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Completion Design for The Development of a Multi-Layer and Multi Fluid Reservoir Systemin Offshore Well AA-01, North-West Java 爪哇西北部AA-01海上井多层多流体油藏系统开发的完井设计
Pub Date : 2021-07-29 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2021.6606
Wijoyo Niti Daton, Vincent Chandra, S. Chandra
Completion systems are important components of hydrocarbon field development. As the link between the reservoir and surface facilities, completions need to be designed to maximize hydrocarbon recovery and withstand consistently changing conditions for years, within the safety requirements. However, designing completion for a well comprising a multi-layer and multi-fluid reservoir is quite challenging. The completion design must use the right materials and be able to safely produce single, as well as commingle products, and add any artificial lifts, depending on the method with the most optimum value. This paper, therefore, discusses the model development of completion design for an offshore well AA-01, one of the offshore wells with multi-layer and multi-fluid reservoir systems in Indonesia. Well AA-01 penetrates two productive layers, the upper layer AA-U1, and the lower layer AA-L2. The upper layer is a gas reservoir with initial gas in place of 1440 MMSCF, while the lower layer is an oil reservoir with initial oil in place of 6.1 MMSTB. In addition, the model design used available field data, for instance, PVT and DST, from well X. The base well completion was also used to model the completion design in software. Meanwhile, commercial software was utilized to estimate the well hydrocarbon recovery. Subsequently, several designs were tested, and the design with maximum production as well as hydrocarbon recovery was selected. The completion design selected comprises 9⅝ inch 47 ppf L-80 production casing, as well as 7⅝ inch 29.7 ppf L-80 liner, and produced commingle with oil and gas recovery of about 50.16% and 92.3%, respectively, in 5 years production
完井系统是油气田开发的重要组成部分。作为储层和地面设施之间的纽带,完井的设计需要最大限度地提高碳氢化合物的采收率,并在安全要求范围内承受多年持续变化的条件。然而,为包括多层多流体储层的井设计完井是相当具有挑战性的。完井设计必须使用正确的材料,能够安全地生产单一产品和混合产品,并根据具有最佳价值的方法添加任何人工举升。因此,本文讨论了印尼多层多流体油藏系统的海上油井之一AA-01的完井设计模型开发。AA-01井穿透两个生产层,上层AA-U1和下层AA-L2。上层为初始天然气储量为1440 MMSCF的气藏,而下层为初始石油储量为6.1 MMSTB的油藏。此外,模型设计使用了X井的可用现场数据,例如PVT和DST。基础井完井也用于软件中的完井设计建模。同时,利用商业软件对油井油气采收率进行了估算。随后,对几个设计进行了测试,并选择了具有最大产量和碳氢化合物回收率的设计。选定的竣工设计包括9个⅝ 英寸47 ppf L-80生产套管,以及7⅝ 英寸29.7 ppf L-80衬管,在5年的生产中,混合生产的油气回收率分别约为50.16%和92.3%
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引用次数: 0
The Prospect of Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery for Heavy Oil: A Review 稠油电采油技术的发展前景
Pub Date : 2020-07-14 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2019.4874
M. Afdhol, T. Erfando, F. Hidayat, Muhammad Yudatama Hasibuan, Shania Regina
This paper presents a review of electrical heating for the recovery of heavy oil which the work adopts methods used in the past and the prospects for crude oil recovery in the future. Heavy oil is one of the crude oils with API more than 22 which has the potential to overcome the current light oil crisis. However, high viscosity and density are challenges in heavy oil recovery. The method is often used to overcome these challenges by using thermal injection methods, but this method results in economic and environmental issues. The electrical heating method could be a solution to replace conventional thermal methods in which the methodology of electrical heating is to transfer heat into the reservoir due to increasing oil mobility. Because the temperature rises, it could help to reduce oil viscosity, then heavy oil will flow easily. The applications of electrical heating have been adopted in this paper where the prospects of electrical heating are carried out to be useful as guidelines of electrical heating. The challenge of electrical heating is the excessive heat will damage the formation that must be addressed in the prospect of electrical heating which must meet energy efficiency. The use of Artificial intelligence becomes a new technology to overcome problems that are often found in conventional thermal methods where this method could avoid steam breakthrough and excessive heat. Therefore, it becomes more efficient and could reduce costs.
本文综述了电加热开采稠油的方法,并对今后的原油开采进行了展望。重油是API超过22的原油之一,有可能克服当前的轻油危机。然而,高粘度和高密度是稠油开采的挑战。该方法通常用于通过使用热注入方法来克服这些挑战,但这种方法会带来经济和环境问题。电加热方法可以是替代传统热方法的解决方案,在传统热方法中,由于石油流动性增加,电加热方法将热量转移到储层中。因为温度升高,它可以帮助降低油的粘度,然后重油会很容易流动。本文采用了电加热的应用,展望了电加热作为电加热指南的前景。电加热的挑战是过热会损坏地层,在必须满足能源效率的电加热前景中必须解决这一问题。人工智能的使用成为一项新技术,可以克服传统热方法中经常出现的问题,这种方法可以避免蒸汽穿透和过热。因此,它变得更加高效,并且可以降低成本。
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引用次数: 0
Economic Evaluation of Fiscal Regime on EOR Implementation in Indonesia: A Case Study of Low Salinity Water Injection on Field X 印尼提高采收率财政制度的经济评价:以X油田低盐度注水为例
Pub Date : 2020-04-24 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2020.4608
A. Adityawarman, Faridh Afdhal Aziz, P. A. Aziz, P. Yusgiantoro, S. Chandra
There are currently two fiscal regimes designated for resource allocation in Indonesia’s upstream oil and gas industry, the Production Sharing Contract Cost Recovery (PSC) and Gross Split. The Gross Split in the form of additional percentage split is designed to encourage contractors to implement Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in mature fields. Low Salinity Water Injection (LSWI) is an emerging EOR technique in which the salinity of the injected water is controlled. It has been proven to be relatively cheaper and has simpler implementations than other EOR options in several countries. This study evaluates the LSWI project’s economy using PSC and Gross Split and then to be compared to conventional waterflooding (WF) project’s economy. There are four cases on Field X that are simulated using a commercial simulator for 5 years. The cases are evaluated under PSC and Gross Split to calculate the project’s economy. The economic indicators that will be evaluated are the Net Present Value (NPV) and sensitivity analysis is also conducted to observe the change of NPV. The parameters for sensitivity analysis are Capital Expenditure (CAPEX), Operating Expenditure (OPEX), Oil Production, and Oil Price. It is found that LSWI implementation using Gross Split is more profitable than PSC. The parameters that affects NPV the most in all PSC cases are the oil production and oil price. On the other hand, in Gross Split cases, the oil production is the parameter that affects NPV the most, followed by oil price. The novelty of this study is in the comparison of project’s economy between WF and LSWI using two different fiscal regimes to see whether Gross Split is more profitable than PSC on EOR implementation, specifically the LSWI at Field X.
目前,印尼上游油气行业的资源分配有两种财政制度,即生产分成合同成本回收(PSC)和Gross Split。总分割以额外百分比分割的形式设计,旨在鼓励承包商在成熟油田实施提高采收率(EOR)。低矿化度注水(LSWI)是一种新兴的提高采收率技术,它可以控制注入水的矿化度。在一些国家,这种方法已经被证明比其他提高采收率方法更便宜,实施起来也更简单。本研究使用PSC和Gross Split来评估LSWI项目的经济性,然后与常规水驱(WF)项目的经济性进行比较。在Field X上有四个案例使用商业模拟器进行了5年的模拟。根据PSC和Gross Split对案例进行评估,以计算项目的经济效益。评估的经济指标为净现值(NPV),并进行敏感性分析,观察NPV的变化。敏感性分析的参数包括资本支出(CAPEX)、运营支出(OPEX)、石油产量和石油价格。研究发现,使用Gross Split实现LSWI比使用PSC实现LSWI更有利可图。在所有PSC情况下,对NPV影响最大的参数是石油产量和石油价格。另一方面,在Gross Split的情况下,石油产量是影响NPV最大的参数,其次是油价。本研究的新颖之处在于,使用两种不同的财政制度,比较了WF和LSWI之间的项目经济,看看Gross Split在EOR实施方面是否比PSC更有利可图,特别是在X油田的LSWI。
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引用次数: 1
Design Optimization and Application of Hybrid Bit to Reduce a Well Cost in Geothermal Field 地热田混合钻头设计优化与应用,降低钻井成本
Pub Date : 2020-04-20 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2020.4438
M. T. Fathaddin, Fakhri Ade Andika, R. Sitaresmi
Hybrid bit is one of the innovations developed for very hard and abrasive formations such as in geothermal field. This bit eliminates the risk of losing cones, reduces tripping time, and increaseas ROP to reduce the well cost. The stage of data processing by calculating the UCS formation using D-BOS software and design optimization based on 9-7/8" bits simulations in granodiorite formations. The 1st phase was to determine the 4 best out of 7 hybrid bit designs that were selected from the highest ROP obtained, the most stable cutter cutting force, and the lowest vibration by comparing the results of FEA modeling of 1 ft drilling simulation. The 2nd phase is to choose 1 of the best from the 4 selected by doing 50 ft of drilling dynamics simulation which is assessed by directional capability, the durability, and the lowest MSE. In this study to improve drilling optimization in geothermal field, it was found that the Z616 hybrid bit design was the most optimal one. Based on 1st phase simulation, this bit was able to produce ROP of 6.38 mph, a stable cutter cutting force, very low average lateral 2.109 g and axial vibration 0.329 g. Furthermore, for the 2nd phase simulation of 50 ft, seen from the comparison of directional capability, this bit has a 0.91 deg/100 ft DLS in rotating mode, and 6.5 deg/100ft DLS in sliding mode means quite stable when drilling in rotary mode and easy to make some angle in slide mode. By its durability, the average value of lateral acceleration is 10 g, and the lateral force is 6 klbf. By MSE side, this bit also produces the lowest average MSE value of 769 psi. From the economic view, this bit can save USD 198,625 - USD 564,712 of a well cost.
混合钻头是为地热田等非常坚硬和磨蚀性地层开发的创新产品之一。该钻头消除了锥筒丢失的风险,减少了起下钻时间,提高了机械钻速,从而降低了钻井成本。数据处理阶段,使用D-BOS软件计算UCS地层,并基于花岗闪长岩地层的9-7/8”钻头模拟进行优化设计。第一阶段是通过比较1英尺钻井模拟的FEA建模结果,从获得的最高ROP、最稳定的切削力和最低的振动中选出7种最佳混合钻头设计中的4种。第二阶段是通过进行50英尺的钻井动力学模拟,从4个选择中选出1个最佳,通过定向能力、耐久性和最低MSE进行评估。通过对地热田钻井优化的研究,发现Z616混合式钻头设计是最优设计。根据第一阶段的模拟,该钻头能够产生6.38 mph的ROP,稳定的切削力,非常低的平均横向2.109 g和轴向0.329 g振动。此外,在50英尺的第二阶段模拟中,从定向能力的比较来看,该钻头在旋转模式下的DLS为0.91°/100英尺,在滑动模式下的DLS为6.5°/100英尺,这意味着在旋转模式下钻进非常稳定,在滑动模式下很容易形成一定的角度。根据其耐久性,侧向加速度平均值为10 g,侧向力为6 klbf。在MSE方面,该钻头的平均MSE值也最低,为769 psi。从经济角度来看,该钻头可节省198,625 - 564,712美元的成本。
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引用次数: 0
The Development of Non-Conventional Oil and Gas in Indonesia 印尼非常规油气的开发
Pub Date : 2020-04-19 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2020.4074
Wiwiek Jumiati, David Maurich, A. Wibowo, I. Nurdiana
Oil and gas fuel from unconventional types of reservoirs was the development of alternative sources in addition to oil and gas fuels from conventional type reservoirs that can be obtained to meet domestic needs. The development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs has developed rapidly outside Indonesia, such as in North America and Canada. One type of unconventional oil and gas reservoir was obtained from shale rock reservoirs. Hydrocarbon shale produced from shale formations, both source from rock and reservoir. This unconventional hydrocarbon has a big potential to be utilized. In this study, an analysis of the development of unconventional oil and gas from Shale Hydrocarbons carried out in Indonesia. This research included the distribution of shale reservoir basins, the number of unconventional shale reservoir resources, factors affecting the development of unconventional oil and gas in shale reservoirs in Indonesia, efforts made by the government to promote exploration activities, exploitation of shale reservoirs in Indonesia, and existing regulations for non-conventional oil and gas. The development of unconventional oil and gas reservoir shale needed to be developed immediately and will attract investors to meet domestic needs for renewable energy needs. From the geological data obtained, there were 6 basins and 11 formations that analyzed for commercialization. Tanjung and Batu Kelau Formation was a prospect formation from 4 desired data categories. In terms of regulation, it still needed improvement to increase the interest of upstream oil and gas entrepreneurs in the unconventional oil and gas shale reservoir. Research in the field of unconventional oil and gas exploitation technology for hydrocarbon shale needed to be improved.
非常规储层的油气燃料是除常规储层的油气燃料外,可获得满足国内需求的替代来源。在印度尼西亚以外的地区,如北美和加拿大,非常规油气储层的开发发展迅速。一种非常规油气藏是在页岩储层中获得的。从页岩地层中产出的油气页岩,既有烃源岩也有储层。这种非常规的碳氢化合物有很大的开发潜力。在本研究中,分析了印度尼西亚页岩油气的非常规油气开发。研究内容包括页岩储层盆地分布、非常规页岩储层资源数量、影响印尼页岩储层非常规油气开发的因素、印尼政府推动勘探活动的力度、印尼页岩储层的开发情况、印尼现有非常规油气法规等。非常规油气储层页岩的开发需要立即开发,并将吸引投资者来满足国内对可再生能源的需求。根据获得的地质资料,有6个盆地和11个地层进行了商业化分析。从4个数据类别来看,Tanjung和Batu Kelau组是一个有前景的地层。在监管方面,为了提高上游油气企业家对非常规油气页岩储层的兴趣,还需要改进。油气页岩非常规油气开发技术研究有待进一步完善。
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引用次数: 0
Empirical Model for Heat Transfer of Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) Motor at Oil Producer Well 采油井潜油电泵电机传热的经验模型
Pub Date : 2019-10-30 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2019.vol8(2).2831
G. Gunawan, I. Amri, Bahruddin Bahruddin
Motor operating temperature at wells equipped with Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) need to be monitored to maintain ESP performance run life. Not all producer wells equipped with temperature sensor, so it considered necessary to build mathematic model to estimate motor operating temperature. Model of heat transfer to predict motor operating temperature is developed based on empirical equation method. Parameter and variable data obtained from producer wells include water cut, viscosity, specific gravity, operating temperature, ampere and voltage. Procedure to calculate viscosity is ASTM D-88 and procedure to calculate specific gravity is ASTM D-5002. From 18 wells data obtained from the field, calculated reynolds numbers indicate turbulent flow regime with reynold numbers more than 4,000. Nusselt number were calculated using multiple linear regression with result of Nu = 0.06 * Re0.65 * Pr0.36 with error of 1.3% from downhole sensor measurement. The comparison with similar research also provided that use different Nusselt number empirical equation. The conclusion from the research showing that empirical approach by using specific constants to predict Nusselt number can be used to predict more accurate heat transfer coefficient with error 1.3%. Higher water cut fluid flow need lower fluid velocity to achieve motor operating temperature below motor limit temperature with fluid velocity above 0.3 m/s.
需要监测配备电潜泵(ESP)的油井的电机工作温度,以保持电潜泵的性能运行寿命。并不是所有生产井都配备了温度传感器,因此有必要建立数学模型来估计电机的工作温度。基于经验方程法建立了预测电机运行温度的传热模型。从生产井获得的参数和变量数据包括含水率、粘度、比重、操作温度、安培和电压。粘度计算程序为ASTM D-88,比重计算程序为ASTMD-5002。根据从现场获得的18口井的数据,计算的雷诺数表明雷诺数超过4000的湍流状态。使用多元线性回归计算Nusselt数,结果Nu=0.06*Re0.65*Pr0.36,井下传感器测量的误差为1.3%。与同类研究的比较也提供了使用不同努塞尔数的经验方程。研究结果表明,用特定常数预测努塞尔数的经验方法可以预测更准确的传热系数,误差为1.3%。含水率越高,流体速度越低,电机工作温度越低于电机极限温度,流体速度超过0.3m/s。
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引用次数: 0
Application of Mechanistic Modeling for Gas Lift Optimization: A General Scaling Curve for Variations of Tubing Size to Optimum Gas Injection 机械建模在气举优化中的应用:油管尺寸变化对最佳注气的通用比例曲线
Pub Date : 2019-10-19 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2019.vol8(2).3623
P. A. Aziz, Ardhi Hakim Lumban Gaol, Wijoyo Niti Daton, S. Chandra
Gas Lift is currently held as one of the most prominent method in artificial lift, proudly operated flawlessly in hundreds of oil wells in Indonesia. However, gas lift optimization is still governed by the exhaustive Gas Lift Performance Curves (GLPC). This practice, albeit as established as it should be, does require repetitive calculations to be able to perform in life of well operations. Therefore, a new approach is introduced based on the mechanistic modeling. This research highlights the application of fundamental mechanistic modeling and its derivative, the Flow Pattern Map (FPM) for quick estimation of optimum injection gas rate, accompanied by a novel correction factor to account changing tubing sizes. It is hoped that this approach can be beneficial in developing a multitude of gas lift wells with changing tubing sizes.
天然气举升目前被认为是人工举升中最突出的方法之一,自豪地在印度尼西亚数百口油井中完美运行。然而,气举优化仍然由详尽的气举性能曲线(GLPC)控制。这种做法虽然已经确立,但确实需要重复计算才能在油井作业寿命内执行。因此,引入了一种基于机械建模的新方法。这项研究强调了基本机理建模及其衍生物——流型图(FPM)在快速估计最佳注入气体速率方面的应用,并结合了一种新的校正因子来解释不断变化的油管尺寸。希望这种方法能够有利于开发具有不同油管尺寸的大量气举井。
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引用次数: 0
Bioethanol Production from Tea Waste as a Basic Ingredient in Renewable Energy Sources 茶叶废弃物作为可再生能源的基本原料生产生物乙醇
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.25299/JEEE.2019.VOL8(1).2602
M. K. Afdhol, H. Lubis, Chalidah Pratiwi Siregar
Global demand for energy needs has increased due to the rapid development of the human population, raising the industrial prosperity in developing countries. Primary energy demand is still supplied from fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas. The utilization of fossil fuels will continuously enhance the effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. On the other hand, the extent of the tea plantation area in Indonesia reached 53,009 Ha, so that it will reproduce a waste too. Thus, spent tea as bioetanol. In addition it contains cellulose fibres are quite high, environmentally friendly and economical. Bioethanol as motor vehicle fuels can reduce the addition of CO2 at atmosphere because the use of biomass for the production and usage of bioethanol can be considered as a closed cycle. According to this principle the buyer of CO2 from fuel combustion bioethanol originating from the CO2-based biomass will be reabsorbed by plants through photosynthesis reactions. As a result of this whole process is not accounted for emissions of CO2 liquid gas a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. Bioethanol-cellulosa can reduce greenhouse gas emissions amounted to 80%. The process into products bioethanol via hydrolysis, fermentation, distillation and characterization using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Them is the optimal bioethanol levels produced from fermented inoculant 1% amounting to 8.2% and optimal levels of bioethanol produced from hydrolysis of 8% H2SO4 results amounted to 8.2%, thus optimumsitas the ethanol produced from 8% acid and 1% inoculant apply to have levels of ethanol amounted to 8.2%. The product program could be developed into bioethanol solvent to dissolve the oil that is waxy crude oil.
由于人口的快速发展,全球对能源需求增加,提高了发展中国家的工业繁荣。初级能源需求仍然由石油、煤炭和天然气等化石燃料提供。化石燃料的利用将不断增强大气中温室气体的影响。另一方面,印度尼西亚的茶园面积达到53009公顷,因此它也将繁殖废物。因此,用茶作为生物乙醇。此外,它含有相当高的纤维素纤维,环境友好和经济。生物乙醇作为机动车辆燃料可以减少大气中二氧化碳的添加,因为使用生物质生产和使用生物乙醇可以被视为一个封闭的循环。根据这一原理,来自燃料燃烧的CO2的购买者来源于基于CO2的生物质的生物乙醇将通过光合作用反应被植物重新吸收。由于整个过程没有考虑到二氧化碳液体气体的排放,这是一种温室气体进入大气。生物乙醇纤维素可以减少80%的温室气体排放。通过水解、发酵、蒸馏和使用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)进行表征来生产生物乙醇的过程。它们是由1%的发酵接种物产生的最佳生物乙醇水平达8.2%和由8%H2SO4水解产生的最佳生命乙醇水平达8.2%,因此,用8%的酸和1%的接种剂生产乙醇的最佳工艺条件是乙醇含量达到8.2%。该产品程序可以开发成生物乙醇溶剂来溶解含蜡原油。
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引用次数: 10
Modeling Of Oil Flows In Langgak Field Pipeline Langgak油田管道中的油流建模
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.25299/JEEE.2019.VOL8(1).2557
Revi Fernandiaz, I. Amri, P. S. Utama
Abstract Congeal in the pipeline is one of the biggest problems faced by PT.SPR Langgak in piping crude oil from production wells to oil processing unit caused by decreasing oil temperature. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of environmental temperature on fluid temperature in the pipeline, study the effect of wind speed on fluid temperature in the pipeline and to determine the location of the occurrence of congeal in PT.SPR Langgak pipeline. Determining the location of the occurrence of congeal using the model T with analytical methods in the Matlab software is by entering parameters of pipe temperature, viscosity, density, fluid velocity, wind speed and environmental temperature. The congeal location was determined by model T obtained in the Zone C pipeline distance 44.9-449m with the average error model T is 1.88%. This model T can be applied provided the paraffin content is 15-60% and the pipe characteristics (pipe thickness, pipe diameter and pipe material) are the same.        
摘要管道堵塞是PT.SPR Langgak公司在将原油从生产井输送到石油处理装置时因油温下降而面临的最大问题之一。本研究的目的是研究环境温度对管道内流体温度的影响,研究风速对管道内液体温度的影响以及确定PT.SPR Langgak管道内发生凝结的位置。通过在Matlab软件中输入管道温度、粘度、密度、流体速度、风速和环境温度等参数,使用模型T和分析方法确定凝结物的发生位置。通过在C区管道距离44.9-449m处获得的模型T来确定凝结位置,平均误差模型T为1.88%。如果石蜡含量为15-60%,并且管道特性(管道厚度、管道直径和管道材料)相同,则可以应用该模型T。
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引用次数: 1
Effects of Various Steam Flooding Injection Patterns and Steam Quality to Recovery Factor 不同注汽方式和蒸汽质量对采收率的影响
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.25299/JEEE.2019.VOL8(1).2909
Indri Kusumastuti, T. Erfando, F. Hidayat
The main principle of steam flooding is to reduce the oil viscosity using hot steam that is injected into the reservoir. In the field implementation there are several injection patterns that can be applied for steam flooding. This research aims to determine the effect of several injection patterns and steam quality on oil recovery factor. Therefore, it can be known the injection pattern and steam quality are right to obtain the best recovery factor. Analysis was carried out on injection patterns including five-spots, inverted five-spots, seven-spots, inverted seven-spots, nine-spots, and inverted nine-spots. The variations in the steam quality used are 50%, 70% and 90%. The simulation model a 3-dimensional cartesian with grid block size 5x5x5 on CMG STARS. The parameters in this steam flooding scenario are temperature at 450° F, injection pressure of 500 psi, and injection rate of 1000 bbl /day. Of all the scenarios tested the best results were in the inverted seven spot pattern with steam quality 0.9, where recovery factor was 35,1% and total cumulative production was 269397 bbl.
蒸汽驱的主要原理是利用注入储层的热蒸汽来降低油的粘度。在现场实施中,有几种注入模式可以应用于蒸汽驱。研究了几种注汽方式和汽质对采收率的影响。由此可知,为获得最佳采收率,注汽方式和汽质是正确的。对5点注射、倒5点注射、7点注射、倒7点注射、9点注射、倒9点注射进行了分析。所使用的蒸汽质量的变化为50%,70%和90%。仿真模型为CMG STARS上网格块尺寸为5x5x5的三维直角坐标系。该蒸汽驱方案的参数为温度450°F,注入压力500 psi,注入量1000桶/天。在所有测试方案中,最佳结果为蒸汽质量为0.9的倒7点模式,采收率为35.1%,累计总产量为269397桶。
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引用次数: 8
期刊
Journal of Earth Energy Engineering
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