Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-1-116-125
Ruzanna G. Ivanyan
The article is devoted to the values and practices of solidarity in Russian journalism related to the law on foreign agents in the second half of 2021. Its significance lies in the need to analyze the contemporary value spectrum of Russian journalism with its discreteness. The aim of the survey is to analyze new formats for expressing solidarity on an ambiguous point for the media community (the law on foreign agents), using the example of the flash mob #banned profession (August 2021). Through more than 50 Facebook posts with the hashtag #bannedprofession and user comments, the author explores professional and civic value narratives. The qualitative thematic analysis of the texts is used as a research method. The flash mob brought personal stories of professional development and compared different time and socio-political contexts of the profession. Solidarity showed itself in the form of concern for colleagues who had lost their jobs and their source of income. Attempts to monetize solidarity are noticeable features. The social geography of participation expanded, and former journalists also took part in the flash mob. They used it as an opportunity to mark their belonging to the journalistic community. At the same time, in a number of cases the hashtag was used for indirect purposes. The main outcome of the flash mob #banned profession is seen in the personification of the profession of journalism and the articulation of its importance in the modern context. Solidarization is traced not in the texts of the participants of the flash mob, but in the very fact of joining it. Ideas of solidarity are articulated through indignation and rejection of the situation. At the same time, the texts themselves are dominated by individual professional and personal narratives, their own emotions and feelings in the tradition of “new ethics”.The practical significance of the study can be traced back to the development of a theoretical and practical basis for the similar campaigns. Solidarity in journalism as a research topic touches on the intersectional areas of media, activism, relations with power, digital participation, and the axiology of journalism, and may appeal to researchers from various specialties.
{"title":"Flashmob as a Form of Solidarity in Journalism","authors":"Ruzanna G. Ivanyan","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-1-116-125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-1-116-125","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the values and practices of solidarity in Russian journalism related to the law on foreign agents in the second half of 2021. Its significance lies in the need to analyze the contemporary value spectrum of Russian journalism with its discreteness. The aim of the survey is to analyze new formats for expressing solidarity on an ambiguous point for the media community (the law on foreign agents), using the example of the flash mob #banned profession (August 2021). Through more than 50 Facebook posts with the hashtag #bannedprofession and user comments, the author explores professional and civic value narratives. The qualitative thematic analysis of the texts is used as a research method. The flash mob brought personal stories of professional development and compared different time and socio-political contexts of the profession. Solidarity showed itself in the form of concern for colleagues who had lost their jobs and their source of income. Attempts to monetize solidarity are noticeable features. The social geography of participation expanded, and former journalists also took part in the flash mob. They used it as an opportunity to mark their belonging to the journalistic community. At the same time, in a number of cases the hashtag was used for indirect purposes. The main outcome of the flash mob #banned profession is seen in the personification of the profession of journalism and the articulation of its importance in the modern context. Solidarization is traced not in the texts of the participants of the flash mob, but in the very fact of joining it. Ideas of solidarity are articulated through indignation and rejection of the situation. At the same time, the texts themselves are dominated by individual professional and personal narratives, their own emotions and feelings in the tradition of “new ethics”.The practical significance of the study can be traced back to the development of a theoretical and practical basis for the similar campaigns. Solidarity in journalism as a research topic touches on the intersectional areas of media, activism, relations with power, digital participation, and the axiology of journalism, and may appeal to researchers from various specialties.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42457891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-1-138-147
I. N. Kemarskaya
The article examines the problem of the transition to a new paradigm of media products’ value understanding of audiovisual periodicals in digital age. Relevance of the approach is challenged by the necessity to change the evaluative paradigm of modern aesthetics, which dominated for almost the entire twentieth century, to the criteria of postmodern and metamodern. The article emphasizes the professional competencies that can be positioned as “non-digitizable”, such as creativity and value orientation of creators. The article demonstrates the transformation of singularity and innovativeness of films to the “dramaturgy of seriality” due to TV and web documentaries, and further, to the dramaturgy of open search processes of metamodern. Methodologically, the change of scientific “optics” is proved in the course of revision of traditional screen dramaturgy replaced by the new approaches to the value status of transmedia audiovisual broadcasting. A generative format model is presented as the general-purpose mechanism of the TV and video shows dramatic structure. The value approach changes the methodological discourses of evaluating broadcasting media: from text-centric to polycode, from author’s subordination to viewer’s priority, from the content analysis to the dynamics of show structures. The results of the study move forward the development of professional competencies in media value chain and can be used for the training and retraining of specialists.
{"title":"Value Orientations of the Audiovisual Periodicals Dramaturgy: Reconfiguring Scientific Optics","authors":"I. N. Kemarskaya","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-1-138-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-1-138-147","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the problem of the transition to a new paradigm of media products’ value understanding of audiovisual periodicals in digital age. Relevance of the approach is challenged by the necessity to change the evaluative paradigm of modern aesthetics, which dominated for almost the entire twentieth century, to the criteria of postmodern and metamodern. The article emphasizes the professional competencies that can be positioned as “non-digitizable”, such as creativity and value orientation of creators. The article demonstrates the transformation of singularity and innovativeness of films to the “dramaturgy of seriality” due to TV and web documentaries, and further, to the dramaturgy of open search processes of metamodern. Methodologically, the change of scientific “optics” is proved in the course of revision of traditional screen dramaturgy replaced by the new approaches to the value status of transmedia audiovisual broadcasting. A generative format model is presented as the general-purpose mechanism of the TV and video shows dramatic structure. The value approach changes the methodological discourses of evaluating broadcasting media: from text-centric to polycode, from author’s subordination to viewer’s priority, from the content analysis to the dynamics of show structures. The results of the study move forward the development of professional competencies in media value chain and can be used for the training and retraining of specialists.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48974066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-1-29-35
E. A. Khudenko, Ekaterina A. Myznikova
The article studies the specifics of the correlation of documentary and artistic principles based on the material of Ivan Efremov’s story Cutty Sark. Comparison of the 1943 and 1957 editions of the story allows us to state that the text is “constructed” for the implementation of certain author’s intentions. In particular, the second edition “weighs down” the documentary beginning of the text, but it creates the illusion of documentality, the effect of verisimilitude. The perfection of the sailboat and the history of its existence become a source of reflection for the author about art, about expediency as a result of an evolutionary process that harmonizes the ratio of form and content. A comparison of the Ephraim story with a scientific source ‒ the book of the shipbuilding historian J. Campbell ‒ leads to the identification of a certain intentional author’s strategy. The distortion of the factual basis in the storyline of the story emphasizes Efremov’s desire to derive a general “law” (formula) of beauty and immortality and apply this law to every kind of creativity. The idea of a highly artistic, “wonderful” creation is realized at all levels of the text: the language of the story is replete with visual and expressive means; the name of the sailboat is played out in the context of Robert Burns’ poetics; the principle of sevenfold is used. Thus, the story about the clipper Cutty Sark, far from documentary authenticity, becomes the embodiment of a beautiful fate and good luck achieved due to the balance of form and content in the sailboat. The specificity of the correlation of the documentary and the artistic in the story under study allows us to speak about the author’s strategy formed, which then passed into novel creativity, as well as about the originality of the writer’s philosophical and aesthetic views.
{"title":"A Story Cutty Sark by I. A. Efremov: The Specifics of the Correlation of Documentary and Artistic Principles","authors":"E. A. Khudenko, Ekaterina A. Myznikova","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-1-29-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-1-29-35","url":null,"abstract":"The article studies the specifics of the correlation of documentary and artistic principles based on the material of Ivan Efremov’s story Cutty Sark. Comparison of the 1943 and 1957 editions of the story allows us to state that the text is “constructed” for the implementation of certain author’s intentions. In particular, the second edition “weighs down” the documentary beginning of the text, but it creates the illusion of documentality, the effect of verisimilitude. The perfection of the sailboat and the history of its existence become a source of reflection for the author about art, about expediency as a result of an evolutionary process that harmonizes the ratio of form and content. A comparison of the Ephraim story with a scientific source ‒ the book of the shipbuilding historian J. Campbell ‒ leads to the identification of a certain intentional author’s strategy. The distortion of the factual basis in the storyline of the story emphasizes Efremov’s desire to derive a general “law” (formula) of beauty and immortality and apply this law to every kind of creativity. The idea of a highly artistic, “wonderful” creation is realized at all levels of the text: the language of the story is replete with visual and expressive means; the name of the sailboat is played out in the context of Robert Burns’ poetics; the principle of sevenfold is used. Thus, the story about the clipper Cutty Sark, far from documentary authenticity, becomes the embodiment of a beautiful fate and good luck achieved due to the balance of form and content in the sailboat. The specificity of the correlation of the documentary and the artistic in the story under study allows us to speak about the author’s strategy formed, which then passed into novel creativity, as well as about the originality of the writer’s philosophical and aesthetic views.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67974514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-139-147
Mertsalov Victor I.
In her monograph T. A. Konstantinova investigates the formation and development of archival work in Eastern Transbaikalia over the course of 100 years. The author examined step by step the working conditions, the multilateral activities of archival institutions and, first of all, the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The factual material is new, with a few exceptions. It testifies that the period of formation of archival work in the region lasted from 1917 to 1939, and the period of its development ‒ from 1939 to 1991. The style of the study is characterized by the maximum setting for the facts to speak for themselves. They are presented with a laconic author’s accompaniment. There are only few estimates by T. A. Konstantinova. The volume context is minimal. The chapters’ titles have the context property. The first three chapters reveal the formation of archival affairs in the years when the Soviet government overcame the grave consequences of the Civil War and carried out a deep reconstruction of the country. The last three chapters reflect the development of archiving in the context of a stable state of government. The final chapter covers the period of 1991‒2018. It shows that archival work has not fallen apart together with the Soviet state. It has withstood and rebuilt in the new historical realities. The text and the Appendix of the monograph contain rich material on personalities, identified by the author on the basis of archival data.
在她的专著中，t.a.康斯坦丁诺娃调查了100年来东外贝加尔地区档案工作的形成和发展。作者逐步审查了档案机构的工作条件、多边活动，首先是跨贝加尔湖地区国家档案馆。事实材料是新的，只有少数例外。它证明了该地区档案工作的形成时期为1917年至1939年，档案工作的发展时期为1939年至1991年。书房的风格的特点是最大限度地设置事实为自己说话。他们是由一个简洁的作者伴奏的。T. A. Konstantinova的估计很少。卷上下文是最小的。章节的标题具有上下文属性。前三章揭示了苏联政府克服内战的严重后果，对国家进行深度重建期间档案事务的形成。后三章反映了政府稳定状态下档案的发展。最后一章涵盖1991-2018年期间。这表明档案工作并没有随着苏维埃国家的解体而解体。它在新的历史现实中经受住了考验并进行了重建。本专著的正文和附录包含丰富的人格材料，由作者在档案资料的基础上确定。
{"title":"The Facts Speak for Themselves: the Monographic Research by T. A. Konstantinova on the History of National Archives in Eastern Transbaikalia","authors":"Mertsalov Victor I.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-139-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-139-147","url":null,"abstract":"In her monograph T. A. Konstantinova investigates the formation and development of archival work in Eastern Transbaikalia over the course of 100 years. The author examined step by step the working conditions, the multilateral activities of archival institutions and, first of all, the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The factual material is new, with a few exceptions. It testifies that the period of formation of archival work in the region lasted from 1917 to 1939, and the period of its development ‒ from 1939 to 1991. The style of the study is characterized by the maximum setting for the facts to speak for themselves. They are presented with a laconic author’s accompaniment. There are only few estimates by T. A. Konstantinova. The volume context is minimal. The chapters’ titles have the context property. The first three chapters reveal the formation of archival affairs in the years when the Soviet government overcame the grave consequences of the Civil War and carried out a deep reconstruction of the country. The last three chapters reflect the development of archiving in the context of a stable state of government. The final chapter covers the period of 1991‒2018. It shows that archival work has not fallen apart together with the Soviet state. It has withstood and rebuilt in the new historical realities. The text and the Appendix of the monograph contain rich material on personalities, identified by the author on the basis of archival data.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44458073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-96-108
Kondratenko Victoria A.
The article analyzes the role of women’s gymnasiums in the city of Chita in public education system of the Trans-Baikal Region of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, based on documents from the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Irkutsk Region. The author considers the main aspects of the activities of educational institutions: the problems of the creation and existence of female gymnasiums, the organization and content of the educational process, the material base, and also pays attention to the issue of training teachers for secondary educational institutions. The analysis of the level of knowledge of the topic, the content of archival funds is carried out. The research methodology is based on the application of the method of functional analysis, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The source base of the study is presented by the reporting documentation of the gymnasiums, including design and estimate, for different years of their existence, correspondence of superiors with higher officials on the organization of the educational process and others. The article is illustrated with a large volume of photographic materials – photographs of the commanding persons, students and educational buildings of the indicated educational institutions. However, in spite of a sufficient number of archival documents, the researchers did not submit extensive work on the activities of women’s gymnasiums in the Trans-Baikal region. At the end of the article, the author provides an assessment of the activities of the Chita women’s gymnasiums. The study is timed to celebrate two anniversaries: the 115th anniversary of the opening of the Second Women’s Gymnasium (1906) and the 110th anniversary of the Private Women’s Gymnasium of O. M. Tsinbal-Miklashevskaya (1911).
{"title":"Formation and Development of Female Gymnasium Education in the City of Chita (1893–1921)","authors":"Kondratenko Victoria A.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-96-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-96-108","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the role of women’s gymnasiums in the city of Chita in public education system of the Trans-Baikal Region of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, based on documents from the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Irkutsk Region. The author considers the main aspects of the activities of educational institutions: the problems of the creation and existence of female gymnasiums, the organization and content of the educational process, the material base, and also pays attention to the issue of training teachers for secondary educational institutions. The analysis of the level of knowledge of the topic, the content of archival funds is carried out. The research methodology is based on the application of the method of functional analysis, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The source base of the study is presented by the reporting documentation of the gymnasiums, including design and estimate, for different years of their existence, correspondence of superiors with higher officials on the organization of the educational process and others. The article is illustrated with a large volume of photographic materials – photographs of the commanding persons, students and educational buildings of the indicated educational institutions. However, in spite of a sufficient number of archival documents, the researchers did not submit extensive work on the activities of women’s gymnasiums in the Trans-Baikal region. At the end of the article, the author provides an assessment of the activities of the Chita women’s gymnasiums. The study is timed to celebrate two anniversaries: the 115th anniversary of the opening of the Second Women’s Gymnasium (1906) and the 110th anniversary of the Private Women’s Gymnasium of O. M. Tsinbal-Miklashevskaya (1911).","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43584814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-87-95
Klimova Olga G.
The study of the socio-cultural activities of entrepreneurs including the history of everyday life as its integral part is one of the important aspects of the study of regional history. The historiography of the history of socio-cultural practices in pre-revolutionary Siberia has not been fully studied yet. The purpose of the article is to identify the patterns of the modern historiographic situation on the basis of understanding the study of the history of socio-cultural practices of business people in pre-revolutionary Siberia. The work used the general methods of scientific knowledge: historicism, logical analysis, deduction and induction, which made it possible to conduct a consistent analysis of the works of researchers, to identify the main characteristics. Modern researchers in their works have raised a number of problems: trends in the development of charity, the scope of investment of donated money, forms of participation in various events, contributions to the development of libraries, museums, schools, orphanages, etc. Historians used quantitative indicators of the participation of entrepreneurs in the social and cultural life of Siberian cities, the motives of the merchants’ charity. The following topics were studied: support for education, participation in the improvement of cities, contribution to the development of culture and museum affairs, financing of expeditions, church and charitable activities, targeted assistance to those in need. In general, and in the conclusions of this article, the expansion of scientific knowledge about the socio-social history of Siberia after the reform period is emphasized, the points of view of historians on the role and place of businessmen in the cultural and social spheres of the life of the region are revealed. Historiographic analysis is relevant from the point of view of modern discussions about the contribution of entrepreneurs to the development of cities, culture, economy, and charity in pre-revolutionary Siberia. The revival of entrepreneurship, modern socio-economic processes encourage specialists to in-depth study of the history of socio-cultural practices of the Siberian merchants.
{"title":"Socio-Cultural Practices of the Siberian Merchants of the Second Half of the XIX – Early XX Century in the Coverage of Modern Russian Historiography","authors":"Klimova Olga G.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-87-95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-87-95","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the socio-cultural activities of entrepreneurs including the history of everyday life as its integral part is one of the important aspects of the study of regional history. The historiography of the history of socio-cultural practices in pre-revolutionary Siberia has not been fully studied yet. The purpose of the article is to identify the patterns of the modern historiographic situation on the basis of understanding the study of the history of socio-cultural practices of business people in pre-revolutionary Siberia. The work used the general methods of scientific knowledge: historicism, logical analysis, deduction and induction, which made it possible to conduct a consistent analysis of the works of researchers, to identify the main characteristics. Modern researchers in their works have raised a number of problems: trends in the development of charity, the scope of investment of donated money, forms of participation in various events, contributions to the development of libraries, museums, schools, orphanages, etc. Historians used quantitative indicators of the participation of entrepreneurs in the social and cultural life of Siberian cities, the motives of the merchants’ charity. The following topics were studied: support for education, participation in the improvement of cities, contribution to the development of culture and museum affairs, financing of expeditions, church and charitable activities, targeted assistance to those in need. In general, and in the conclusions of this article, the expansion of scientific knowledge about the socio-social history of Siberia after the reform period is emphasized, the points of view of historians on the role and place of businessmen in the cultural and social spheres of the life of the region are revealed. Historiographic analysis is relevant from the point of view of modern discussions about the contribution of entrepreneurs to the development of cities, culture, economy, and charity in pre-revolutionary Siberia. The revival of entrepreneurship, modern socio-economic processes encourage specialists to in-depth study of the history of socio-cultural practices of the Siberian merchants.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46806636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-8-19
Urangua Khereid Jamsran, P. Oksana N.
The article is devoted to one of the historic periods of Mongolia of the 20th century, when the Mongolian People’s Republic built the foundations of a socialist society, and key modernization processes took place with the support of the Soviet Union. The economic component of Soviet-Mongolian relations was dominant at that time. However, the assistance from the People’s Republic of China played a definitely important role in the economic development and formation of modern Mongolian society. Labour constraint was one of the main difficulties in promoting industrial economy in Mongolia. The study of the Mongolian-Chinese economic cooperation is also relevant today, despite the influence of the “third force” in Mongolia’s foreign policy. Russian and Chinese directions are in priority. In this regard, it is important to refer to the experience accumulated by countries in the field of economic interaction, which determined the purpose of the publication ‒ to study one of the aspects of Mongolian-Chinese cooperation in the 1950s and early 1960s, namely, the employment of Chinese labour in Mongolia based on a rich source base, including both the published documents and documents from the National Archives of Mongolia, as well as historical works by Russian and Mongolian authors, and to consider such issues as the role of foreign labour, in particular, Chinese workforce in the industrialization of Mongolia, traffic of foreign workers into the Mongolian People’s Republic, and then their family members, the employment of Chinese workers, ideological and cultural events organized by party officials of the Chinese Communist Party. The research methodology is specified by the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism and historical determinism. The work uses both universal scientific methods and special methods of historical research determined by the formulated problem and includes problem-chronological method, comparative analysis method, and systemic method. The study revealed that the employment of workers from the PRC in Mongolia took place within the framework of the diplomatic relations established in 1949 and based on the agreements reached in 1956, 1958 and 1960 in respect of providing economic and technical assistance. It was emphasized that Chinese workers became an integral part of the changing Mongolian society for almost a decade, from 1955 to 1964. The Mongolian side fulfilling bilateral agreements on the working conditions of Chinese employees opened schools for Chinese children, created additional medical centers where Chinese doctors worked, and so on; all this introduced some adjustments to the everyday life of Mongolian society in the mid-20th century. Today, the process of rethinking, re-evaluating the path traversed by Mongolia throughout the 20th century continues, the external conditions of the Mongolian People’s Republic are being revised, so a detailed reference to its history can contribute to the formation of a more object
{"title":"Chinese Workers in the History of the Mongolian People’s Republic in the 1950s–1960s: Cooperation, Politics, Ideology","authors":"Urangua Khereid Jamsran, P. Oksana N.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-8-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-8-19","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to one of the historic periods of Mongolia of the 20th century, when the Mongolian People’s Republic built the foundations of a socialist society, and key modernization processes took place with the support of the Soviet Union. The economic component of Soviet-Mongolian relations was dominant at that time. However, the assistance from the People’s Republic of China played a definitely important role in the economic development and formation of modern Mongolian society. Labour constraint was one of the main difficulties in promoting industrial economy in Mongolia. The study of the Mongolian-Chinese economic cooperation is also relevant today, despite the influence of the “third force” in Mongolia’s foreign policy. Russian and Chinese directions are in priority. In this regard, it is important to refer to the experience accumulated by countries in the field of economic interaction, which determined the purpose of the publication ‒ to study one of the aspects of Mongolian-Chinese cooperation in the 1950s and early 1960s, namely, the employment of Chinese labour in Mongolia based on a rich source base, including both the published documents and documents from the National Archives of Mongolia, as well as historical works by Russian and Mongolian authors, and to consider such issues as the role of foreign labour, in particular, Chinese workforce in the industrialization of Mongolia, traffic of foreign workers into the Mongolian People’s Republic, and then their family members, the employment of Chinese workers, ideological and cultural events organized by party officials of the Chinese Communist Party. The research methodology is specified by the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism and historical determinism. The work uses both universal scientific methods and special methods of historical research determined by the formulated problem and includes problem-chronological method, comparative analysis method, and systemic method. The study revealed that the employment of workers from the PRC in Mongolia took place within the framework of the diplomatic relations established in 1949 and based on the agreements reached in 1956, 1958 and 1960 in respect of providing economic and technical assistance. It was emphasized that Chinese workers became an integral part of the changing Mongolian society for almost a decade, from 1955 to 1964. The Mongolian side fulfilling bilateral agreements on the working conditions of Chinese employees opened schools for Chinese children, created additional medical centers where Chinese doctors worked, and so on; all this introduced some adjustments to the everyday life of Mongolian society in the mid-20th century. Today, the process of rethinking, re-evaluating the path traversed by Mongolia throughout the 20th century continues, the external conditions of the Mongolian People’s Republic are being revised, so a detailed reference to its history can contribute to the formation of a more object","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43305230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-20-28
Batunaev Eduard V.
For a long time, trade relations in this region have played an important role between agricultural and nomadic cultures. The Great Silk Road, the first trans-Eurasian trade route connecting East Asia and the Mediterranean in antiquity and the Middle Ages, promoted an intensive exchange of goods, interpenetration of cultures, transfer of knowledge and technology. Russia and Mongolia have long common borders, close economic, cultural, and religious ties of border territories. The study shows the development of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations, considers the volume of trade, analysis of the range of goods, the ratio of the trade turnover of the Russian-Mongolian trade, the main directions of trade routes, expeditions to study the Mongolian market. The characterization of the rivalry of Russian, Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs in Mongolia is given. Different positions of Russian statesmen, trade circles and the public regarding the prospects of Russian-Mongolian trade are revealed. An assessment of the routes of scientific and trade expeditions in the study of the state of the Mongolian market is given. The problematic sides in the Russian-Mongolian trade and the ways of their solution are revealed. Particular attention is paid to cross-border territories that played an important role in the development of trade and economic relations. In his work, the author relied mainly on the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity, historical-genetic, historical-dynamic, comparative-historical, retrospective methods, which allowed the most complete analysis of the main stages and patterns, dynamics of trade, problems and prospects for the development of Russian Mongolian trade and economic ties. An analysis of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations allowed the author to come to the conclusion that, despite the existing problems in the development of trade, Mongolia occupied an important place in the political and economic interests of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, especially for Siberian commercial and industrial capital, which had common long borders and long-standing trade and economic ties. The study showed that the border territories of Siberia were closely integrated into trade and economic relations with Mongolia and were a kind of outpost in Russia’s Far Eastern policy.
{"title":"Russian-Mongolian Trade and Economic Relations at the Beginning of the 20th Century: History and Stages of Development","authors":"Batunaev Eduard V.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-20-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-20-28","url":null,"abstract":"For a long time, trade relations in this region have played an important role between agricultural and nomadic cultures. The Great Silk Road, the first trans-Eurasian trade route connecting East Asia and the Mediterranean in antiquity and the Middle Ages, promoted an intensive exchange of goods, interpenetration of cultures, transfer of knowledge and technology. Russia and Mongolia have long common borders, close economic, cultural, and religious ties of border territories. The study shows the development of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations, considers the volume of trade, analysis of the range of goods, the ratio of the trade turnover of the Russian-Mongolian trade, the main directions of trade routes, expeditions to study the Mongolian market. The characterization of the rivalry of Russian, Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs in Mongolia is given. Different positions of Russian statesmen, trade circles and the public regarding the prospects of Russian-Mongolian trade are revealed. An assessment of the routes of scientific and trade expeditions in the study of the state of the Mongolian market is given. The problematic sides in the Russian-Mongolian trade and the ways of their solution are revealed. Particular attention is paid to cross-border territories that played an important role in the development of trade and economic relations. In his work, the author relied mainly on the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity, historical-genetic, historical-dynamic, comparative-historical, retrospective methods, which allowed the most complete analysis of the main stages and patterns, dynamics of trade, problems and prospects for the development of Russian Mongolian trade and economic ties. An analysis of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations allowed the author to come to the conclusion that, despite the existing problems in the development of trade, Mongolia occupied an important place in the political and economic interests of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, especially for Siberian commercial and industrial capital, which had common long borders and long-standing trade and economic ties. The study showed that the border territories of Siberia were closely integrated into trade and economic relations with Mongolia and were a kind of outpost in Russia’s Far Eastern policy.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48702305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-62-77
Lyasovich Vsevolod I.
One of the important directions in the study of military affairs of the Pyanobor culture is the study of weapon sets. A set of weapons means armaments in a specific closed complex. Their study allows us to understand the degree of the population’s armament, its diversity, the demand for certain types of weapons. The problem of the research lies in the fact that such conclusions were made on the basis of an analysis of complexes with weapons from only one burial ground. It was for this reason that the decision was made to analyze the larger-scale necropolis of the Pyanobor culture, in which the number of those buried with items of weapons significantly exceeds those previously studied. This was the Kushulevsky III burial ground. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze sets of weapons for male burials at the Kushulevsky III burial ground. It is also necessary to compare the data obtained on the weapon sets of the Kushulevsky III burial ground with the necropolises already studied in a similar way: the Okhlebininsky Kara-Abyz culture and the Yuldashevsky Pyanobor culture. It will be fundamentally important to identify the types of arrowheads from the burials of the Kushulevsky III burial ground.An explanatory model for reducing the number of horse bridle sets in military burials of the Pyanobor culture is also presented. In the specialized literature, these theoretical conclusions are described for the first time, which determines the novelty of this work. This work was made possible by the use of statistical calculations, the comparative historical method, as well as the methods of chronology and typology. The use of these techniques made it possible to establish the number of weapons items, their types, types of weapon sets, chronology, etc. The result of the work performed was a demonstration of the proximity of the weapon sets of the Pyanobor and Kara-Abyz cultures. In some cases, certain categories of weapons predominate, for example, bone arrowheads. In bladed weapons, the single-edged combat knife is the most used. In the same category of weapons, there is an electiveness and singularity of swords hitting the drunken population. The combination of a combat knife with a bow or spear forms a standardized complex of weapons of the Pyanobor culture.
{"title":"Weapon Sets of the Kushulevsky III Burial Ground of the Pyanobor Archaeological Culture","authors":"Lyasovich Vsevolod I.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-62-77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-62-77","url":null,"abstract":"One of the important directions in the study of military affairs of the Pyanobor culture is the study of weapon sets. A set of weapons means armaments in a specific closed complex. Their study allows us to understand the degree of the population’s armament, its diversity, the demand for certain types of weapons. The problem of the research lies in the fact that such conclusions were made on the basis of an analysis of complexes with weapons from only one burial ground. It was for this reason that the decision was made to analyze the larger-scale necropolis of the Pyanobor culture, in which the number of those buried with items of weapons significantly exceeds those previously studied. This was the Kushulevsky III burial ground. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze sets of weapons for male burials at the Kushulevsky III burial ground. It is also necessary to compare the data obtained on the weapon sets of the Kushulevsky III burial ground with the necropolises already studied in a similar way: the Okhlebininsky Kara-Abyz culture and the Yuldashevsky Pyanobor culture. It will be fundamentally important to identify the types of arrowheads from the burials of the Kushulevsky III burial ground.An explanatory model for reducing the number of horse bridle sets in military burials of the Pyanobor culture is also presented. In the specialized literature, these theoretical conclusions are described for the first time, which determines the novelty of this work. This work was made possible by the use of statistical calculations, the comparative historical method, as well as the methods of chronology and typology. The use of these techniques made it possible to establish the number of weapons items, their types, types of weapon sets, chronology, etc. The result of the work performed was a demonstration of the proximity of the weapon sets of the Pyanobor and Kara-Abyz cultures. In some cases, certain categories of weapons predominate, for example, bone arrowheads. In bladed weapons, the single-edged combat knife is the most used. In the same category of weapons, there is an electiveness and singularity of swords hitting the drunken population. The combination of a combat knife with a bow or spear forms a standardized complex of weapons of the Pyanobor culture.","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44475632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-29-38
Drobotushenko Evgeny V.
The history of the creation of the agent network of the Russian Empire has not found comprehensive coverage in scientific publications so far. The existing research referred to specific names or mention private facts. This predetermined the relevance of the work. The object of the study is the Russian agents in China in general and in Chinese Shanghai, in particular. The subject is the study of peculiarities of the first attempts in creating Russian agent network in the city. The aim of the work is to analyze the attempt to create a network of Russian illegal agents in Shanghai in 1906–1908. The lack of materials on the problem in scientific and popular scientific publications predetermined the use of previously unknown or little-known archival sources. This is the correspondence of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Russian Imperial envoy in Beijing and the Russian Consul in Shanghai stored in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF). The main conclusion of the study was the remark about the lack of scientific elaboration, at the moment, the history of official, legal and illegal agents of the Russian Empire in Shanghai, China. Private findings suggest that, judging by the available data, creation of a serious network of agents in the city during the Russian Empire failed. The reasons for this, presumably, were several: the lack of qualified agents with knowledge of Chinese or, at least, English, who could work effectively; the lack of funds for the maintenance of agents, a small number of Russian citizens, the remoteness of Shanghai from the Russian-Chinese border, etc. A network of agents will be created in the city by the Soviet authorities by the middle of the third decade of the 20th century, and Soviet illegal agents began to work in the early 1920s. The History of Soviet agents in China and Shanghai, in particular, is studied quite well which cannot be said about the previous period. It is obvious that further serious work with archival sources is required to recreate as complete as possible the history of Russian legal and illegal agents in Shanghai in pre-Soviet times
{"title":"On the Issue of Creating a Russian Agent Network in Shanghai at the Beginning of the 20th Century","authors":"Drobotushenko Evgeny V.","doi":"10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-29-38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-29-38","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the creation of the agent network of the Russian Empire has not found comprehensive coverage in scientific publications so far. The existing research referred to specific names or mention private facts. This predetermined the relevance of the work. The object of the study is the Russian agents in China in general and in Chinese Shanghai, in particular. The subject is the study of peculiarities of the first attempts in creating Russian agent network in the city. The aim of the work is to analyze the attempt to create a network of Russian illegal agents in Shanghai in 1906–1908. The lack of materials on the problem in scientific and popular scientific publications predetermined the use of previously unknown or little-known archival sources. This is the correspondence of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Russian Imperial envoy in Beijing and the Russian Consul in Shanghai stored in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF). The main conclusion of the study was the remark about the lack of scientific elaboration, at the moment, the history of official, legal and illegal agents of the Russian Empire in Shanghai, China. Private findings suggest that, judging by the available data, creation of a serious network of agents in the city during the Russian Empire failed. The reasons for this, presumably, were several: the lack of qualified agents with knowledge of Chinese or, at least, English, who could work effectively; the lack of funds for the maintenance of agents, a small number of Russian citizens, the remoteness of Shanghai from the Russian-Chinese border, etc. A network of agents will be created in the city by the Soviet authorities by the middle of the third decade of the 20th century, and Soviet illegal agents began to work in the early 1920s. The History of Soviet agents in China and Shanghai, in particular, is studied quite well which cannot be said about the previous period. It is obvious that further serious work with archival sources is required to recreate as complete as possible the history of Russian legal and illegal agents in Shanghai in pre-Soviet times","PeriodicalId":33580,"journal":{"name":"Gumanitarnyi vektor","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67974498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：