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APPLICATION OF PSO-LSSVM IN PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF SLOW DRILLING (RATE OF PENETRATION) PSO-LSSVM 在预测和分析慢速钻进(穿透率)中的应用
Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2023.14004
Wilma Latuny
The benefits of drilling include reducing the total time, maintaining the lowest possible risk, saving costs, and increasing efficiency, which occurs in (the planning and exploration stages). Slow drilling refers to a rate of penetration (ROP) that is not at the desired level. ROP characterizes the speed at which the drill bit penetrates the underlying rock to deepen the borehole, as it is directly related to controlling the speed and efficiency of drilling which ultimately impacts development costs. Predicting ROP is a very important step to optimize drilling with Machine Learning that can assist in solving complex problems with maximum possible efficiency. The model used is PSO-LSSVM treats the penetration drill bit as a continuous process. It takes drilling data sequentially, continuously predicts ROP, and achieves better ROP prediction results. In this case, Hole Depth, weight on bit (WOB), Bit Rotation per minute (RPM), Torque, Bit Depth, Time of Penetration, Hook Load, and Standpipe Pressure, demonstrated influence in keeping ROP at a high level. According to the results, the PSO-LSSVM algorithm can be used for the prediction of ROP in well X. thus providing a solution for prediction and control of operating effects which can result in a fast penetration rate and better efficiency in drilling.
钻井的好处包括缩短总时间、保持尽可能低的风险、节约成本和提高效率,这些都发生在(规划和勘探阶段)。慢钻是指钻进速度(ROP)未达到预期水平。ROP 表示钻头钻进下层岩石以加深钻孔的速度,因为它与控制钻进速度和效率直接相关,而钻进速度和效率最终会影响开发成本。预测 ROP 是利用机器学习优化钻井的重要一步,机器学习可以帮助以最高效率解决复杂问题。所使用的 PSO-LSSVM 模型将穿透钻头视为一个连续过程。它按顺序获取钻井数据,连续预测 ROP,并获得更好的 ROP 预测结果。在本案例中,钻孔深度、钻头重量(WOB)、钻头每分钟转速(RPM)、扭矩、钻头深度、穿透时间、挂钩载荷和立管压力对保持高 ROP 均有影响。根据研究结果,PSO-LSSVM 算法可用于预测 X 井的 ROP,从而为预测和控制操作效果提供解决方案,从而实现更快的穿透率和更高的钻井效率。
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引用次数: 0
EVALUATION OF CONTINUOUS AND WATER ALTERNATING GAS (WAG) CO2 INJECTION ON X FIELD RECOVERY FACTOR 连续注气和水交替注气(WAG)对 X 油田采收率的影响评估
Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2023.13689
Pijar Fitrah Ababil, Hadziqul Abror, Riska Laksmita Sari
Indonesia is a country rich in natural resources. The wealth of Indonesia's natural resources is not only limited to agricultural and plantation products, but also from mineral and hydrocarbon mining or oil and gas. Indonesia's oil production has continued to decline in the last 10 years until the national consumption rate is much higher than national production. One of the causes of the decline in oil production in Indonesia is the condition of Indonesia's oil fields, which are currently mature fields. To overcome the problem of old fields that still have economic oil reserves, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can be used. One of the EOR methods that can be used is the CO2 injection method using continuous and WAG injection schemes. The study was conducted in X field with oil-wet carbonate rock composition with waterdrive and fluid expansion driving mechanism. The basecase production scheme using 5 production wells produces a recovery factor of 34.3%, while continuous CO2 injection produces a recovery factor of 32%, and CO2-WAG produces a recovery factor of 42%. Continuous CO2 injection has the lowest recovery factor because early gas breaktrough occurs due to a large mobility ratio and causes gas fingering, hindering the oil production process. The most suitable injection method is CO2-WAG 1 cycle using a 1:1 ratio, CO2 injection volume of 6.661 MSCF/D, injection water volume of 37.4 MBBL/D with a recovery factor of 43.46%.
印度尼西亚是一个自然资源丰富的国家。印尼自然资源的财富不仅限于农业和种植业产品,还包括矿产和碳氢化合物开采或石油和天然气。在过去的 10 年中,印尼的石油产量持续下降,直至全国消费率远远高于全国产量。造成印尼石油产量下降的原因之一是印尼油田的状况,目前印尼的油田都是成熟油田。为了解决老油田仍有经济石油储量的问题,可以采用提高石油采收率(EOR)的方法。其中一种可采用的 EOR 方法是使用连续注入和 WAG 注入方案的二氧化碳注入法。研究是在 X 油田进行的,该油田具有油湿碳酸盐岩成分,采用水驱和流体膨胀驱动机制。使用 5 口生产井的基准生产方案的采收率为 34.3%,连续注入二氧化碳的采收率为 32%,CO2-WAG 的采收率为 42%。连续注入 CO2 的采收率最低,原因是由于流动比率过大而导致早期气体断裂,造成气体指状,阻碍了石油生产过程。最合适的注入方法是 CO2-WAG 1 循环,采用 1:1 的比例,CO2 注入量为 6.661 MSCF/D,注入水量为 37.4 MBBL/D,采收率为 43.46%。
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引用次数: 0
Oil Formation Volume Factor Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network: A Case Study of Niger Delta Crudes 基于人工神经网络的油层体积因子预测——以尼日尔三角洲原油为例
Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2022.7121
Chiebuka Okoro, Angela Nwachukwu
Artificial intelligence techniques provide an alternative to conventional empirical correlation methods when experimentally determined oil formation volume factors (OFVF) are lacking. A new mathematical model is proposed using an artificial neural network (ANN) for estimating the OFVF for the Niger Delta crude oils. The method consists of two stages: data decorrelation through principal component analysis (PCA) and OFVF estimation through ANN. Data decorrelation was used to reduce redundancy in the data which decreased the number of neurons in the hidden layer needed for an ANN to achieve high accuracy. In the development of the model, 316 data points were obtained from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Application of data cleaning, outliers’ elimination and PCA analysis reduced the data to 243 points. 213 data points were used to develop the model of which 75% was used for training, 15% for validation and 10% for testing. The remaining 30 data points were used to test the predictive capability of the proposed model. The results obtained were compared with widely accepted empirical correlations of Standing, Glaso, Vazquez, Ikiensikimama & Ajienka, and Al-Marhoun. The proposed new model performed better than all of them in terms of coefficient of correlation, AAPE and RMSE. Hence the ANN model will reduce cost, save time, and also predict the OFVF of Niger Delta crudes with higher precision.
当缺乏实验确定的地层体积因子(OFVF)时,人工智能技术可以替代传统的经验相关方法。提出了一种利用人工神经网络(ANN)估计尼日尔三角洲原油OFVF的数学模型。该方法包括两个阶段:通过主成分分析(PCA)进行数据去相关,通过神经网络进行OFVF估计。利用数据去相关来减少数据冗余,从而减少了人工神经网络达到较高准确率所需的隐藏层神经元数量。在模型的开发过程中,从尼日利亚的尼日尔三角洲地区获得了316个数据点。通过数据清洗、异常值剔除和PCA分析,将数据减少到243点。213个数据点用于开发模型,其中75%用于训练,15%用于验证,10%用于测试。剩余的30个数据点用于测试所提出模型的预测能力。所得结果与Standing, Glaso, Vazquez, Ikiensikimama &阿金卡和阿尔-马洪。新模型在相关系数、AAPE和RMSE方面均优于所有模型。因此,人工神经网络模型可以降低成本,节省时间,并能以更高的精度预测尼日尔三角洲原油的OFVF。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of Voltage Generation Obtained from Water Droplets on a Taro Leaf (Colocasia esculenta L) Surface 芋头叶片表面水滴产生电压的表征
Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2023.12916
Ena Marlina, Akhmad Faruq Alhikami, Metty Trisna Negara, Sekar Rahima Sahwahita, Mochammad Basjir
Voltage generation was obtained using a water droplet characterization on a taro (Colocasia esculenta L) leaf surface. This method relies on the superhydrophobic effect from the contact angle between the water droplet and the taro leaf’s surface allowing electron jumping and voltage generation. Water droplets were dropped on the top of taro leaf surface equipped with aluminum foil underneath as an electrode. The voltage was measured at various slope angles of 20°, 40° and 60° in a real-time basis. A digital camera was used to capture the droplet movement and characterization. It is found that the taro leaf has a surface morphology of nano-sized pointed pillars which created a superhydrophobic field. The energy generation was primarily obtained from the electron jump which was caused by the surface tension of the nano-stalagmite structure assisted by the minerals contained in the taro leaf surface. The results reported that the smaller the droplet radius (the smaller the droplet surface area), the greater the droplet surface tension and the greater the voltage generation. Furthermore, the highest voltage generation was obtained 321.2 mV at 20°-degree angle of slopes.
利用芋头(Colocasia esculenta L)叶片表面的水滴特性获得了电压的产生。这种方法依赖于水滴与芋头叶子表面的接触角产生的超疏水效应,从而允许电子跳跃和电压产生。将水滴滴在芋头叶片表面的顶部,下面有铝箔作为电极。实时测量20°、40°和60°不同坡度下的电压。用数码相机捕捉液滴的运动和表征。发现芋头叶具有纳米尖柱的表面形态,形成了超疏水场。能量的产生主要来自于电子跳跃,电子跳跃是由纳米石笋结构的表面张力引起的,并辅之以芋头叶表面所含的矿物质。结果表明,液滴半径越小(液滴表面积越小),液滴表面张力越大,产生的电压也越大。当坡角为20°时,产生的最高电压为321.2 mV。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Different Gas Water Ratio on Recovery Factor and CO2 Storage Capacity in Water Alternating Gas Injection. A Case Study: “V” Field Development, North Sea 不同气水比对水交注采收率和CO2储存量的影响案例研究:北海“V”油田开发
Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2022.6097
Sayen Girsang, None Deny Fatryanto, None Rohima Sera Afifah
CO2 injection is one of the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. In this study Water alternating gas (WAG) CO2 injection method was used to obain the maximum sweep efficiency. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of gas water ratio (GWR) value on recovery and CO2 storage capacity, and to analyze the best scenario in term of technical objective. This study was carried out using E300 reservoir simulator. The increase in recovery and CO2 storage were observed throught the parameters of recovery factor and CO2 storage capacity, while the determination of the best scenario in term of technical objective was observed using the parameters of objective function. This study was carried out in 3 different scenarios, which were the injection of 100% CO2, 60% CO2and 40% water, and 40% CO2 and 60% water Based on the observation, it was founded that third scenario with the GWR of 40:60 resulted the highest cumulative production and recovery factor with the value reaching 14.1 milliom m3 and 67.4%. Meanwhile the second scenario with the GWR of 60:40 has the highest CO2 storage capacity of 3 billion Sm3 CO2. The second scenario has the best performance in term of technical objective with the value of objective function reaching 0.45.
注二氧化碳是提高采收率(EOR)的方法之一。本研究采用水交替气(WAG) CO2注入法获得最大波及效率。本研究的目的是分析气水比(GWR)值对采收率和CO2储存量的影响,并根据技术目标分析最佳方案。本研究采用E300油藏模拟器进行。通过采收率和CO2储存量参数来观察采收率和CO2储存量的增加,通过目标函数参数来确定技术目标的最佳方案。本研究采用100% CO2、60% CO2 + 40%水、40% CO2 + 60%水3种不同的方案进行研究;通过观察发现,GWR为40:60的情景下,累计产量和采收率最高,达到1410万m3,累计采收率为67.4%。GWR为60:40的情景下,CO2储存量最高,达到30亿Sm3 CO2。第二种方案在技术目标方面表现最好,目标函数值达到0.45。
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 This study was carried out using E300 reservoir simulator. The increase in recovery and CO2 storage were observed throught the parameters of recovery factor and CO2 storage capacity, while the determination of the best scenario in term of technical objective was observed using the parameters of objective function. This study was carried out in 3 different scenarios, which were the injection of 100% CO2, 60% CO2and 40% water, and 40% CO2 and 60% water
 Based on the observation, it was founded that third scenario with the GWR of 40:60 resulted the highest cumulative production and recovery factor with the value reaching 14.1 milliom m3 and 67.4%. Meanwhile the second scenario with the GWR of 60:40 has the highest CO2 storage capacity of 3 billion Sm3 CO2. The second scenario has the best performance in term of technical objective with the value of objective function reaching 0.45.","PeriodicalId":33635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth Energy Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135930252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Condition of Excess Electricity Supply in Indonesia 印尼电力供应过剩的状况
Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2023.12856
Appin Purisky Redaputri
The purpose of this study is to determine the condition of electricity supply in Indonesia, which experienced a shortage in 2015, but is currently experiencing an oversupply. Starting from the existence of a 35,000 MW mega project which turned out to be in line with the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of electrical energy was stagnant, even though the addition of electrical energy supply continued to grow. This is also coupled with the problem of the proportion of fossil energy use which is still more than that of new and renewable energy. So that makes PLN have to spend a large amount of money and has not been balanced with the results obtained. The solution is to increase electricity demand, namely by adding new market niches to increase productive electricity demand. As well as through various bundling and promos to increase customer comfort, for example promos to increase power, discount home charging for electric vehicle owners, the use of electric stoves and so on.
本研究的目的是确定印度尼西亚的电力供应状况,印度尼西亚在2015年经历了短缺,但目前正经历供过于求。从与新冠肺炎疫情相适应的3.5万兆瓦大型项目开始,尽管电力供应的增加持续增长,但电能的使用却停滞不前。这也与化石能源使用比例仍然超过新能源和可再生能源的问题相结合。这使得PLN不得不花费大量的资金,并没有与所获得的结果相平衡。解决方案是增加电力需求,即通过增加新的市场利基来增加生产性电力需求。以及通过各种捆绑和促销来增加顾客的舒适度,例如促销增加电力,为电动汽车车主提供折扣家庭充电,使用电炉等等。
{"title":"The Condition of Excess Electricity Supply in Indonesia","authors":"Appin Purisky Redaputri","doi":"10.25299/jeee.2023.12856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2023.12856","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to determine the condition of electricity supply in Indonesia, which experienced a shortage in 2015, but is currently experiencing an oversupply. Starting from the existence of a 35,000 MW mega project which turned out to be in line with the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of electrical energy was stagnant, even though the addition of electrical energy supply continued to grow. This is also coupled with the problem of the proportion of fossil energy use which is still more than that of new and renewable energy. So that makes PLN have to spend a large amount of money and has not been balanced with the results obtained. The solution is to increase electricity demand, namely by adding new market niches to increase productive electricity demand. As well as through various bundling and promos to increase customer comfort, for example promos to increase power, discount home charging for electric vehicle owners, the use of electric stoves and so on.","PeriodicalId":33635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth Energy Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135931965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fracturing Fluid Optimization in Limestone Formation Using Guar Gum Crosslinked Fluid 利用瓜尔胶交联液优化石灰岩地层压裂液
Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2023.8026
Boni Swadesi, Ahmad Azhar Ilyas, Maria Theresia Kristiati, Dewi Asmorowati, Ahmad Sobri, Sukma Bayu, Malvin Larasyad Azwar
The design of the fracturing fluid is a very important aspect of the success of hydraulic fracturing. The most common fracturing fluid used in hydraulic fracturing is the cross-linked guar gum fracturing fluid. To determine the optimal fracturing fluid concentration, it is necessary to analyze the fracturing fluid optimization to obtain the best fracturing results in terms of fracturing fluid rheology, regain permeability, hydraulics, cost, fracture geometry, and FOI. From this analysis, it is expected to obtain the most optimal fracturing fluid to be applied to the JARWO Well. This research was conducted by conducting a sensitivity test method for selecting the concentration of the fracturing fluid system that affects the fracture fluid rheology, regain permeability, fracturing fluid hydraulics during injection, total material cost, fracture geometry, and the resulting FOI. The sensitivity of the fracturing fluid concentration that was tested was the system concentration of 35 pptg, 40 pptg, and 45 pptg. Each fracturing fluid is tested in the laboratory to obtain rheology which will then be simulated using MFrac software to obtain the fracture geometry formed. The results of the analysis of the concentration of each fracturing fluid showed that the fracturing fluid with a system concentration of 40 pptg was the most stable in viscosity at pumping time to produce the highest FOI. The hydraulic fracturing fluid with a concentration of 40 pptg is better than that of a concentration of 45 pptg. From the performance of regaining permeability and residue, it is quite good when compared to fracturing fluid with concentration of 45 pptg, and the cost is lower when compared to a fracturing fluid with concentration of 45 pptg. So that the fracturing fluid with a system concentration of 40 pptg is the most optimal fluid for use in hydraulic fracturing activities at the JARWO Well.
压裂液的设计是水力压裂成功与否的一个重要方面。水力压裂中最常用的压裂液是交联瓜尔胶压裂液。为了确定最佳压裂液浓度,需要对压裂液进行优化分析,从压裂液流变性、恢复渗透率、水力学、成本、裂缝几何形状和FOI等方面获得最佳压裂效果。通过这一分析,预计将获得适用于JARWO井的最优压裂液。本研究采用敏感性测试方法,选择影响压裂液流变性、恢复渗透率、注入过程中压裂液水力学、总材料成本、裂缝几何形状和最终FOI的压裂液体系浓度。测试的压裂液浓度敏感性分别为35 pptg、40 pptg和45 pptg。每种压裂液都在实验室进行测试,以获得流变性,然后使用MFrac软件进行模拟,以获得形成的裂缝几何形状。对各压裂液浓度的分析结果表明,当体系浓度为40 pptg时,压裂液在泵送时粘度最稳定,可产生最高的FOI。40 pptg的压裂液比45 pptg的压裂液效果更好。从恢复渗透性和残留性能来看,与45 pptg浓度的压裂液相比,其效果相当好,且成本低于45 pptg浓度的压裂液。因此,在JARWO井的水力压裂作业中,系统浓度为40 pptg的压裂液是最理想的。
{"title":"Fracturing Fluid Optimization in Limestone Formation Using Guar Gum Crosslinked Fluid","authors":"Boni Swadesi, Ahmad Azhar Ilyas, Maria Theresia Kristiati, Dewi Asmorowati, Ahmad Sobri, Sukma Bayu, Malvin Larasyad Azwar","doi":"10.25299/jeee.2023.8026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2023.8026","url":null,"abstract":"The design of the fracturing fluid is a very important aspect of the success of hydraulic fracturing. The most common fracturing fluid used in hydraulic fracturing is the cross-linked guar gum fracturing fluid. To determine the optimal fracturing fluid concentration, it is necessary to analyze the fracturing fluid optimization to obtain the best fracturing results in terms of fracturing fluid rheology, regain permeability, hydraulics, cost, fracture geometry, and FOI. From this analysis, it is expected to obtain the most optimal fracturing fluid to be applied to the JARWO Well. This research was conducted by conducting a sensitivity test method for selecting the concentration of the fracturing fluid system that affects the fracture fluid rheology, regain permeability, fracturing fluid hydraulics during injection, total material cost, fracture geometry, and the resulting FOI. The sensitivity of the fracturing fluid concentration that was tested was the system concentration of 35 pptg, 40 pptg, and 45 pptg. Each fracturing fluid is tested in the laboratory to obtain rheology which will then be simulated using MFrac software to obtain the fracture geometry formed. The results of the analysis of the concentration of each fracturing fluid showed that the fracturing fluid with a system concentration of 40 pptg was the most stable in viscosity at pumping time to produce the highest FOI. The hydraulic fracturing fluid with a concentration of 40 pptg is better than that of a concentration of 45 pptg. From the performance of regaining permeability and residue, it is quite good when compared to fracturing fluid with concentration of 45 pptg, and the cost is lower when compared to a fracturing fluid with concentration of 45 pptg. So that the fracturing fluid with a system concentration of 40 pptg is the most optimal fluid for use in hydraulic fracturing activities at the JARWO Well.","PeriodicalId":33635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth Energy Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135930380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bentonite-Based Drilling Boyolali Mud Fabrication with Additive Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Na2CO3 and KOH 羧甲基纤维素、Na2CO3和KOH添加剂制备膨润土基钻井Boyolali泥浆
Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2023.13497
Adi Ilcham, Muhammad Adittyanto, Khairul Asrori, Wakhid Umar
This study aimed to examine the effect of adding KOH, Na2CO3, and Carboxymethyl Cellulose additives on the physical properties of the mud, as well as the optimal additive for sludge production. The preparation of the basal sludge involved the addition of 22.5 grams of bentonite, 350 millilitres of distilled water, and 10 grams of Barite as a constant variable. Then it stated 0.5 variations of the Na2CO3 additive; 1.5; 3 grams, KOH 0.5; 1.5; and 3 grams, and Carboxymethyl Cellulose 3; 6; and 9 grams. A physical property measurement involving density was conducted. Samples were evaluated for Plastic Viscosity and Yield Point at 300 and 600 rpm dial speeds. After 30 minutes of filter press compression, the filtration loss, mud cake, and pH were measured. The results indicate that the KOH additive decreases Yield Point by 8.6 lb/100ft2 and increases Filtrate Loss by 5.8 mL and sediment pH by 11.12 points. The additive Na2CO3 then causes a reduction in Filtrate Loss of 10.4, 8.8, 7.6 mL and an increase in Plastic Viscosity. While Carboxymethyl Cellulose can increase Plastic Viscosity by 7; 13; 55 cP, Gel strength by 4; 6; 40 Lb/100 ft2, and Filtrate Loss by 10; 8; 7.6mL. Carboxymethyl Cellulose is the additive that has the most significant effect on the physical properties of the mud because it can affect Plastic Viscosity, Gel Strength, Yield Point, and Filtrate Loss so that the soil can approach API 13A Standards. The optimal amount of Carboxymethyl Cellulose should be added at a mass of 6 grams, or 13 cP.
本研究旨在考察添加KOH、Na2CO3和羧甲基纤维素添加剂对泥浆物理性能的影响,以及污泥生产的最佳添加剂。基础污泥的制备包括添加22.5克膨润土,350毫升蒸馏水和10克重晶石作为常数。然后陈述了Na2CO3添加剂的0.5个变化;1.5;3克,KOH 0.5;1.5;和3克,以及羧甲基纤维素3;6;9克。进行了涉及密度的物理性质测量。样品在300和600转转盘速度下评估塑料粘度和屈服点。压滤机压缩30分钟后,测定滤失、泥饼、pH值。结果表明,KOH添加剂使屈服点降低8.6 lb/100ft2,滤液损失增加5.8 mL,沉积物pH值增加11.12点。添加Na2CO3后,滤液损失分别减少10.4、8.8、7.6 mL,塑料粘度增加。羧甲基纤维素可使塑料粘度提高7;13;55 cP,凝胶强度提高4倍;6;40 Lb/100 ft2,滤液损失10;8;7.6毫升。羧甲基纤维素是对泥浆物理性质影响最大的添加剂,因为它可以影响塑料粘度、凝胶强度、屈服点和滤液损失,从而使土壤达到API 13A标准。羧甲基纤维素的最佳添加量为6克,即13 cP。
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引用次数: 0
The Synergetic Economic Evaluation of PSC Cost Recovery and Gross Split Schemes on Field A A油田PSC成本回收与总分摊方案协同经济评价
Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2023.12530
Prayang Sunny Yulia, Adji Nadzif Sidqi, Syamsul Irham, Mustamina Maulani, Puri Wijayanti
In month of August, year 2021, there was an alteration in the production-sharing contract for this field. The contract previously used was Production Sharing Contract (PSC) Cost Recovery, which changed to PSC Gross Split. This contract comparison aims to synergetically evaluate the comparison of the two economic models and also to determine a more efficient and appropriate scheme to be applied to field A, as well as to analyze the parameters that can affect the economic indicators of field A. The results of the economic analysis that has been carried out show that the PSC Gross Split scheme is better than the PSC Cost Recovery scheme. For PSC Cost Recovery, the Net Present Value (NPV) obtained for 30 wells is equal to 13,848,000 US$, the average Interest Rate of Return (IRR) is 118%, the average Pay Out Time (POT) is 1.43 years, the Contractor Take is 20,740,000 US$, and the Government Take is 176,587,000 US$. Whereas for PSC Gross Split, the NPV obtained for 30 wells was US$ 37,906,000, the average IRR was 245%, the average POT was 1.30 years, the Contractor Take was US$ 52,544,000, and the Government Take was 136,402,000 US$. The sensitivity analysis that has been carried out shows that the parameters of the amount of oil production and the price of oil have a significant effect on both schemes.
在2021年8月,该油田的生产分成合同发生了变化。以前使用的合同是生产共享合同(PSC)成本回收,现在改为PSC Gross Split。本次合同比较的目的是对两种经济模型的比较进行综合评价,确定一种更有效、更合适的方案应用于a领域,并分析影响a领域经济指标的参数。已经进行的经济分析结果表明,PSC Gross Split方案优于PSC Cost Recovery方案。对于PSC成本回收,30口井获得的净现值(NPV)等于13,848,000美元,平均收益率(IRR)为118%,平均支付时间(POT)为1.43年,承包商收益为20,740,000美元,政府收益为176,587,000美元。而对于PSC Gross Split, 30口井的净现值为37,906,000美元,平均内部收益率为245%,平均POT为1.30年,承包商收益为52,544,000美元,政府收益为136,402,000美元。对两种方案的敏感性分析表明,石油产量和石油价格参数对两种方案都有显著影响。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of Reservoir Distribution Using Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) Inversion in the "Z" Field of the Kutai Basin 利用扩展弹性阻抗(EEI)反演识别库台盆地“Z”区储层分布
Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2023.13955
Zikra Miftahul Haq, Eki Komara, W. Lestari
This research was conducted using EEI inversion on seismic data in Z Field, Kutai Basin. The EEI inversion is effectively used to determine the reservoir distribution by eliminating the angle limit on the elastic impedance to the Chi angle so that it can be correlated with petrophysical parameters that are sensitive to lithology and fluids. The data used in this study are well data, checkshots, horizons, and partial-stack angle gather 3D seismic data. The data obtained is processed to obtain the target zone first based on log interpretation. Based on data processing, the target zone is obtained at 1513 m to 1531 m. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the sensitive parameters, which can separate the lithology of the formation. In the sensitivity analysis, the most sensitive log to separate lithology is the Vp/VS log, which can separate sandstone, shale, and coal. Furthermore, the EEI inversion analysis was carried out to obtain the most suiTable model for the inversion, the Based Hard Constraint model was obtained with a correlation reaching 0.997 and an error value of 0.078. Based on the EEI inversion, the target zone in the Z-field at a depth of 1258 ms - 1269 ms with a sandstone reservoir in the EEI range of 6000 (m/s)(g/cc) - 7500 (m/s)(g/cc) which spreads from northeast to south. The distribution of the sandstone reservoir is surrounded by coal with a range of EEI 7500 (m/s)(g/cc) - 12000 (m/s)(g/cc), and also the distribution of shale in the EEI range of 7500(m/s)( g/cc) - 9200(m/s)(g/cc).
利用EEI反演方法对库泰盆地Z油田的地震资料进行了研究。EEI反演通过消除弹性阻抗对Chi角的角度限制,可以有效地用于确定储层分布,使其与对岩性和流体敏感的岩石物理参数相关联。本研究中使用的数据是井数据、检查井、层位和部分叠加角度采集的三维地震数据。对获得的数据进行处理,以首先基于测井解释获得目标区。根据数据处理,在1513m至1531m处获得了目标区。通过敏感性分析确定了敏感参数,这些参数可以分离地层的岩性。在敏感性分析中,对岩性分离最敏感的测井是Vp/VS测井,它可以分离砂岩、页岩和煤。此外,进行了EEI反演分析,以获得最适合反演的模型,获得了基于硬约束的模型,相关系数达到0.997,误差值为0.078。根据EEI反演,Z场中1258ms-1269ms深度的目标区,EEI范围为6000(m/s)(g/cc)-7500(m/s)的砂岩储层,从东北向南扩展。砂岩储层的分布被EEI 7500(m/s)(g/cc)-12000(m/s)的煤所包围,页岩的分布也在EEI 7500的范围内。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Earth Energy Engineering
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