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Curie point Depth and Heat Flow Analyses over Part of Bida Basin, North Central Nigeria using Aeromagnetic Data 利用气磁数据对尼日利亚中北部比达盆地部分地区的居里点深度和热流分析
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.25299/JEEE.2019.VOL8(1).2288
T. Adewumi, K. Salako, S. O. Adediran, O. I. Okwokwo, Y. Sanusi
This study attempt to estimate the Curie point depth (CPD) and heat flow using high resolution aeromagnetic data over part of Bida basin bounded with longitude 5o00’E – 6o30’E and Latitude 8o30’N – 9o30’N   with an estimated total area of 18,150 km2. We subjected the total magnetic intensity field of the study area to regional/residual separation using polynomial fitting. We divided the residual map into sixteen overlapping spectral blocks. We obtained centroid depths (Zo) and depth to top of basement (Zt)got from the plot of log of power spectrum against wave number; the centroid depth ranges from 6.61 km to 20.30 km while the depth to top of basement ranges from 1.59 km to 6.38 km. input parameter to calculate the curie depth (Zo). The CPD range from 10.88 km to 35.51 km with an average value of 23.22km. The CPD is deeper at the centre of the southern and eastern part of the study area which correspond to part of Pategi and part of Baro; and shallow at the northeastern and Northwestern part of the study area correspond to part of Mokwa and part of Bida. The geothermal gradients for the sixteen blocks range from 16.33 oCkm-1 at the centre of the southern region of the area to 53.30 oCkm-1 at the northeastern and north western region of the study area with an average of 28.98 oCkm-1. While the heat flow to range from 40.99 mWm-1 to 133.80 mWm-1 with an average value of 76.19 mWm-2. It can therefore be deduced from this study that the Southeastern, southwestern, and the northwestern part of the study area might be a good indicator of geothermal energy potential with minimum CPD, maximum geothermal gradient and heat flow since demagnetized rocks confirm a hot rock quantity in the crust that can be harnessed for geothermal energy exploitation.
本研究利用高分辨率航磁资料估算了Bida盆地部分区域的居里点深度(CPD)和热流,该区域的经度为50000e ~ 6030e,纬度为8030n ~ 9030n,估计总面积为18150 km2。采用多项式拟合方法对研究区总磁场进行区域/残差分离。我们将残差图划分为16个重叠的光谱块。由功率谱对波数的对数曲线得到质心深度(Zo)和基底顶深度(Zt);质心深度为6.61 ~ 20.30 km,基底顶部深度为1.59 ~ 6.38 km。输入参数计算居里深度(Zo)。CPD由10.88至35.51公里不等,平均值为23.22公里。研究区南部和东部中部的CPD较深,对应于帕特吉和巴罗的部分地区;研究区东北部和西北部的浅层与木洼和比大的部分相对应。16个区块的地温梯度范围从研究区南部中部的16.33 oCkm-1到研究区东北部和西北部的53.30 oCkm-1,平均为28.98 oCkm-1。热流为40.99 ~ 133.80 mWm-1,平均值为76.19 mWm-2。因此,研究区东南部、西南部和西北部的CPD最小,地温梯度和热流最大,这可能是地热能潜力的一个很好的指标,因为消磁岩石证实了地壳中可以利用的热岩量。
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引用次数: 4
A New EOR Technology: Gas Alternating Gas Injection 一种新的EOR技术:气体交替注气
Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.25299/JEEE.2019.VOL8(1).2354
M. Samba, Ibrahim Aldokali, Mahmoud Omran Elsharaf
A new method of enhanced oil recovery has been developed and applied to a simulation using some of data from the fifth SPE paper " template from CMG ". The simulator was used in this paper is GEM in the Computer Modelling Group (CMG) advanced equation-of-state (EOS) compositional simulator. The new method is called Gas alternating gas injection(GAG). The Gas Alternating Gas process is a cyclic method of injecting alternating cycles of gas followed by gas and repeating. Sensitivity analysis showed this method can give a much better recovery factor for GAG compared with single continues gas injection. GAG benefits that will give low water cut and high oil recovery due to gas segregation between two gases and that will prevent heavier gas to go the top layers. This work indicate that the GAG injection is an economic method compared with continues injection. Especially when we use GAG (Air + CO2).  
利用SPE第五篇论文“CMG模板”中的一些数据,开发了一种新的提高采收率的方法,并将其应用于模拟。本文使用的模拟器是计算机建模小组(CMG)高级状态方程(EOS)组成模拟器中的GEM。这种新方法被称为气体交替注入(GAG)。气体交替气体工艺是一种交替注入气体,然后注入气体并重复的循环方法。敏感性分析表明,与单次连续注气相比,该方法能给出更好的GAG回收率。GAG的好处是,由于两种气体之间的气体分离,它将提供低含水率和高采油率,并将防止较重的气体进入顶层。这项工作表明,与连续注射相比,GAG注射是一种经济的方法。特别是当我们使用GAG(空气+二氧化碳)时。
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引用次数: 3
The Critical Investigation on Essential Parameters to Optimize the Gas Lift Performance In “J” Field Using Prosper Modelling 应用Prosper模型对“J”油田气举性能优化关键参数的研究
Pub Date : 2018-12-04 DOI: 10.25299/JEEE.2018.VOL7(2).2269
Fitrianti Fitrianti, D. Putra, Desma Cendra
The declining reservoir, oil production and pressure depletion with the well being produced, the results of the investment of the well will also decrease. For that there needs to be energy that can help to lift the fluid to the surface. One of the artificial lift methods that can be used is a gas lift. Gas lift is a method commonly used when there is a natural gas source as an injection gas supply. The selection of the artificial lift method is based on several considerations, namely the reservoir conditions, fluid conditions, well conditions, conditions on the surface, availability of electricity, availability of gas, and sand problem. The influential parameters in the selection of gas lifts include: Productivity Index (PI), Gas Liquid Ratio (GLR), depth of the well and driving mechanism from the reservoir. The Gas Lift that the production optimization wants to do is the injection system in a Continuous Gas Lift. Used in wells that have a high Productifity Index value. Where in the LB field to be analyzed, the Productifity Index value is 2.0 bpd / psi. This study intends to optimize a gaslift well performance as an effort to maximize the results of well production. Based on the research that has been done using Prosper Modeling on the “J” field, the following conclusions are obtained the effect of pressure and viscosity on the gas lift well flow rate in this condition can be said to be efficient, because the conditions / pressure given at temperatures below 300 F can reach the miscible condition and from the results of determining the optimal conditions to get the best well performance, obtain an optimal liquid rate of 1829.4 STB / D with an oil rate of 36.6 STB / D.   Keywords: Gas lift, Optimization, Immiscible Pressure, Viscosity
随着油井的生产,储层的下降、石油产量和压力的降低,油井的投资结果也会降低。为此,需要有能量来帮助将流体提升到表面。可以使用的人工举升方法之一是气举。气举是当有天然气源作为注入气源时常用的一种方法。人工举升方法的选择基于几个因素,即储层条件、流体条件、井条件、地面条件、电力可用性、天然气可用性和砂问题。影响气举选择的参数包括:产能指数(PI)、气液比(GLR)、井深和油藏驱动机制。生产优化要做的气举是连续气举中的注入系统。用于具有高产量指数值的井。在要分析的LB字段中,生产率指数值为2.0 bpd/psi。本研究旨在优化气举井的性能,以最大限度地提高油井产量。基于Prosper建模对“J”油田的研究,得出了以下结论:在这种情况下,压力和粘度对气举井流量的影响可以说是有效的,因为在低于300F的温度下给出的条件/压力可以达到混溶条件,并且根据确定最佳条件以获得最佳井性能的结果,获得1829.4STB/D的最佳液体速率和36.6STB/D。关键词:气举,优化,不混溶压力,粘度
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引用次数: 1
Spontaneous Imbibition Test of Low Salinity Injection at Low Saline Waxy Crude Carbonate 低盐含蜡碳酸盐岩原油低盐注入自吸试验
Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/JEEE.2018.VOL7(2).2215
F. Hidayat, T. Erfando, Borry Frima Maulana
Low salinity waterflooding (LSW) is categorized as one of emerging EOR technologies. It is done by injecting water with different salt composition and/or concentration. The research has been carried out for both sandstone and carbonate with the results looks promising. However, most of this research still concentrated in the north sea, middle east and North America region. This article discusses the applicability of low salinity waterflooding methodology in Indonesia. Spontaneous imbibition test is carried out to observe the recovery gain from a various combination of concentration and composition of the injected brine. The change of pH of the brine is also examined in order to confirm the pH effect mechanism. Three different concentration of brine (500 ppm, 5.000 ppm, and 10.000 ppm), three different brine composition (NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2) and high paraffinic crude oil are used as the fluid sample. It is found that the increased oil recovery is significant at a salinity of 10,000 ppm for MgCl2 and 5,000 ppm for NaCl ions. While the lowest recovery was shown by the test at a salinity of 500 ppm
低矿化度水驱(LSW)是新兴的提高采收率技术之一。它是通过注入不同盐成分和/或浓度的水来完成的。在砂岩和碳酸盐中都进行了研究,结果看起来很有希望。然而,这方面的研究大多集中在北海、中东和北美地区。本文讨论了低矿化度水驱方法在印度尼西亚的适用性。进行了自吸试验,观察了注入盐水的不同浓度和组成组合的采收率。同时还考察了卤水pH值的变化,以确定pH值的作用机理。采用3种不同浓度的卤水(500ppm、5.000 ppm和10.000 ppm)、3种不同的卤水成分(NaCl、CaCl2和MgCl2)和高石蜡原油作为流体样品。结果表明,当MgCl2浓度为10,000 ppm、NaCl浓度为5,000 ppm时,采收率显著提高。而在盐度为500ppm时的测试显示,采收率最低
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引用次数: 7
Comparative Study of Using Sea-Water for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Carbonate and Sandstone Reservoirs: Effects of Temperature and Aging Time on Oil Recovery 碳酸盐和砂岩储层海水采收率对比研究:温度和老化时间对采收率的影响
Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/JEEE.2018.VOL7(2).2126
M. Naser, M. Erhayem, A. Hegaig, Hesham Jaber Abdullah, Muammer Younis Amer, Abdalsalam Mohamed
Oil recovery process is an essential element in the oil industry, in this study, a laboratory study to investigate the effect of temperature and aging time on oil recovery and understand some of the mechanisms of seawater in the injection process. In order to do that, the sandstone and carbonate cores were placed in the oven in brine to simulate realistic reservoir conditions. Then, they were aged in crude oil in the oven. After that, they were put in the seawater to recover, and this test is called a spontaneous imbibition test. The spontaneous imbibition test in this study was performed at room temperature to oven temperature 80 oC with different sandstone and carbonate rock with aging time of 1126 hours. The result shows that the impact of seawater on oil recovery in sandstone is higher than carbonate. At higher temperature, the oil recovery is more moderate than low temperature. Likewise, as the aging time increase for both sandstone and carbonate rocks the oil recovery increase. 
采油过程是石油工业的一个重要组成部分,本研究是一项实验室研究,旨在研究温度和老化时间对采油的影响,并了解海水在注入过程中的一些机制。为了做到这一点,将砂岩和碳酸盐岩岩心放在盐水中的烘箱中,以模拟真实的储层条件。然后,它们在烤箱里的原油中老化。之后,它们被放入海水中进行回收,这种测试被称为自发吸收测试。本研究中的自发自吸试验在室温至烘箱温度80℃下对不同的砂岩和碳酸盐岩进行,老化时间为1126小时。结果表明,海水对砂岩采收率的影响大于碳酸盐岩。在较高的温度下,油的采收率比低温更温和。同样,随着砂岩和碳酸盐岩老化时间的增加,石油采收率也会增加。
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引用次数: 1
Performance Analysis of Local Pekanbaru Bentonite for Reactive Solid Application of Mud Drilling Pekanbaru膨润土在泥浆钻井反应性固体应用中的性能分析
Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/JEEE.2018.VOL7(2).2192
Novrianti Novrianti, I. Khalid, Richa Melysa
In oil and gas drilling activities, drilling mud is one of the most important commodities. The main mineral used as a reactive solid that works to suck fresh water and form drilling mud is bentonite. Bentonite which is used as a drilling mud in the market is mostly imported from the United States. In Indonesia there are several areas that have enough potential for bentonite minerals, namely Java, Sumatra, parts of Kalimantan and Sulawesi with reserves estimated to be more than 380 million tons. (Riyanto A, 1994). This study uses bentonite in Kulim area, Tenayan Raya City, Pekanbaru, in hopes of providing useful information input, especially in the use of bentonite minerals in drilling mud. Using local bentonite the price is cheaper and more efficient. The object observed was the effect and number of bentonite mixed with fresh water so that the rheological properties of drilling mud such as viscosity, gel strength, mud cake and filtration loss were obtained and would be in accordance with API specification 13A standards. Whereas to find out the composition and structure of local mineral clay, SEM and EDX analyzes were performed to determine the characteristics and composition of these minerals. From these tests add additives NaCO3 and NaOH as ion exchangers and add the element Na to the sludge. From SEM and EDX analysis, two samples taken in central Sumatra Sumatra can be categorized as clay Illite fe-rich and Clay Illite Platty. Rheological testing of drilling mud and chemical composition analysis of clay Illite fe-rich minerals and Clay Illite Platty in Riau, Central Sumatra and with the addition of additives NaCO3 and NaOH to local Clay, Rheology in mud based on Clay Illite Platty is obtained with Bentonite. commonly used as a basic material for the manufacture of oil and gas drilling mud with API Spec13 A.
在石油和天然气钻探活动中,钻井泥浆是最重要的商品之一。用作活性固体的主要矿物是膨润土,它可以吸收淡水并形成钻井泥浆。市场上用作钻井泥浆的膨润土大多是从美国进口的。在印度尼西亚,有几个地区有足够的膨润土矿产潜力,即爪哇、苏门答腊、加里曼丹部分地区和苏拉威西,储量估计超过3.8亿吨。(Riyanto A,1994)。本研究使用了佩坎巴鲁Tenayan Raya市Kulim地区的膨润土,希望提供有用的信息输入,特别是在钻井泥浆中使用膨润土矿物方面。使用当地膨润土,价格更便宜,效率更高。观察到的目的是膨润土与淡水混合的效果和数量,从而获得钻井泥浆的流变特性,如粘度、凝胶强度、泥饼和滤失,并符合API规范13A标准。为了查明当地矿物粘土的组成和结构,对这些矿物的特征和组成进行了SEM和EDX分析。从这些试验中添加添加剂NaCO3和NaOH作为离子交换剂,并向污泥中添加元素Na。根据SEM和EDX分析,在苏门答腊岛中部采集的两个样品可分为富含铁的粘土伊利石和粘土伊利石Platty。对中苏门答腊廖内的粘土伊利石富铁矿物和粘土伊利石Platty的钻井泥浆进行流变测试和化学成分分析,并在当地粘土中添加添加剂NaCO3和NaOH,用膨润土获得了基于粘土伊利石Platty的泥浆的流变性。通常用作制造具有API规范13 a的石油和天然气钻井泥浆的基本材料。
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引用次数: 0
Literature Review of Water Alternation Gas Injection 水交替注气的文献综述
Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.25299/JEEE.2018.VOL7(2).2117
M. Samba, M. Elsharafi
The Water Alternating Gas (WAG) process is a cyclic method of injecting alternating cycles of gas followed by water and repeating this process over a number of cycles. WAG injection is to improve oil recovery, by both increasing the macroscopic and microscopic sweep efficiency and to help maintain the reservoir pressure. Also, WAG injection is to postpone the gas breakthrough. The WAG process provides mobility control in fast zones which extends gas project life and oil recovery. This paper provided a comprehensive literature study about  WAG injection. This  paper has collected most of the requirements of the petroleum engineers that has to know about the WAG injection started from basic concepts until the design parameter for WAG injection.   Keywords: Enhanced oil recovery, WAG injection  
水交替气体(WAG)工艺是一种循环方法,先注入交替循环的气体,然后注入水,并在多个循环中重复该工艺。WAG注入是通过提高宏观和微观波及效率来提高采收率,并有助于维持油藏压力。此外,WAG注入是为了推迟气体突破。WAG工艺在快速区域提供流动性控制,从而延长天然气项目的使用寿命和石油开采。本文对WAG注射液进行了全面的文献研究。本文收集了石油工程师对WAG注入的大部分要求,这些要求从基本概念开始,直到WAG注入设计参数。关键词:提高采收率,WAG注入
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引用次数: 9
期刊
Journal of Earth Energy Engineering
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