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ROP Prediction with Supervised Machine Learning; a Case Study 有监督机器学习的ROP预测;案例研究
Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2022.7772
G. R. Darmawan, D. Irawan
Optimum drilling penetration rate, known as the rate of penetration (ROP) has played  a big role in drilling operations. Planning the well   ROP   always becomes a challenge for drilling engineers to calculate the drilling time needed for the section. Optimum ROP is achieved when the time to drill the section is as planned. Many empirical approaches were develop to model the ROP based on the drilling parameters, and might not always match  the actual ROP. In some cases, the actual ROP was slower than planned, which may increase the drilling cost, which needs to be avoided. Hence, some approaches using artificial intelligent (AI), and supervised machine learning  have been develop to overcome it. Supervised machine learning is used to develop a ROP model and ROP prediction for one of  the development fields,  based only on two wells drilling parameters data. The model was train using Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine. Drilling parameter test data then is used to validate the model. The model of Random Forest  shows a good or promising result with R2 of 0.90,   Gradient Boosting shows R2 of 0.86, and Support Vector Machine with R2 0.72. Based on the models generated, the Random Forest has shown good trend which could be used for modeling ROP in the future development wells.
最佳钻进速度,即钻速(ROP)在钻井作业中起着重要作用。对于钻井工程师来说,计算井段所需的钻井时间一直是一个难题。当钻井时间按计划进行时,可以实现最佳ROP。许多经验方法都是基于钻井参数来模拟机械钻速的,但这些方法可能并不总是与实际的机械钻速相匹配。在某些情况下,实际ROP比计划的要慢,这可能会增加钻井成本,这是需要避免的。因此,一些使用人工智能(AI)和监督机器学习的方法已经被开发出来来克服它。监督式机器学习仅基于两口井的钻井参数数据,用于开发一个开发油田的ROP模型和ROP预测。采用梯度增强、随机森林和支持向量机对模型进行训练。然后利用钻井参数测试数据对模型进行验证。随机森林模型的R2为0.90,梯度增强模型的R2为0.86,支持向量机模型的R2为0.72,显示出较好的或有希望的结果。基于生成的模型,随机森林显示出良好的趋势,可用于未来开发井的ROP建模。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation of Remaining Gas Reserves Using the Material Balance Method for Planning Gas Field Development 利用物质平衡法评价剩余天然气储量,规划气田开发
Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2022.6632
D. Ratnaningsih, A. M. Suranto, Cahyadi Julianto
The “CJ” field is a gas field located in the South Sumatra Basin with a reservoir located in the Basalt Telisa Limestone (BTL) formation. This gas field consists of 3 wells namely Well GTA-1, GTA-2, and GTA-3 which produced from 1951 to 1991. In 1991 the three wells were suspended and will be reopened in 2021 due to requests from buyers for 10 years. The research method used is to collect data consisting of data on reservoir, production, and physical properties of the gas. The next step is to calculate the value of the gas formation volume factor and Z-factor with various pressures. Next, determine the type of drive mechanism using the Cole Plot method. After knowing the type of drive mechanism, you can determine the current OGIP value using the material balance method. If the OGIP value is known, the next calculation is the Recovery Factor (RF), Ultimate Recovery (UR) and finally the value of Remaining Reserve (RR). Based on the calculation, the current OGIP value obtained by the material balance method with P / Z vs GP plots is 83.46 BSCF, Recovery Factor of 80.223%, Ultimate Recovery of 66.96 BSCF, and remaining gas reserve 15.45 BSCF. From these results, the maximum reserve value that can be produced to the surface for 10 years is 4.2325 MMSCFD. So that "CJ" Field is able to supply gas every day of 4.2325 MMSCFD or less than 4.2325 MMSCFD for 10 years.
“CJ”气田位于南苏门答腊盆地,储层位于玄武岩Telisa石灰岩(BTL)地层。该气田由GTA-1井、GTA-2井和GTA-3井组成,于1951 - 1991年生产。1991年,由于买家的要求,这三口井被暂停,并将于2021年重新开放10年。所使用的研究方法是收集包括储层、产量和天然气物性数据在内的数据。下一步是计算不同压力下储层体积因子和z因子的值。接下来,使用科尔图方法确定驱动机构的类型。在了解驱动机构类型后,可以使用物料平衡法确定当前OGIP值。如果OGIP值已知,则下一个计算是恢复因子(RF)、最终恢复(UR),最后是剩余储备(RR)的值。经计算,采用P / Z / GP图的物质平衡法得到的当前OGIP值为83.46 BSCF,采收率为80.223%,最终采收率为66.96 BSCF,剩余气储量为15.45 BSCF。根据这些结果,可以开采到地面10年的最大储量为4.2325 MMSCFD。因此,“CJ”油田能够在10年内每天供应4.2325 MMSCFD或低于4.2325 MMSCFD的天然气。
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引用次数: 0
INTEGRATED COMPLETION STUDY FOR HPHT SOUR GAS WELL DEVELOPMENT IN CARBONATE RESERVOIR X X碳酸盐岩油藏HPHT酸性气井开发综合完井研究
Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2022.7133
S. Chandra, Wijoyo Niti Daton, Ellen Setiawan
Recently, Indonesia will lead to gas deficits since the increase in domestic gas demand in 2040. The increasing need for energy sources and the decreasing available reserves have encouraged oil and gas companies to explore and manage marginal reservoirs such as sour gas environment to maintain the balance of energy supply and demand. The gap in gas supply-demand will decrease by 20% due to the supply of Natuna Gas Field, as the example of potential sour gas environment (Batubara, 2015). Thus, it is very relevant to develop this potential source immediately. Also, sour gas field approximately shares 40% of Indonesia’s total proven gas reserve with an estimated OGIP of around 222 TSCF, with 75% of gas recovery. Unfortunately, sour gas environment cannot be produced economically since the it has high carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content, which are toxic and corrosive. The X sour reserves contain 32% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 7072 ppm H2S with fluid gravity of 42 API. This discretionary source of CO2 was recently brought into production from one well with depth of 8400 ft. The well was perforated in a limited interval of 7100 until 7700 ft. The harsh environment presented many challenges to completion design. Unique equipment and material selection were required. This study aims to determine the reservoir fluids and production performance also predict the corrosivity of CO2 dissolved in the natural gas. With the simulation and prediction, it can be obtained the proper material and equipment selection based on the sour service needed. As a result, the wet gas reservoir of X field can produce optimum rate of 19.1063 MMSCFD. For completion design, Nickel Alloy SM2535 or SM2242 is needed as there will be damage in form of corrosion and pitting.
最近,自2040年国内天然气需求增加以来,印度尼西亚将导致天然气短缺。能源需求的增加和可用储量的减少鼓励了石油和天然气公司勘探和管理含硫气环境等边缘储层,以保持能源供需平衡。由于纳土纳气田的供应,天然气供需缺口将减少20%,这是潜在含硫天然气环境的一个例子(Batubara,2015)。因此,立即开发这一潜在来源是非常重要的。此外,含硫气田约占印尼已探明天然气总储量的40%,估计OGIP约为222 TSCF,天然气回收率为75%。不幸的是,酸性气体环境中二氧化碳(CO2)和硫化氢(H2S)含量高,有毒且具有腐蚀性,因此无法经济地生产。X含硫储量含有32%的二氧化碳(CO2)和7072 ppm的H2S,流体比重为42 API。最近,从一口深度为8400英尺的井开始生产这种可自由支配的二氧化碳源。该井在7100英尺至7700英尺的有限间隔内穿孔。恶劣的环境给完井设计带来了许多挑战。需要选择独特的设备和材料。本研究旨在确定储层流体和生产性能,并预测溶解在天然气中的CO2的腐蚀性。通过模拟和预测,可以根据所需的酸性服务获得合适的材料和设备选择。结果表明,X气田湿气藏的最佳产能为19.1063 MMSCFD。对于完井设计,需要使用SM2535或SM2242镍合金,因为会出现腐蚀和点蚀形式的损坏。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Study of Polymer Injection on Oil Recovery Factor Enhancement Using Homogenous and Heterogenous Micromodel Porous Media 均相和非均相微模型多孔介质注聚合物提高采收率的实验研究
Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2022.6791
B. Swadesi, Roiduz Zumar, Sinosa Husenido, D. Kristanto, Indah Widiyaningsih, S. Murni
Polymer injection is one method of chemical enhanced oil recovery, which increase oil recovery by improving mobility when viscous fingering occurred in waterflooding operation. The result of polymer injection is better sweep efficiency, which is presented by more even distribution of the injected fluid. However, in common laboratory evaluation for polymer injection testing, it was no visual observation that presents directly for the fluid distribution. This experimental study was carried out to visually observe the polymer injection mechanism to displace oil by micromodel as porous media. The micromodel used in this study is transparent acrylic material which was etched by laser engraving technology to create grains that resemble reservoir rocks. The micromodel was saturated by brine water and light oil respectively as initial reservoir fluids. Then, the water was injected as waterflooding operation to displace oil in a micromodel. Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymer with various concentrations were injected into the micromodel as the last scenario. Through this experiment, the movement and distribution of fluids in chemical enhanced oil recovery especially polymer injection was able to be recorded for further analysis. Observation for each scenario was done by Digital Image Analysis (DIA). The micromodel flooding results showed that the higher concentration of polymer would give higher oil recovery. The front stability and good distribution of polymer will result in better sweep efficiency, then higher oil recovery will be achieved. This experiment gives result visually how polymer enhance oil recovery. This experiment is expected to be leading innovation for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) laboratory studies in Indonesia.
注聚合物是一种化学提高采收率的方法,它通过改善水驱过程中出现粘指现象时的流动性来提高采收率。聚合物注入的结果是更好的波及效率,这表现为注入流体的分布更加均匀。然而,在常规的聚合物注射测试的实验室评估中,没有直接呈现流体分布的目视观察。本实验研究通过微观模型直观观察聚合物作为多孔介质的驱油机理。本研究中使用的微模型是透明丙烯酸材料,通过激光雕刻技术蚀刻出类似储层岩石的颗粒。微观模型分别以盐水和轻质油作为初始储层流体饱和。然后,在微观模型中注入水驱油。将不同浓度的水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)聚合物注射到微模型中作为最后一种情况。通过该实验,可以记录化学提高采收率,特别是聚合物注入过程中流体的运动和分布,以便进一步分析。通过数字图像分析(DIA)对每个场景进行观察。微模型驱油结果表明,聚合物浓度越高,采收率越高。聚合物的前缘稳定性和良好的分布有利于提高波及效率,从而提高采收率。该实验直观地给出了聚合物提高采收率的结果。该实验有望成为印度尼西亚提高石油采收率(EOR)实验室研究的领先创新。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the use of Water Alternated Gas Injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery 水交替注气提高采收率评价
Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2022.7410
Bright Bariakpoa Kinate, A. Nwosi-Anele, I. Nwankwo
Hydrocarbon production from underneath naturally fractured sandstone formations will reach a mature phase of production where natural pressure can no longer force fluids to the surface facilities, therefore, a cost-effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) approach is required to recover the remaining oil. Water alternated gas(WAG) injection is a promising EOR method that utilize the combine advantage of water and gas injection to achieve better mobility control, improved sweep efficiency and overall recovery from the given reservoir. In this study, a miscible WAG to a core flood model using numerical simulation techniques (Eclipse Reservoir Simulator – Black Oil Model Option) was investigated. A case study reservoir X was produced for 15 years using three wells after initial forecast showed that natural depletion could not sustain production from the earliest time of production. With different simulation scenarios that represent specific case of WAG ratio, optimal WAG ratio using oil recovery factor was selected and used to perform   twelve (12) simulation runs to ascertain the influence of WAG cycle period on oil recovery factor. The most effective WAG cycle scenario was 90W-30G with oil recovery factor of 0.54684 (54.68 %) and cumulative production of 14.987MMSTB, while 30W-90G gives the lowest oil recovery factor and cumulative production of 0.47468 (47.47%) and 12.996MMSTB respectively. Hence, higher water cycling period is required for better oil recovery. Also, lower water to gas injection rates (WAG ratio) enhances the recovery of oil from the reservoir. Results reveals that despite predicted higher recovery factor, lower WAG ratio showed a potential of relatively poor pressure maintenance which can impact future recovery from the reservoir
天然裂缝砂岩地层下方的碳氢化合物生产将达到成熟的生产阶段,在该阶段,自然压力不再能迫使流体进入地面设施,因此,需要一种具有成本效益的提高采收率(EOR)方法来回收剩余石油。水交替注气(WAG)是一种很有前途的EOR方法,它利用水和注气的联合优势来实现更好的流动性控制、提高波及效率和从给定储层的整体采收率。在本研究中,使用数值模拟技术(Eclipse油藏模拟器-黑色石油模型选项)研究了可混溶WAG与岩心驱油模型的关系。一个案例研究X储层使用三口井生产了15年,因为最初的预测表明,自然枯竭无法从最早的生产时间开始维持生产。在代表WAG比率具体情况的不同模拟场景下,选择了使用采油系数的最佳WAG比率,并用于进行十二(12)次模拟运行,以确定WAG循环周期对采油系数的影响。最有效的WAG循环方案是90W-30G,采油系数为0.54684(54.68%),累计产量为14.987MMSTB,而30W-90G的采油系数最低,累计产量分别为0.47468(47.47%)和12.996MMSTB。因此,为了更好地回收石油,需要更高的水循环周期。此外,较低的水与天然气注入率(WAG比率)提高了油藏的石油采收率。结果表明,尽管预测的采收率较高,但较低的WAG比率显示出相对较差的压力维持潜力,这可能会影响油藏未来的采收率
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引用次数: 0
A Study of The Design Method and Similitude for A Small-Scale Test Drilling Rig (Part 1): An Application of The Geometrically Distorted Scaled Modeling Method 小型试验钻机设计方法及相似度研究(一):几何扭曲比例建模方法的应用
Pub Date : 2021-11-24 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2021.7466
M. Sarker
Drillstrings often vibrate severely and tend to twist off during hard rock drilling. Therefore, dynamic testing is crucial in the design of drilling systems. Designers tend to employ the most powerful analytical tools, using the most elaborate electronic computers, however, actual testing is required to the designed system function optimally. In cases of enormous drilling systems, complex dynamic tests are often performed on a smaller-scale replica of the system, referred to as the model, which is more convenient, cost-effective, and time-effective. This study, therefore, describes the establishment of similar conditions among structural systems, with the main objective of studying the similitude theory’s applicability in establishing the necessary similar conditions for designing scaled-down models to predict the drillstring’s vibration behavior. The scaling laws for all the relevant parameters regarding the scaled drillstring model, as well as the full-size drillstring system, were derived from the respective equations of motion. The scaling factors for all relevant parameters are determined using the theory of dimensional analysis. In addition, the geometry distorted similitude theory is revisited and employed to overcome the physical limitation and develop the necessary similar conditions for dynamic testing of the scaled drillstring. Meanwhile, the similitude relationship between the prototype and the model was validated with a case study using lumped segments bond graph modeling and simulation software.
在硬岩钻井过程中,钻柱经常发生剧烈振动,容易扭断。因此,动态测试在钻井系统设计中至关重要。设计人员倾向于使用最强大的分析工具,使用最复杂的电子计算机,然而,实际的测试需要设计的系统功能最佳。在大型钻井系统的情况下,复杂的动态测试通常是在较小规模的系统复制品上进行的,称为模型,这更方便,成本效益更高,更省时。因此,本研究描述了结构体系之间相似条件的建立,主要目的是研究相似理论在建立必要的相似条件以设计缩小模型以预测钻柱振动行为方面的适用性。根据相应的运动方程,推导出了相应尺寸钻柱模型和全尺寸钻柱系统的相关参数的标度规律。利用量纲分析理论确定了所有相关参数的标度因子。此外,本文还对几何变形相似理论进行了重新研究,并应用该理论克服了物理限制,为结垢钻柱的动态测试建立了必要的相似条件。同时,利用集总段键合图建模与仿真软件,通过实例验证了原型与模型之间的相似关系。
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引用次数: 1
The Implementation of Critical Gas Rate in Liquid Loading Well and Optimization Analysis using the Adequacy Chart 充液井临界气率的实现及充分性图优化分析
Pub Date : 2021-11-24 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2021.6955
A. Ferdian, S. D. Rahmawati
In the gas well, liquid loading occurs when the gas rate is insufficient to lift liquids into the surface such as water and/or condensate. This causes an accumulation of the liquid in the wellbore, supplies additional backpressure to the formation, and may completely kill the well. Meanwhile, the limited space and typically high cost of offshore operations have made a proper study for optimization selection very essential. The selected project must fulfill several requirements, namely: 1) Fit for the purpose, 2) Low risk and uncertainties, and 3) Economic. Hence, this study will describe the pilot project and continuous improvement process of lowering the gas well pressure using a wellhead compressor and a temporary separator to optimize the liquid loading. It also explains the implementation of critical gas rate in predicting the liquid loading event from the well’s production history. A new analysis method utilizing the adequacy chart was proposed to verify the suitability of the available pressure-lowering system unit available in the market with the well candidates. An adequacy chart was constructed from the well’s deliverability, critical gas rate, and lowering pressure unit or system capacity. These three charts will combine to generate an overlapping area, which signifies suitability for the recommended operation. The well’s production data history can be used to predict the liquid loaded-up event due to the continued decline of the generated gas. Also, a combination of the critical gas rate and decline analyses can predict potential liquid loading problems.
在气井中,当气速不足以将液体(如水和/或凝析油)抬升到地面时,就会发生液体加载。这会导致液体在井筒中积聚,为地层提供额外的背压,并可能完全杀死油井。同时,由于海上作业空间有限,成本高,因此进行适当的优化选择研究是非常必要的。所选项目必须满足以下几个要求:1)适合目的,2)低风险和不确定性,3)经济。因此,本研究将描述使用井口压缩机和临时分离器降低气井压力以优化液体负载的试点项目和持续改进过程。它还解释了从井的生产历史中预测液体加载事件时临界气速的实现。提出了一种新的分析方法,利用充分性图来验证市场上现有的降压系统单元与候选井的适用性。根据井的产能、临界产气量、减压单元或系统容量,构建了充足度图。这三个图表将组合在一起生成一个重叠的区域,这表示适合推荐的操作。该井的生产历史数据可用于预测由于产气量持续下降而导致的液体加载事件。此外,结合临界气速和下降分析可以预测潜在的液体加载问题。
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引用次数: 0
Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing As A Solution for Developing Low-Resistivity and Low-Quality Zone on Offshore “RI” Field 水力压裂解决海上“RI”油田低电阻率低质量区的技术经济分析
Pub Date : 2021-11-22 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2021.6588
S. Chandra, Ilma Mauldhya Herwandi
Hydrocarbon production in Indonesia is continuously decreasing on a yearly basis, which is in contrast with its increasing level of consumption. Low-quality and low-resistivity reservoir zones are deemed to possess a lot of hydrocarbon potentials, however, little priority has been placed on their development due to their small level of production. The "RI" field that was utilized in this study is a mature offshore field with a reservoir which has a low-quality and low-resistivity zone. This area has been in use for more than thirty years, therefore its rate of oil production has declined. This study aims to review the techno-economic aspects of well stimulation in the form of hydraulic fracturing. And also, to determine the development method that is suitable for low-quality fields. The hydraulic fracturing process was modelled using Fracpro software as input parameters for the reservoir production simulations. The reservoir behavior was simulated using the CMG software to observe the amount of hydrocarbon liable for production in various development scenarios. Three cases were performed on the "RI" field, which was stimulated for ten years of operation. The first case was the instance with the natural flow, while the second implemented hydraulic fracturing at the beginning of production, and the third was the implementation of hydraulic fracturing, which started in the middle of the production period. Then, the three cases are evaluated utilizing a Gross Split scheme, to calculate the economics of the project both from the government and contractor's aspects. The simulation study concluded that fracturing at the beginning of the LRLC zone development is the most profitable. The novelty of this study is the comparison of scenarios for the implementation of hydraulic fracturing methods in fields with low-resistivity and low-quality zone whose economic value is evaluated by the Gross Split scheme.
印度尼西亚的碳氢化合物产量每年都在持续下降,这与它不断增长的消费水平形成鲜明对比。低质量、低电阻率储层被认为具有很大的油气潜力,但由于其生产水平低,没有得到优先开发。本研究利用的“RI”油田是一个成熟的海上油田,其储层具有低质量和低电阻率带。这个地区已经使用了三十多年,因此石油产量下降了。本研究旨在回顾以水力压裂的形式进行油井增产的技术经济方面。同时,确定适合低质量油田的开发方法。水力压裂过程建模使用Fracpro软件作为油藏生产模拟的输入参数。利用CMG软件对储层行为进行了模拟,观察了不同开发方案下的可产烃量。在“RI”油田进行了3例,该油田已进行了10年的增产作业。第一个是自然流动的情况,第二个是在生产初期实施水力压裂,第三个是在生产中期开始实施水力压裂。然后,利用Gross Split方案对这三个案例进行评估,从政府和承包商的角度计算项目的经济效益。模拟研究表明,在LRLC层开发初期进行压裂是最有利的。本研究的新颖之处在于通过Gross Split方案对低电阻率低质量地层的水力压裂方法实施方案进行了比较,并对其经济价值进行了评价。
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引用次数: 0
Indonesia Well Abandonment Standard Gap Analysis; A Review and Suggestion 印尼弃井标准差距分析;综述与建议
Pub Date : 2021-11-22 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2021.6238
G. R. Darmawan
The old oil and gas wells of approximately 70% are found to have no economic value in Indonesia, leading to being abandoned during the end of their lifecycle, as ruled by the government. This is part of decommissioning an entire field with an environmental preservation program, known as an Abandonment and Site Restoration (ASR). The program involves the evaluation of international permanent abandonment standards, as references for the designs, comparisons, and assessments of Indonesia’s policies. It also provides contrast gap analysis and suggestions in ensuring a proper permanent plug and abandonment approach, to avoid any future leaks or re-abandonment operations. Therefore, this study aims to determine and evaluate the gap analysis between Indonesia and International Well Abandonment Standards, as well as OGUK and NORSOK D-010. The results showed that abandonment activities had improvement opportunities philosophy, and practice, used for plugging/isolations, control lines, as well as reservoir and annular barriers. In addition, literature studies were performed to understand the abandonment philosophy for all reviewed standards, to provide proper suggestions or improvements.
在印度尼西亚,大约70%的旧油气井被发现没有经济价值,导致在其生命周期结束时被废弃,这是由政府统治的。这是通过环境保护计划使整个油田退役的一部分,该计划被称为废弃和现场恢复(ASR)。该项目涉及对国际永久废弃标准的评估,作为印尼政策设计、比较和评估的参考。它还提供了对比差距分析和建议,以确保采取适当的永久堵塞和废弃方法,避免任何未来的泄漏或再次废弃操作。因此,本研究旨在确定和评估印度尼西亚与国际弃井标准以及OGUK和NORSOK D-010之间的差距分析。结果表明,废弃活动具有改进机会哲学和实践,用于封堵/隔离、控制线以及储层和环形屏障。此外,还进行了文献研究,以了解所有审查标准的放弃哲学,并提供适当的建议或改进。
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引用次数: 2
Study of Indonesia’s Solar Energy Implementation Using Identification of Potency, Policies, and Cost-Benefit Analysis 利用潜力识别、政策和成本效益分析研究印尼太阳能的实施
Pub Date : 2021-11-22 DOI: 10.25299/jeee.2021.6505
M. D. Anggoro, D. Siregar, R. Ninggar, S. Wicaksono, S. Lee
The solar PV systems are semiconductor devices that precisely convert sunlight into electricity, through the transfer of electrons. They provide several advantages, such as high modularity, zero noise, and adequate availability of solar resources in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potency, policy perspective, and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) of the solar energy implementation for electricity generation. A statistical analysis was used for measuring potency, as well as reviewing opportunistic policies and barriers. A review of some CBA-based journals was also carried out, to determine that the development of solar power electricity had more benefit than fossil fuels and LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Electricity). The results of the 10-days average value calculation in 2019 were 388-563 W/m2, with the maximum values at 1137-1604 W/m2. Meanwhile the analysis of the maximum hourly averages for Western, Central, and Eastern Indonesia were 570-719, 634-758, and 559-627 W/m2 at 11.00-12.00 WIB, 11.00-13.00 WITA, and 12.00-13.00 WIT, respectively. The potency of solar radiation intensity in Indonesia was averagely 150-750 W/m2, as the highest values were found in East Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and Merauke.
太阳能光伏系统是一种半导体装置,通过电子的转移,精确地将太阳光转化为电能。它们具有几个优点,如高模块化、零噪音和印度尼西亚太阳能资源的充分可用性。因此,本研究旨在确定太阳能发电的效能、政策视角和成本效益分析(CBA)。统计分析用于衡量效力,并审查机会主义政策和障碍。对一些基于cba的期刊进行了审查,以确定太阳能发电的发展比化石燃料和LCOE(电力平准化成本)更有利。2019年10天平均值计算结果为388 ~ 563 W/m2,最大值为1137 ~ 1604 W/m2。印度尼西亚西部、中部和东部在11.00 ~ 12.00 WIB、11.00 ~ 13.00 WITA和12.00 ~ 13.00 WIB时段的最大小时平均值分别为570 ~ 719、634 ~ 758和559 ~ 627 W/m2。印度尼西亚的太阳辐射强度平均为150 ~ 750 W/m2,其中东努沙登加拉、马鲁古和梅劳克的太阳辐射强度最高。
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Journal of Earth Energy Engineering
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