Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-100-108
Kulakov Vladimir I.
Three decades ago, the author of these paper excavated a number of burials at the Dollkeim/Kovrovo-1 soil burial ground (Zelenogradsky district, Kaliningrad region). At the beginning of the summer of 1981, under an agreement with the Kaliningradmelioratsia Association, the Baltic Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences carried out excavations at the burial ground, part of which fell under the laying of reclamation pipes. After the completion of the excavation work, the author of these lines described a variant of the rituals of the Prussians of the early Middle Ages, unknown until then. It was presented as an inhumation on a wooden platform, named option “a” and was interpreted as a possible transition from cremation to inhumation burial. This variant “a” was presented only at five complexes of the Dollkeim/Kovrovo-1 burial ground. Since then, new data have been received on the funeral rituals of the population of Sambia in the post-Viking era, which allows us to return to the problem of the special form of burials at the Dollkeim/Kovrovo-1 burial ground. All the burials found on eastern outskirts of the Kovrovo settlement were created practically according to a single standard. The deceased tribesman was placed by his relatives on a platform made of wood and resting on stakes. Funerary food was laid on the platform in circular vessels, the fragments of which were subsequently subjected to secondary firing. After the installation of the platform was completed, it was burned. Concerning the situation with burial K2, after the combustion had been completed, its remains were raked to the side and the place of burning could be used repeatedly. As analogies from Western Lithuania show, excavations in 1981 at the Dollkeim/Kovrovo-1 burial ground unearthed a form of burial ritual that was Curonian in origin and survived in Sambia until the pre-Orden time. Further study of this rare form of ritualism will show the connections between the Western Baltic tribes on the threshold of order aggression.
{"title":"A Unique Form of Ritualism of the Early Medieval Population of Sambia","authors":"Kulakov Vladimir I.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-100-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-100-108","url":null,"abstract":"Three decades ago, the author of these paper excavated a number of burials at the Dollkeim/Kovrovo-1 soil burial ground (Zelenogradsky district, Kaliningrad region). At the beginning of the summer of 1981, under an agreement with the Kaliningradmelioratsia Association, the Baltic Expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences carried out excavations at the burial ground, part of which fell under the laying of reclamation pipes. After the completion of the excavation work, the author of these lines described a variant of the rituals of the Prussians of the early Middle Ages, unknown until then. It was presented as an inhumation on a wooden platform, named option “a” and was interpreted as a possible transition from cremation to inhumation burial. This variant “a” was presented only at five complexes of the Dollkeim/Kovrovo-1 burial ground. Since then, new data have been received on the funeral rituals of the population of Sambia in the post-Viking era, which allows us to return to the problem of the special form of burials at the Dollkeim/Kovrovo-1 burial ground. All the burials found on eastern outskirts of the Kovrovo settlement were created practically according to a single standard. The deceased tribesman was placed by his relatives on a platform made of wood and resting on stakes. Funerary food was laid on the platform in circular vessels, the fragments of which were subsequently subjected to secondary firing. After the installation of the platform was completed, it was burned. Concerning the situation with burial K2, after the combustion had been completed, its remains were raked to the side and the place of burning could be used repeatedly. As analogies from Western Lithuania show, excavations in 1981 at the Dollkeim/Kovrovo-1 burial ground unearthed a form of burial ritual that was Curonian in origin and survived in Sambia until the pre-Orden time. Further study of this rare form of ritualism will show the connections between the Western Baltic tribes on the threshold of order aggression.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48268147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-78-88
Denisenko Valeria L.
The article is dedicated to the historiographical analysis of the transformation of funeral rite of the Pamir Sakas, Yuezhi, Indo-Scythians and Kushans in the process of their migration from Central Asia to the territory of Northern India. The purpose of this study is to trace the gradual assimilation of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia with the settled population of Bactria and Northern India, reflected in the funeral rite. The Early Iron Age of Central Asia and Northern India remains little-studied, if to speak about historical and cultural interactions and routеs of the migration wave. This topic needs an objective and deep study based on a thorough analysis and systematization of available historiographical sources. Extreme paucity of publications dedicated to the funerary monuments correlated with Saki-Indo-Scythians and Yuezhi-Kushans in Northern India is one of the main problems. Funeral practices are among the most important indicators of the cultural interaction between different peoples and cultures. The main method of research is a comprehensive approach suggesting involving data from other sciences – epigraphic, numismatic and historical. The chronological framework of the study is from the II century BC, when Yuezhi and Saki began their massive migrations to the west ‒ to the III century AD, when the fall of the Kushan Empire occurred. In the process of migration, the Sakas and Yuezhi adapted to the cultures around them. Thus, part of the Sakas in Bactria adopted Zoroastrianism, burial mounds of the Yuezhi mostly contain products of local sedentary population. On the territory of Northern India, the Indo-Scythians and Kushans adopted the funerary traditions of the local Buddhist population – burning the dead and placing their ashes in special stupas with other relics. It is important to note that their assimilation took place gradually and even influenced the established funeral practice of Indo-Buddhist. For example, single bones and whole skeletons are sometimes found in stupas, and since the Indo-Scythian period, coins have been placed in stupas with other relics. In this regard, the revealing of new sources about the funerary monuments of Northern India is one of the promising directions.
{"title":"Transformation of the Funeral Rite of the Peoples of Central Asia on the Territory of North India During the Early Iron Age","authors":"Denisenko Valeria L.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-78-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-78-88","url":null,"abstract":"The article is dedicated to the historiographical analysis of the transformation of funeral rite of the Pamir Sakas, Yuezhi, Indo-Scythians and Kushans in the process of their migration from Central Asia to the territory of Northern India. The purpose of this study is to trace the gradual assimilation of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia with the settled population of Bactria and Northern India, reflected in the funeral rite. The Early Iron Age of Central Asia and Northern India remains little-studied, if to speak about historical and cultural interactions and routеs of the migration wave. This topic needs an objective and deep study based on a thorough analysis and systematization of available historiographical sources. Extreme paucity of publications dedicated to the funerary monuments correlated with Saki-Indo-Scythians and Yuezhi-Kushans in Northern India is one of the main problems. Funeral practices are among the most important indicators of the cultural interaction between different peoples and cultures. The main method of research is a comprehensive approach suggesting involving data from other sciences – epigraphic, numismatic and historical. The chronological framework of the study is from the II century BC, when Yuezhi and Saki began their massive migrations to the west ‒ to the III century AD, when the fall of the Kushan Empire occurred. In the process of migration, the Sakas and Yuezhi adapted to the cultures around them. Thus, part of the Sakas in Bactria adopted Zoroastrianism, burial mounds of the Yuezhi mostly contain products of local sedentary population. On the territory of Northern India, the Indo-Scythians and Kushans adopted the funerary traditions of the local Buddhist population – burning the dead and placing their ashes in special stupas with other relics. It is important to note that their assimilation took place gradually and even influenced the established funeral practice of Indo-Buddhist. For example, single bones and whole skeletons are sometimes found in stupas, and since the Indo-Scythian period, coins have been placed in stupas with other relics. In this regard, the revealing of new sources about the funerary monuments of Northern India is one of the promising directions.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42106014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-8-16
Drobotushenko Evgeny V.
In the context of the available data on the history of Orthodoxy in the north and northeast of China, the article provides new information characterizing various aspects of the existence and activity of the Orthodox Church in the early 1930s. This time was quite difficult for Russian emigrants in the territories under consideration. They were the main bearers of Orthodoxy. The research uses general scientific methods of collecting, analyzing and synthesizing material, which is especially important when working with sources, as well as special methods of historical cognition. The chronological method made it possible to characterize events in their sequence, the comparative historical method made it possible to compare facts and phenomena in different time periods. The main conclusion of the study was the observation that at the time under consideration, the conditions of existence of representatives of the Orthodox community in the region were complicated by a number of factors. These are punitive campaigns to the places of their residence of the Red Army detachments, the establishment of the puppet regime of the state of Manchukuo, the strongest flood in Harbin. This led to the closure of a number of Orthodox churches and a significant outflow of parishioners. The article is based on little-known and unknown archival documents, which, in some cases, repeat the information found in publications, while in some cases they give completely new, previously unknown facts. A series of events in the early 1930s led to the fact that a significant part of the representatives of the Russian emigration ‒ Orthodox for the most part, left the region, going further into China, and then beyond its borders. This, in turn, led to a reduction in the number of Orthodox believers, the income of priests fell, churches began to close.
{"title":"Materials for the History of the Orthodox Church in the North and Northeast of China in the early 1930s","authors":"Drobotushenko Evgeny V.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-8-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-8-16","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the available data on the history of Orthodoxy in the north and northeast of China, the article provides new information characterizing various aspects of the existence and activity of the Orthodox Church in the early 1930s. This time was quite difficult for Russian emigrants in the territories under consideration. They were the main bearers of Orthodoxy. The research uses general scientific methods of collecting, analyzing and synthesizing material, which is especially important when working with sources, as well as special methods of historical cognition. The chronological method made it possible to characterize events in their sequence, the comparative historical method made it possible to compare facts and phenomena in different time periods. The main conclusion of the study was the observation that at the time under consideration, the conditions of existence of representatives of the Orthodox community in the region were complicated by a number of factors. These are punitive campaigns to the places of their residence of the Red Army detachments, the establishment of the puppet regime of the state of Manchukuo, the strongest flood in Harbin. This led to the closure of a number of Orthodox churches and a significant outflow of parishioners. The article is based on little-known and unknown archival documents, which, in some cases, repeat the information found in publications, while in some cases they give completely new, previously unknown facts. A series of events in the early 1930s led to the fact that a significant part of the representatives of the Russian emigration ‒ Orthodox for the most part, left the region, going further into China, and then beyond its borders. This, in turn, led to a reduction in the number of Orthodox believers, the income of priests fell, churches began to close.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47823409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-119-127
Putilin Mikhail S.
The legend of the Starets Tsar, known as Fyodor Kuzmich, is a unique fact of the folk mentality. Formed in the period of socio-political foreshadowing of social changes, it underwent a radical transformation in the process of existence. This story reflected the change of social priorities, characteristic of the period of social transformation. This determines the relevance of reference to the tale of the Starets Tsar, as every stage of transition to a new level of technological and social development of society generates similar phenomena in the mental public sphere. The study of the story of the Starets Tsar is not only a continuation of the research of Russian scholars on the topic of folk representations within the framework of new methodological concepts, but also an attempt to more clearly define the place of this story in the general classification of legends about the “returning savior”. In addition, historical science has long needed to provide its own analysis of this complex phenomenon of mentality and socio-cultural history, which has previously been purposefully studied only by literary scholars and theologians. The purpose of this study is to reveal the reflection of the mentality of the transition period in the story of the Starets Tsar Alexander I. Materials for the article included the sources belonging to different types, among which are clerical documentation, materials from printed publications of regional and all-Russian level, memoirs of contemporaries. Such methods of historical science as textual analysis and content analysis were used as well. As a result of the application of these methods the signs of the transitional mentality reflected in the story about the Starets Tsar were formulated. We made a conclusion that the development of the plot reflected the change of people’s mentality of the second half of the 19th century during the period of modernization transition. The story about the Starets Tsar began to form as a typical story about the “returning deliverer”, but in the process of its design it changed into a story about the “savior”. This fact reflects the change in the folk mentality of the period of the modernization transition in the second half of the XIXth century. The perspective of the study is the continuation of research in the field of changing mentalities in the XIXth century, in their relationship.
{"title":"The Story of the Starets Tsar as a Mental Phenomenon of Society in the 19th century","authors":"Putilin Mikhail S.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-119-127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-119-127","url":null,"abstract":"The legend of the Starets Tsar, known as Fyodor Kuzmich, is a unique fact of the folk mentality. Formed in the period of socio-political foreshadowing of social changes, it underwent a radical transformation in the process of existence. This story reflected the change of social priorities, characteristic of the period of social transformation. This determines the relevance of reference to the tale of the Starets Tsar, as every stage of transition to a new level of technological and social development of society generates similar phenomena in the mental public sphere. The study of the story of the Starets Tsar is not only a continuation of the research of Russian scholars on the topic of folk representations within the framework of new methodological concepts, but also an attempt to more clearly define the place of this story in the general classification of legends about the “returning savior”. In addition, historical science has long needed to provide its own analysis of this complex phenomenon of mentality and socio-cultural history, which has previously been purposefully studied only by literary scholars and theologians. The purpose of this study is to reveal the reflection of the mentality of the transition period in the story of the Starets Tsar Alexander I. Materials for the article included the sources belonging to different types, among which are clerical documentation, materials from printed publications of regional and all-Russian level, memoirs of contemporaries. Such methods of historical science as textual analysis and content analysis were used as well. As a result of the application of these methods the signs of the transitional mentality reflected in the story about the Starets Tsar were formulated. We made a conclusion that the development of the plot reflected the change of people’s mentality of the second half of the 19th century during the period of modernization transition. The story about the Starets Tsar began to form as a typical story about the “returning deliverer”, but in the process of its design it changed into a story about the “savior”. This fact reflects the change in the folk mentality of the period of the modernization transition in the second half of the XIXth century. The perspective of the study is the continuation of research in the field of changing mentalities in the XIXth century, in their relationship.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42917183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-47-58
Voronchenko Tatiana V.
The article deals with the phenomenon of border in changing historical reality of two distant territories, that is important today due to the increasing interest in “border studies” as a new interdisciplinary scientific field that combines history, geography, political science and philological research at the turn of 21st century. The study involves folklore and literary works, the plots of which are localized on the borders between Russia and China: the South-East of Siberia and the Far East (Transbaikalia), the USA and Mexico: the U. S. South-West (New Mexico, Texas, California). The purpose of the article is to identify typological convergence and differences in the artistic depiction of these boundary loci in the context of their historical development. The methodological basis of the research is made up of works devoted to the geocultural and geopoetic aspects of literary studies. The article uses cultural and historical, comparative and typological, structural and semiotic methods and axiological text analysis. It is confirmed that essential geopoetic principle of the Russian-Chinese and Mexican-American borderland texts is antithesis built on the opposition of “friend/foe”. It was revealed that folklore and literary texts demonstrate convergences in the geopoetic image of the border: boundless space considered basic element of imagery and a certain type of strong and active “border hero”. Differences in the depiction of the images result from the peculiarities of the historical process and, accordingly, the different value priorities. Prospects for the research can be associated with the expansion of the “border studies” field by means of history and philology integration.
{"title":"Border Loci in Historical and Cultural Context: Geopoetics of Border (Based on Literature and Folklore of Russian-Chinese and Mexican-American Borderlands)","authors":"Voronchenko Tatiana V.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-47-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-47-58","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the phenomenon of border in changing historical reality of two distant territories, that is important today due to the increasing interest in “border studies” as a new interdisciplinary scientific field that combines history, geography, political science and philological research at the turn of 21st century. The study involves folklore and literary works, the plots of which are localized on the borders between Russia and China: the South-East of Siberia and the Far East (Transbaikalia), the USA and Mexico: the U. S. South-West (New Mexico, Texas, California). The purpose of the article is to identify typological convergence and differences in the artistic depiction of these boundary loci in the context of their historical development. The methodological basis of the research is made up of works devoted to the geocultural and geopoetic aspects of literary studies. The article uses cultural and historical, comparative and typological, structural and semiotic methods and axiological text analysis. It is confirmed that essential geopoetic principle of the Russian-Chinese and Mexican-American borderland texts is antithesis built on the opposition of “friend/foe”. It was revealed that folklore and literary texts demonstrate convergences in the geopoetic image of the border: boundless space considered basic element of imagery and a certain type of strong and active “border hero”. Differences in the depiction of the images result from the peculiarities of the historical process and, accordingly, the different value priorities. Prospects for the research can be associated with the expansion of the “border studies” field by means of history and philology integration.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45408306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-136-144
Semushev Ivan N.
The events of 1917 had a major effect on all spheres of society in the former Russian Empire. These events also had a major effect on the development of scientific and educational activities. The study of the features and experience of scientific and educational institutions of the 1920s is important and significant for more effective construction of research activities, state policy in the field of science. This article reviews the history and work of the first scientific and educational institutions of Buryatia. The processes of studying the history and culture of the Mongolian peoples are considered on the example of the works of the Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Society formed in 1924. There is a connection between the scientific Oriental institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia and the new Soviet scientific organizations. The article views the history of the Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Society, its structure, main directions and results of work. The results of scientific and educational work in Buryat-Mongolia were also evaluated. The article is based on materials from the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia and the State Archive of the Irkutsk region. The institution consisted of three main sections: political-economic (economic), physical-geographical and historical-ethnological. Special attention is paid to the work of the historical and ethnological section of the society, which has made a great contribution to the development of historical science, the study of the history and culture of the Mongolian peoples, educational activities, as well as the accumulation, description and preservation of archival materials. An important source for writing the article was the print publication of the Buryat-Mongolian scientific society “Buryatievedenie”, the lectures of participants published in it and reports on the work of the institution. An important aspect of the study is the matter of changes in state policy in relation to scientific, educational, local history societies in the early 1930s and its impact on research work in Buryat-Mongolia.
{"title":"Work of the Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Society for the Study of the History and Culture of the Mongolian Nation in the 1920s","authors":"Semushev Ivan N.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-136-144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-136-144","url":null,"abstract":"The events of 1917 had a major effect on all spheres of society in the former Russian Empire. These events also had a major effect on the development of scientific and educational activities. The study of the features and experience of scientific and educational institutions of the 1920s is important and significant for more effective construction of research activities, state policy in the field of science. This article reviews the history and work of the first scientific and educational institutions of Buryatia. The processes of studying the history and culture of the Mongolian peoples are considered on the example of the works of the Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Society formed in 1924. There is a connection between the scientific Oriental institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia and the new Soviet scientific organizations. The article views the history of the Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Society, its structure, main directions and results of work. The results of scientific and educational work in Buryat-Mongolia were also evaluated. The article is based on materials from the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia and the State Archive of the Irkutsk region. The institution consisted of three main sections: political-economic (economic), physical-geographical and historical-ethnological. Special attention is paid to the work of the historical and ethnological section of the society, which has made a great contribution to the development of historical science, the study of the history and culture of the Mongolian peoples, educational activities, as well as the accumulation, description and preservation of archival materials. An important source for writing the article was the print publication of the Buryat-Mongolian scientific society “Buryatievedenie”, the lectures of participants published in it and reports on the work of the institution. An important aspect of the study is the matter of changes in state policy in relation to scientific, educational, local history societies in the early 1930s and its impact on research work in Buryat-Mongolia.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45539812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-17-26
Koskina Maria M.
The article is devoted to the study of the origins of the colonial struggle of European powers for spheres of influence in the Asia-Pacific region in the late 17th ‒ first half of the 18th century. The international situation around the process of opening and developing the northern Pacific Ocean, the fear of metropolises to lose their spheres of influence stand out as one of the main reasons for the advancement of countries in the region. The reasons for the study of the North Pacific Territories are systematized, economic, political and scientific prerequisites are noted. In the first half of the 18th century, the Pacific Ocean became the arena of geopolitical interests of leading powers. On the one hand, this period was characterized by an Anglo-French colonial confrontation. On the other hand, the interest of these countries in the north of the Pacific Ocean was not so pronounced in comparison with the positions of Russia and Spain in the region. Nevertheless, at the intersection of Asia and America, there was a clash of interests of several countries, expressed in direct and potential expansion. It was in the first half of the 18th century that the formation of international relations on the study of the North of the Pacific Ocean and the emergence of the struggle of powers for spheres of influence in the Asia-Pacific region were traced. The article examines the view of Spain, France, Great Britain and Russia on the course of colonization of North America. The Russian Empire seems to be the main participant in geopolitics in the north of the Asia-Pacific region. The main directions of Russia’s policy in the struggle for spheres of influence in the region are systematized and analyzed. The development of Russian-British, Russian-French and Russian-Spanish relations on the study of these territories in the first half of the 18th century is studied, the interaction of countries on the process of studying the North Pacific region and the further development of the west coast of North America is analyzed.
{"title":"The Main Directions of Russian Policy in the Struggle for Spheres of Influence in the North Pacific Ocean at the Beginning of the 18th Сentury","authors":"Koskina Maria M.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-17-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-17-26","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of the origins of the colonial struggle of European powers for spheres of influence in the Asia-Pacific region in the late 17th ‒ first half of the 18th century. The international situation around the process of opening and developing the northern Pacific Ocean, the fear of metropolises to lose their spheres of influence stand out as one of the main reasons for the advancement of countries in the region. The reasons for the study of the North Pacific Territories are systematized, economic, political and scientific prerequisites are noted. In the first half of the 18th century, the Pacific Ocean became the arena of geopolitical interests of leading powers. On the one hand, this period was characterized by an Anglo-French colonial confrontation. On the other hand, the interest of these countries in the north of the Pacific Ocean was not so pronounced in comparison with the positions of Russia and Spain in the region. Nevertheless, at the intersection of Asia and America, there was a clash of interests of several countries, expressed in direct and potential expansion. It was in the first half of the 18th century that the formation of international relations on the study of the North of the Pacific Ocean and the emergence of the struggle of powers for spheres of influence in the Asia-Pacific region were traced. The article examines the view of Spain, France, Great Britain and Russia on the course of colonization of North America. The Russian Empire seems to be the main participant in geopolitics in the north of the Asia-Pacific region. The main directions of Russia’s policy in the struggle for spheres of influence in the region are systematized and analyzed. The development of Russian-British, Russian-French and Russian-Spanish relations on the study of these territories in the first half of the 18th century is studied, the interaction of countries on the process of studying the North Pacific region and the further development of the west coast of North America is analyzed.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44424998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-59-68
Madzharov Alexander S.
Thinkers N. Y. Danilevsky and O. Spengler brought together a civilization approach to world history. The relevance of the works of these authors is evidenced by their consonance with the modern historical process. The interrelation of ideas and the relative reliability of the predictions made by the theorists predetermined the purpose of the work: comparison of the concepts of “Slavic” and “Romano-Germanic” cultural and historical types, the study of the applied methodology of research by Danilevsky and Spengler, and the application of the comparative historical method in this work. Danilevsky created a typological direction in historical research, moved away from the interpretation of international relations as a situational phenomenon, realized the importance of historical forecasting. He came to the conclusion that Russia and Europe belong to different cultural and historical types, there are, in modern terms, mental contradictions between them, which in the future could give rise to clashes between civilizations. The studies of the geopolitician convinced him that Europe considered, and will continue to consider our fatherland, a “foreign” and even a “hostile” world. Fifty years after Danilevsky, Spengler spoke about the future of Western civilization. The philosopher’s doctrine developed in the direction laid down by the Russian geopolitician. The philosopher revealed the palette of the Faustian soul “from the inside”, and confirmed the assumptions and fears of Danilevsky. “Faustian culture” as Spengler concluded, “has always been aimed at “spreading”. All thinkers and leaders from Eckhart to Napoleon wanted to “conquer the world”. The coming twentieth century was seen by the philosopher as the era of the “war of inheritance”, in which India, China, South Africa, and Russia would enter. In the list of “mobilized states”, the thinker saw his fatherland in the first place. “Unbearable tension”, he testified, pushes Europe to the true Faustian path ‒ the “primal politics of all living things” ‒ war. The conducted historiographical analysis showed that the morphological attitude of the classics of civilization analysis changed the research paradigm, increased the possibilities of theoretical understanding of the problem, opened up prospects for comparative study of cultures, obtaining the necessary geopolitical forecast today.
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Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-37-46
Yurganova Inna I.
The article examines the history of the creation and activity of the Orthodox press of Eastern Siberia in the second half of the XIXth century, defines its goals and objectives, and provides a brief comparative analysis of the newspaper Diocesan Gazette of the Irkutsk, Yenisei, Yakut and Trans-Baikal dioceses. We note that despite the widespread involvement of the materials of the diocesan press by modern humanities as a multifunctional historical source and an element of scientific tools, one of the gaps seems to be the study of the intellectual component of the diocesan press in the life of East Siberian society, which necessitated the appeal to the stated topic. The purpose of the study is the process of formation and evolution of the newspaper Diocesan Gazette. We determine that despite the regulated algorithm, a variety of historical and ethnographic material was published on the pages of Orthodox publications, including translations in the languages of local ethnic groups. The potential of the provincial clergy of Eastern Siberia provided opportunities for staffing the editorial body and author collectives, and the elite of the clergy of the dioceses was represented as part of the editors-in-chief: theologians, writers, local historians. We draw a conclusion that Orthodox publications, namely the East Siberian newspaper Diocesan Gazette was a center of enlightenment, a platform for polemics and discussions on topical issues of public thought. An appeal to the composition and content of the issues provides extensive research opportunities for reconstructing the everyday life of the East Siberian province of the second half of the XIXth – early XXth centuries.
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Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-155-162
Konstantinov Alexander V.
The author made an attempt to study the history of the development of the children’s movement in the country and its problems in the year of the 100th anniversary of the pioneer movement (2022). The relevance of the topic is due to the attention to the problem of researchers, the public, as well as the need for state policy in relation to children’s and youth organizations. It is noted that this topic is interdisciplinary in nature and is at the junction of various scientific areas. The policy of the state in relation to the children’s movement changed dramatically more than once. The most important milestones in this regard are 1922 ‒ the prohibition of the scout movement and the creation of a pioneer organization and 1991 ‒ the dissolution of the pioneer organization and the transition to a variety of forms of children’s organizations. The current period in the development of the children’s movement is characterized the diversity of forms of children’s organizations. But even during this time, the policy of the state in relation to the children’s movement has evolved markedly. In 2015, an attempt was again made to create a mass children’s organization (the All-Russian Movement of School students). The anniversary marked the differences in the positions of the state and society, at the same time it stimulated the process of solving accumulated problems in the new political conditions. It was on May 19, 2022 that V. N. Matvienko Chairman of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation said that a group of deputies and senators had submitted to the Duma a bill on the Russian movement of children and youth. Perhaps the children’s movement in the country is on the threshold of a new stage of its development. According to the author, the history of the children’s movement and the pioneer movement in particular has become one of the most problematic phenomena in the Russian history. Particular attention is paid to the development of the children’s movement in the territory of Transbaikalia. In conclusion, the author presents proposals for organizing a new mass children’s movement.
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