significant decrease was found in the levels of SOD (P < 0.001) and GSH (P < 0.01). Moreover, neuronal damage was found in the hippocampus. In contrast, STZ-induced behaviou
{"title":"Croton hirtus attenuating streptozotocin-induced neuroinflammation in rats","authors":"Prakash Ramakrishnan , Jayaram Rajangam , Binoy Varghese Cherian , Jose Prakash Dharmian","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The present study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of <em>Croton hirtus</em> (CH) extract against streptozotocin (STZ) in rats.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>(i) The sub-chronic toxicity consisted of 24 adult rats of either sex weighing from 160 to 200 g were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Rats in group 1 received Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixed with saline; rats in groups 2, 3, and 4 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of methanolic extract of CH (MECH) orally by gavage administration for 28 d, respectively. The functional observation battery and locomotor activity were graded as part of their neurobehavioral activity and the brain regions, including cortex and hippocampus, were analyzed for neuropathological abnormalities. (ii) The main research consisted of 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing from 160 to 200 g, which were divided into five groups and six rats in each group, including control (I), STZ (II), Donepezil (III), MECH (100 mg/kg, IV), and MECH (200 mg/kg, V) groups. Rats in group I received citrate buffer orally and DMSO mixed with saline for 14 d. Rats in group II received STZ via intracerebroventricular injection (3 mg/kg, bilateral ICV-STZ) on days 1 and 3 followed by DMSO mixed with saline for 14 d. Rats in groups III, IV, and V received STZ administration on days 1 and 3 followed by Donepezil [3 mg/(kg·d), p.o.] and MECH [100 and 200 mg/(kg·d), p.o.] for 14 d. Rats were tested for learning and memory parameters such as Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance test (PAT). They were sacrificed after completing behavioural experiments; brains were harvested to estimate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer; caspase-3 was evaluated by total fluorescence emission spectra; amyloid <em>β</em> (A<em>β</em>) levels were detected using enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay (ELISA); and histopathological examination was conducted in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>(i) The sub-chronic toxicity results revealed that open field test parameters including line crossing, rearing, entering the middle square, defecating, or urinating did not differ significantly in the MECH rats (<em>P</em> > 0.05). The histopathological observation did not show any lesions in the neuronal cells and inflammation in both the regions in MECH rats compared with control rats. (ii) The main study findings demonstrated that STZ-treated rats showed a significant increase in impairment in learning and memory parameters (<em>P</em> < 0.001), the levels of AChE, caspase-3, A<em>β</em> (1-40 and 1-42), and LPO were increased significantly (<em>P</em> < 0.001), and significant decrease was found in the levels of SOD (<em>P</em> < 0.001) and GSH (<em>P</em> < 0.01). Moreover, neuronal damage was found in the hippocampus. In contrast, STZ-induced behaviou","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 295-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000551/pdfft?md5=9e59cc4b8f715c1c1bb16398c44a8ffe&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000551-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138335255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.006
Ying Wang , Ying Deng , Jing Lu , Jun Peng , Yasha Zhou , Yijing Yang , Qinghua Peng
Objective
To explore whether Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) can reduce the apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) mice by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway.
Methods
(i) In vitro experiments, mouse retinal ganglion cells (661W cells) were divided into normal, model, LBP low-dose (LBP-L, 40 mg/L), LBP middle-dose (LBP-M, 80 mg/L), LBP high-dose (LBP-H, 160 mg/L), and positive drug control (NLRP3 inhibitor, 160 mg/L) groups. And the 661W cells were exposed to varying concentrations of H2O2 ranging from 50 to 400 μmol/L to determine the optimal concentration for inducing apoptosis (200 μmol/L). Then the cell viability was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), while the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry; the expression of NLRP3 was detected by immunofluorescence; and the expression of apoptosis markers was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB). (ii) In vivo assays were carried out with the use of C57/BL6 and Rd10 mice. The animal experimental groups were divided into normal, model, LBP-L, LBP-M, LBP-H, and NLRP3 inhibitor groups, in which the normal group was C57/BL6 mice and the other groups were Rd10 mice. Ten mice were included in each group, and the corresponding drugs were administered intragastrically for a duration of four weeks. NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and the expression of apoptosis markers were observed by electroretinogram, histopathological examination, and WB to assess the effects of LBP on retinal photoreceptor cell apoptosis.
Results
(i) In vitro experiments, compared with the normal group, the apoptosis rate of 661W cells in model group was significantly increased (P < 0.01), and the expression levels of key proteins of NF-κB/NLRP pathway, such as NLRP3, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, and pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3, were up-regulated (P < 0.01). The rate of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased (P < 0.01), and the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, high dose of LBP decreased the apoptosis rate of 661W cells (P < 0.01), and down-regulated the expression levels of the key proteins of NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, including NF-κB, NLRP3, p-NF-κB, and caspase-3 (P < 0.01). The rate of Bax/Bcl-2 was decreased (P < 0.01), and the concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α were decreased (P < 0.01). (ii) In vivo experiments, high dose of LBP significantly increased morphological changes in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness of Rd10 mice, as well as functional
{"title":"Inhibition of photoreceptor apoptosis in mice with retinitis pigmentosa through NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway suppression with Lycium barbarum polysaccharide","authors":"Ying Wang , Ying Deng , Jing Lu , Jun Peng , Yasha Zhou , Yijing Yang , Qinghua Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To explore whether <em>Lycium barbarum</em> polysaccharide (LBP) can reduce the apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) mice by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-<em>κ</em>B)/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>(i) <em>In vitro</em> experiments, mouse retinal ganglion cells (661W cells) were divided into normal, model, LBP low-dose (LBP-L, 40 mg/L), LBP middle-dose (LBP-M, 80 mg/L), LBP high-dose (LBP-H, 160 mg/L), and positive drug control (NLRP3 inhibitor, 160 mg/L) groups. And the 661W cells were exposed to varying concentrations of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> ranging from 50 to 400 μmol/L to determine the optimal concentration for inducing apoptosis (200 μmol/L). Then the cell viability was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), while the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry; the expression of NLRP3 was detected by immunofluorescence; and the expression of apoptosis markers was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB). (ii) <em>In vivo</em> assays were carried out with the use of C57/BL6 and Rd10 mice. The animal experimental groups were divided into normal, model, LBP-L, LBP-M, LBP-H, and NLRP3 inhibitor groups, in which the normal group was C57/BL6 mice and the other groups were Rd10 mice. Ten mice were included in each group, and the corresponding drugs were administered intragastrically for a duration of four weeks. NF-<em>κ</em>B/NLRP3 pathway and the expression of apoptosis markers were observed by electroretinogram, histopathological examination, and WB to assess the effects of LBP on retinal photoreceptor cell apoptosis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>(i) <em>In vitro</em> experiments, compared with the normal group, the apoptosis rate of 661W cells in model group was significantly increased (<em>P</em> < 0.01), and the expression levels of key proteins of NF-<em>κ</em>B/NLRP pathway, such as NLRP3, NF-<em>κ</em>B, p-NF-<em>κ</em>B, and pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3, were up-regulated (<em>P</em> < 0.01). The rate of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased (<em>P</em> < 0.01), and the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1<em>β</em> and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-<em>α</em> were significantly increased (<em>P</em> < 0.01). Compared with the model group, high dose of LBP decreased the apoptosis rate of 661W cells (<em>P</em> < 0.01), and down-regulated the expression levels of the key proteins of NF-<em>κ</em>B/NLRP3 pathway, including NF-<em>κ</em>B, NLRP3, p-NF-<em>κ</em>B, and caspase-3 (<em>P</em> < 0.01). The rate of Bax/Bcl-2 was decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.01), and the concentrations of IL-1<em>β</em> and TNF-<em>α</em> were decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.01). (ii) <em>In vivo</em> experiments, high dose of LBP significantly increased morphological changes in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness of Rd10 mice, as well as functional ","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 307-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000563/pdfft?md5=207e252e42ac4112582b53caf0987ee7&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000563-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138390010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.002
Zhang Yunkun , Yao Rong , Li Lin , Li Wenli , Li Changqing , Pan Yu , Li Shunxiang
[Objective]
To analyze the main syndrome types, medication rules, and core prescription characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and to predict the anti-MAFLD mechanism of core formula, so as to provide references for the clinical application of TCM and the development of new drugs.
[Methods]
Literature research on TCM in treating MAFLD was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang Database since the establishment of the database to July 2022. Excel 2019 and Chinese Medicine Inheritance Computing Platform (V3.0) were used for frequency analysis, association rule analysis, and cluster analysis of effective prescriptions. The key components, targets, and action pathways of anti-MAFLD core formulas were predicted by network pharmacology. Finally, the interactions between the obtained core components and their core targets were verified reversely by molecular docking technology.
[Results]
A total of 218 articles were screened and selected, including 352 prescriptions, involving 270 traditional Chinese herbs. The drugs were used a total of 3 901 times, and a total of 10 915 cases were collected, among which the prevalence rate was higher in males. The main types of TCM syndrome included intermingled phlegm and blood stasis syndrome, liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome, and damp-heat in liver and gallbladder syndrome, among which Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus), Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma), Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix), and Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) were the most frequently used. The properties of Chinese medicine primarily encompassed thermal characteristics, with a predominant emphasis on cold and warm; the flavors of herbs were predominantly characterized by bitterness and sweetness, while the majority exhibited tropism towards the spleen and liver meridians. The drugs were primarily classified based on their efficacy in tonifying deficiencies, promoting diuresis and moistening, enhancing blood circulation and removing blood stasis, heat-clearing, etc. The association rules were employed to derive a set of 20 core drug pairs, while cluster analysis was utilized to identify three distinct groups of core drug combinations. Network pharmacological showed that the main components of the core formula “Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus) - Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) - Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma) - Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) - Fuling (Poria)” in the treatment of MAFLD were quercetin, apigenin, puerarin, luteolin, ursolic acid, kaempferol, tanshinone IIA, emodin, paeonol, etc., which involved RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (AKT1), cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, signal transducer and
{"title":"Medication rule and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treating metabolism-associated fatty liver disease based on bioinformatics technology","authors":"Zhang Yunkun , Yao Rong , Li Lin , Li Wenli , Li Changqing , Pan Yu , Li Shunxiang","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>[Objective]</h3><p>To analyze the main syndrome types, medication rules, and core prescription characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and to predict the anti-MAFLD mechanism of core formula, so as to provide references for the clinical application of TCM and the development of new drugs.</p></div><div><h3>[Methods]</h3><p>Literature research on TCM in treating MAFLD was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang Database since the establishment of the database to July 2022. Excel 2019 and Chinese Medicine Inheritance Computing Platform (V3.0) were used for frequency analysis, association rule analysis, and cluster analysis of effective prescriptions. The key components, targets, and action pathways of anti-MAFLD core formulas were predicted by network pharmacology. Finally, the interactions between the obtained core components and their core targets were verified reversely by molecular docking technology.</p></div><div><h3>[Results]</h3><p>A total of 218 articles were screened and selected, including 352 prescriptions, involving 270 traditional Chinese herbs. The drugs were used a total of 3 901 times, and a total of 10 915 cases were collected, among which the prevalence rate was higher in males. The main types of TCM syndrome included intermingled phlegm and blood stasis syndrome, liver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome, and damp-heat in liver and gallbladder syndrome, among which Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus), Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma), Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix), and Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) were the most frequently used. The properties of Chinese medicine primarily encompassed thermal characteristics, with a predominant emphasis on cold and warm; the flavors of herbs were predominantly characterized by bitterness and sweetness, while the majority exhibited tropism towards the spleen and liver meridians. The drugs were primarily classified based on their efficacy in tonifying deficiencies, promoting diuresis and moistening, enhancing blood circulation and removing blood stasis, heat-clearing, etc. The association rules were employed to derive a set of 20 core drug pairs, while cluster analysis was utilized to identify three distinct groups of core drug combinations. Network pharmacological showed that the main components of the core formula “Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus) - Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) - Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma) - Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) - Fuling (Poria)” in the treatment of MAFLD were quercetin, apigenin, puerarin, luteolin, ursolic acid, kaempferol, tanshinone IIA, emodin, paeonol, etc., which involved RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (AKT1), cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1<em>β</em>, signal transducer and ","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 257-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000526/pdfft?md5=206c27be40ee42f6346f7000f05c688b&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000526-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138390011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.004
Zhang Jieyi , Peng Qinghua , Yan Junfeng
Objective
To explore the development and research hotspots on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and predict research trends in the area.
Methods
All articles were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data (Wanfang), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). All related papers published in journals from the foundation of the databases to December 31, 2022 were included. NoteExpress, Co-Occurrence (COOC), VOSviewer, and CiteSpace were used to visualize data about publication volumes, journals, authors, research institutions, and keywords as well as to analyze hotspots trending topics in the field.
Results
A total of 686 articles were retrieved from the databases, among which 610 papers were published in Chinese and 76 in English. In terms of the journals in which these papers were published, 238 of them were Chinese journals and 52 were English ones. The number of the papers published in journals presented a slow growth. According to the results from Chinese article analysis, WANG Yiqin from Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine published the most papers in the field. The authors of Chinese papers belonged to six long-term research teams, led by WANG Yiqin and XU Jiatuo (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), WEI Yuke (Guangdong University of Technology), LI Gang (Tianjin University), XI Guangcheng (Institute of Automation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), and NIU Xin (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), respectively. In accordance with results from English paper analysis, four authors equally publishing the most papers were YAN Haixia, HU Xiaojuan, and JIANG Tao (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), and WEN Chuanbiao (Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine). The authors of English papers were from two major research teams in the field of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Currently, research hotspots on AI such as neural networks, data mining, machine learning, feature recognition, image processing, and expert systems, have been centered on tongue diagnosis, pulse diagnosis, and syndrome research in TCM. Additionally, it was found that research on the topic was gradually evolving from explorations of a single diagnosis method to investigations on the combination of multiple TCM diagnosis methods.
Conclusion
Research on AI application in TCM diagnosis is still in a slowly growing stage. As technology develops, AI has been applied to many aspects of TCM diagnosis. Therefore, how to combine the two for improving TCM diagnosis is something worthy of our brainstorming and exploring.
{"title":"Bibliometric analysis on research hotspots and evolutionary trends of artificial intelligence application in traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis","authors":"Zhang Jieyi , Peng Qinghua , Yan Junfeng","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To explore the development and research hotspots on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and predict research trends in the area.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>All articles were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data (Wanfang), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). All related papers published in journals from the foundation of the databases to December 31, 2022 were included. NoteExpress, Co-Occurrence (COOC), VOSviewer, and CiteSpace were used to visualize data about publication volumes, journals, authors, research institutions, and keywords as well as to analyze hotspots trending topics in the field.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 686 articles were retrieved from the databases, among which 610 papers were published in Chinese and 76 in English. In terms of the journals in which these papers were published, 238 of them were Chinese journals and 52 were English ones. The number of the papers published in journals presented a slow growth. According to the results from Chinese article analysis, WANG Yiqin from Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine published the most papers in the field. The authors of Chinese papers belonged to six long-term research teams, led by WANG Yiqin and XU Jiatuo (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), WEI Yuke (Guangdong University of Technology), LI Gang (Tianjin University), XI Guangcheng (Institute of Automation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), and NIU Xin (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), respectively. In accordance with results from English paper analysis, four authors equally publishing the most papers were YAN Haixia, HU Xiaojuan, and JIANG Tao (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), and WEN Chuanbiao (Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine). The authors of English papers were from two major research teams in the field of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Currently, research hotspots on AI such as neural networks, data mining, machine learning, feature recognition, image processing, and expert systems, have been centered on tongue diagnosis, pulse diagnosis, and syndrome research in TCM. Additionally, it was found that research on the topic was gradually evolving from explorations of a single diagnosis method to investigations on the combination of multiple TCM diagnosis methods.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Research on AI application in TCM diagnosis is still in a slowly growing stage. As technology develops, AI has been applied to many aspects of TCM diagnosis. Therefore, how to combine the two for improving TCM diagnosis is something worthy of our brainstorming and exploring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 136-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49727085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.012
Yao Shuaijun , Yang Jihong , Li Peifang , Yan Jinglai
Objective
To explore the prescriptions related to the treatment of spleen and stomach diseases in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary (Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang,《太平惠民和剂局方》, TPHMHJJF), and investigate the medication and prescription rules.
Methods
The prescriptions of TPHMHJJF for treating spleen and stomach diseases were screened, and the data set was established by entering the prescriptions and standardized drug names using WPS Excel 2019. Herb frequency statistics, efficacy categorization, property, flavor, meridian tropism, association rules, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and complex network analysis were performed using Python 3.6.8 programming language and Gephi 0.9.2 visualization software.
Results
A total of 239 prescriptions were included after the screening, and the dosage forms were mainly pills and powders. The study involved 200 herbal medicines, among which 40 herbs had a frequency of ≥ 12. The herb with the highest frequency was Ganjiang (Zingiber Rhizoma). The herb properties were mainly warm in nature, with the most pungent herbs. Most herbs were attributed to the spleen and stomach meridians, and tonifying medicine were the main species. The association rule analysis identified 26 second-order association rules and 16 third-order association rules, with "Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) → Fuling (Poria)" as the leading rule in the former and "Fuling (Poria) + Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome) → Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma)" as the leading rule in the latter. Also, cluster analysis divided the top 30 herbs into six herb combinations that can warm the middle, move Qi, and dry dampness effectively. Factor analysis extracted 13 common factors, with Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), and Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome) as the highest contributing factors. Lastly, complex network analysis yielded the core prescription of 14 herbs, with Ganjiang (Zingiber Rhizoma), Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome), and Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) among the herbs with a higher weighting degree.
Conclusion
TPHMHJJF is mainly based on the use of warming herbs to treat spleen and stomach diseases, and its medication rule can be summarized into three aspects: (i) primarily using warming and tonifying to warm the middle and dissipate cold, (ii) using the method of moving Qi with aromatic nature to delight the spleen and appetize the stomach, and (iii) emphasizing the regulation of Qi and blood to calm the five zang-organs.
{"title":"Medication and prescription rules for treating spleen and stomach diseases in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary","authors":"Yao Shuaijun , Yang Jihong , Li Peifang , Yan Jinglai","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To explore the prescriptions related to the treatment of spleen and stomach diseases in <em>Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary</em> (<em>Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang,</em>《太平惠民和剂局方》, TPHMHJJF), and investigate the medication and prescription rules.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The prescriptions of TPHMHJJF for treating spleen and stomach diseases were screened, and the data set was established by entering the prescriptions and standardized drug names using WPS Excel 2019. Herb frequency statistics, efficacy categorization, property, flavor, meridian tropism, association rules, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and complex network analysis were performed using Python 3.6.8 programming language and Gephi 0.9.2 visualization software.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 239 prescriptions were included after the screening, and the dosage forms were mainly pills and powders. The study involved 200 herbal medicines, among which 40 herbs had a frequency of ≥ 12. The herb with the highest frequency was Ganjiang (Zingiber Rhizoma). The herb properties were mainly warm in nature, with the most pungent herbs. Most herbs were attributed to the spleen and stomach meridians, and tonifying medicine were the main species. The association rule analysis identified 26 second-order association rules and 16 third-order association rules, with \"Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) → Fuling (Poria)\" as the leading rule in the former and \"Fuling (Poria) + Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome) → Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma)\" as the leading rule in the latter. Also, cluster analysis divided the top 30 herbs into six herb combinations that can warm the middle, move Qi, and dry dampness effectively. Factor analysis extracted 13 common factors, with Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), and Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome) as the highest contributing factors. Lastly, complex network analysis yielded the core prescription of 14 herbs, with Ganjiang (Zingiber Rhizoma), Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome), and Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) among the herbs with a higher weighting degree.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>TPHMHJJF is mainly based on the use of warming herbs to treat spleen and stomach diseases, and its medication rule can be summarized into three aspects: (i) primarily using warming and tonifying to warm the middle and dissipate cold, (ii) using the method of moving Qi with aromatic nature to delight the spleen and appetize the stomach, and (iii) emphasizing the regulation of Qi and blood to calm the five zang-organs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 234-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49749475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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