Energy and Built Environment最新文献_第5页

Research on the Characteristics of Photovoltaic Ice-Cold Storage 冰蓄冷光伏冷库的蓄冷特性研究

Q1 Engineering

Energy and Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2024.03.011

Bing Xu , Ming Li , Reda Hassanien Emam Hassanien , Ying Zhang , Yunfeng Wang , Qiangying Xu , Xin Lu

The ice-on-coil storage tank is one of the core devices in the latent heat cold storage system. The main objective of this study is to couple the solar photovoltaic cold storage with Cold Thermal Energy Storage technology. The internal ice-melting coil energy storage system used the water as a heat transfer fluid for adopting a day and night cold storage control strategy. The experiments were conducted for several days under the conditions of photovoltaic-driven cold storage with and without load for a continuous cold storage. The reasons for the occurrence of ice layers during ice accumulation and melting, as well as the operational economy of the system were analyzed. Moreover, the characteristics of the cold storage tank were summarized. Consequently, when the external ice thickness of the coil was within the range of 27 to 32mm, the ice storage rate reached 35.82% and achieved the optimal refrigeration efficiency in both the coil and the cold storage. The daily ice production in the cold storage tank decreased by an average of 22.06% during continuous operation with load compared to the unloaded operation. However, the daily refrigeration capacity increased by 45.774%. In addition, when cold thermal energy storage was coupled with solar photovoltaic technology, the refrigeration capacity decreased by 7.15% compared to using Cold Thermal Energy Storage technology alone, which resulting in an annual electricity cost saving of 30.20%.

盘管蓄冰槽是潜热蓄冷系统的核心设备之一。本研究的主要目的是将太阳能光伏冷库与冷热储能技术进行耦合。融冰盘管储能系统以水为传热流体，采用昼夜冷库控制策略。在连续冷库中，分别在有负荷和无负荷的光伏驱动冷库条件下进行了数天的实验。分析了蓄冰和融冰过程中出现冰层的原因，以及系统的运行经济性。并对冷库的特点进行了总结。因此，当盘管外冰厚度在27 ~ 32mm范围内时，冰蓄冷率达到35.82%，盘管和冷库制冷效率均达到最佳。带负荷连续运行时冷库日均产冰量比无负荷连续运行时平均下降22.06%。但日制冷量增长45.774%。此外，当冷热储能与太阳能光伏技术相结合时，制冷量比单独使用冷热储能技术降低了7.15%，每年可节省30.20%的电费。

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引用次数: 0

Advances in human-machine cooperation-based aircraft artificial environment assessment and regulation technologies 基于人机合作的飞机人工环境评估和调节技术的进展

Q1 Engineering

Energy and Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2024.04.005

Man Fan , Ming Hu , Jinghui Deng , Chunhua Li , Dehong Li , Boxiong Shen

With the springing up of new technologies and materials in aircraft, the thermal management of aircraft is facing the dilemma of heat load increase and effective heat sink decrease. Hence the limiting factor of certain advanced aircraft is gradually changing from fuel to heat, and increasing emphasis on addressing the issue of aircraft environmental control should be placed. To reduce the energy consumption and improve the endurance of aircraft systems, this study reviews the development of aircraft environmental control technologies and analyzes the solutions in a human-machine cooperative manner. The comfortable temperature and humidity for personnel is generally between 18∼29 °C and 20 %∼30 % respectively, and the normal working temperature of equipment is usually 15∼90 °C. Using multiple indexes to evaluate the personnel comfort, equipment cooling and system energy consumption levels of existing aircraft environmental control technologies, it is found that the environmental needs of personnel and equipment cabin can be basically met with significant progress made in various technologies, e.g. equipment cooling, dehumidification and humidification, anti-freeze defrost and etc. Whereas there is rare research on the energy cascading utilization technology for human-machine synergistic environment and there exists challenges in applying the environmental control technology for cooling high-powered equipment to the personnel cabin. Finally, it is proposed that the future aircraft environmental control should develop cascading energy utilization, efficient cooling and shared control technologies, to take advantages of the human-machine collaborative regulation and cope with the challenges caused by transient thermal load impacts on the system.

随着飞机新技术、新材料的不断涌现，飞机热管理面临着热负荷增加、有效散热器减少的困境。因此，某些先进飞机的限制因素正逐渐从燃油转向热能，应越来越重视解决飞机环境控制问题。为了降低飞机系统的能耗，提高飞机系统的续航力，本文回顾了飞机环境控制技术的发展，并分析了人机协作方式下的解决方案。人员的舒适温度和湿度一般分别在18 ~ 29℃和20% ~ 30%之间，设备的正常工作温度通常在15 ~ 90℃。采用多指标评价现有飞机环境控制技术的人员舒适性、设备冷却和系统能耗水平，发现在设备冷却、除湿加湿、防冻除霜等各项技术取得显著进展的情况下，基本可以满足人员和设备客舱的环境需求。而针对人机协同环境的能量级联利用技术研究较少，将大功率设备冷却环境控制技术应用于人员舱存在一定的挑战。最后，提出未来飞机环境控制应发展能量级联利用、高效冷却和共享控制技术，充分发挥人机协同调节的优势，应对瞬态热负荷影响给系统带来的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of large language models (LLMs) on the mastery of knowledge and skills in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) industry 大型语言模型（LLM）对供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）行业知识和技能掌握情况的评估

Q1 Engineering

Energy and Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2024.03.010

Jie Lu , Xiangning Tian , Chaobo Zhang , Yang Zhao , Jian Zhang , Wenkai Zhang , Chenxin Feng , Jianing He , Jiaxi Wang , Fengtai He

Large language models (LLMs) have shown human-level capabilities in solving various complex tasks. However, it is still unknown whether state-of-the-art LLMs master sufficient knowledge related to heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It will be inspiring if LLMs can think and learn like professionals in the HVAC industry. Hence, this study investigates the performance of LLMs on mastering the knowledge and skills related to the HVAC industry by letting them take the ASHRAE Certified HVAC Designer examination, an authoritative examination in the HVAC industry. Three key knowledge capabilities are explored: recall, analysis and application. Twelve representative LLMs are tested such as GPT-3.5, GPT-4 and LLaMA. According to the results, GPT-4 passes the ASHRAE Certified HVAC Designer examination with scores from 74 to 78, which is higher than about half of human examinees. Besides, GPT-3.5 passes the examination twice out of five times. It demonstrates that some LLMs such as GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 have great potential to assist or replace humans in designing and operating HVAC systems. However, they still make some mistakes sometimes due to the lack of knowledge, poor reasoning capabilities and unsatisfactory equation calculation abilities. Accordingly, four future research directions are proposed to reveal how to utilize and improve LLMs in the HVAC industry: teaching LLMs to use design tools or software in the HVAC industry, enabling LLMs to read and analyze the operational data from HVAC systems, developing tailored corpuses for the HVAC industry, and assessing the performance of LLMs in real-world HVAC design and operation scenarios.

大型语言模型（llm）在解决各种复杂任务方面已经显示出人类水平的能力。然而，目前尚不清楚最先进的法学硕士是否掌握了与供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）系统相关的足够知识。如果法学硕士能够像暖通空调行业的专业人士一样思考和学习，那将是一件鼓舞人心的事情。因此，本研究通过让llm参加HVAC行业权威考试ASHRAE认证HVAC设计师考试，调查llm在掌握HVAC行业相关知识和技能方面的表现。三种关键的知识能力：回忆、分析和应用。测试了GPT-3.5、GPT-4和LLaMA等12种具有代表性的llm。结果显示，GPT-4通过了ASHRAE认证暖通空调设计师考试，分数在74 - 78分之间，高于大约一半的人类考生。GPT-3.5五次考试中有两次通过。这表明一些法学硕士，如GPT-4和GPT-3.5，在设计和操作HVAC系统方面具有很大的潜力，可以帮助或取代人类。然而，由于知识的缺乏，推理能力差，方程计算能力不理想，他们有时还是会犯一些错误。因此，提出了四个未来的研究方向，以揭示如何利用和改进暖通空调行业的法学硕士：教法学硕士在暖通空调行业使用设计工具或软件，使法学硕士能够阅读和分析暖通空调系统的运行数据，为暖通空调行业开发量身定制的语料库，以及评估法学硕士在现实暖通空调设计和运行场景中的表现。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of window opening behavior on the indoor thermal environment and coping strategies in passive houses 被动式住宅开窗行为对室内热环境的影响及应对策略

Q1 Engineering

Energy and Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2024.04.003

Zhiwei Guo , Weirong Zhang , Gaofeng Deng , Yunlong Guan

China is actively developing passive houses to improve energy efficiency and reduce primary energy use. These buildings have low actual load characteristics, resulting in a smaller air conditioning terminal heating capacity. However, owing to this limited heating capacity, the air conditioning terminal provides modest indoor air regulation. In practice, occupants of passive houses often open windows for ventilation in winter, resulting in an indoor temperature that is lower than the set value, and it takes a long time for the temperature to return to the desired level. There are few studies that have investigated this issue. Two possible solutions to this issue are proposed: first, altering the external wall structure can enhance the thermal response rate, reducing the time needed for temperature recovery. Secondly, limiting the window-opening area can minimize heat loss during ventilation, thereby maintaining a reasonable indoor temperature. Notably, this may inconvenience occupants. Taking a passive house in Qinghai as a case study, this study discusses the influence of window-opening behavior on the indoor thermal environment. Simulations were conducted to study the window-opening behavior considering different window-opening areas and wall structures. Three different wall structures were considered: internal insulation combined with external insulation (IAE), sandwich insulation combined with external insulation (SAE), and external insulation structures. The results indicate that the IAE and SAE structures cannot effectively improve the indoor thermal environment after opening a window. Overall, changing the wall structure does not reduce the time required to restore room temperature. However, by limiting the opening area of the window, the room temperature can be effectively controlled. Under the given window opening ratio, the room temperature can be stabilized above 18 ℃. This study offers a practical method for controlling and enhancing the indoor thermal environment, which is applicable to the construction and development of passive houses.

中国积极发展被动式房屋，提高能源效率，减少一次能源的使用。这些建筑的实际负荷特性较低，导致空调终端采暖能力较小。然而，由于这种有限的供热能力，空调终端提供适度的室内空气调节。在实践中，被动式房屋的居住者在冬季经常开窗通风，导致室内温度低于设定值，并且温度需要很长时间才能恢复到期望的水平。很少有研究调查过这个问题。针对这一问题提出了两种可能的解决方案：第一，改变外墙结构可以提高热响应速率，减少温度恢复所需的时间。其次，限制开窗面积可以最大限度地减少通风时的热损失，从而保持合理的室内温度。值得注意的是，这可能会给居住者带来不便。以青海某被动式住宅为例，探讨开窗行为对室内热环境的影响。对不同开窗面积和墙体结构下的开窗行为进行了仿真研究。考虑了三种不同的墙体结构：内保温与外保温结合（IAE）、夹层保温与外保温结合（SAE）、外保温结构。结果表明，IAE和SAE结构不能有效改善开窗后的室内热环境。总的来说，改变墙体结构并不会减少恢复室温所需的时间。但是，通过限制开窗面积，可以有效地控制室温。在给定开窗比下，室温可稳定在18℃以上。本研究为控制和改善室内热环境提供了一种实用的方法，适用于被动式房屋的建设和发展。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of environmental factors, measurement and modeling for germicidal efficiency of in-duct ultraviolet germicidal irradiation system 环境因素、测量和模型对导入式紫外线杀菌辐照系统杀菌效率的影响

Q1 Engineering

Energy and Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2024.03.006

Yanju Li, Xinyan Chen, Yu Wang, Yabing Zhang

In-duct ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) systems effectively decontaminate airborne microorganisms that are present in duct air. In this study, the main objectives were to determine the effects of temperature, relative humidity (RH), air velocity, and measurement on the germicidal efficiency of in-duct UVGI and to analyze three germicidal kinetic models. Staphylococcus albus and Escherichia coli were selected as the test bacteria. The maximum UV disinfection efficacy was observed in the temperature range of 26–28 °C and RH range of 30–40 %. The germicidal efficiency of the in-duct UVGI was negatively corelated with air velocity. When the UV lamps were arranged either parallel or vertical to the airflow, there were no obvious differences in-duct UVGI germicidal efficiency. In addition, three mathematical prediction models (C-W model, C-S model, Hom model) were chosen to predict the efficacy of in-duct UVGI in specific applications. The C-S model was fitted to predict the efficacy of E. coli, and the Hom model was fitted to predict that of Staphylococcus albus.

管道内紫外线杀菌照射（UVGI）系统有效地净化存在于管道空气中的空气微生物。在本研究中，主要目的是确定温度、相对湿度（RH）、风速和测量对管道内UVGI杀菌效率的影响，并分析三种杀菌动力学模型。选取白色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌作为试验菌。温度为26 ~ 28℃，相对湿度为30 ~ 40%时，紫外线消毒效果最佳。管内UVGI的杀菌效率与空气流速呈负相关。当UV灯与气流平行或垂直放置时，对管道UVGI杀菌效率无明显差异。此外，选择C-W模型、C-S模型、Hom模型3种数学预测模型对导管内UVGI在具体应用中的效果进行预测。用C-S模型预测大肠杆菌的药效，用Hom模型预测白色葡萄球菌的药效。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum regarding updated Declaration of Competing Interest statements and missing Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate in previously published articles 关于更新的竞争利益声明和缺失的伦理批准和同意参与先前发表的文章的勘误表

Q1 Engineering

Energy and Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2025.08.005

引用次数: 0

The relationship between the resistance characteristics and structural parameters of the elongated filter cartridge in the dust collector 除尘器中细长滤筒阻力特性与结构参数的关系

Q1 Engineering

Energy and Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2024.03.008

Jun Gao , Wen Wang , Changsheng Cao , Lei Huang , Yumei Hou , Yukun Xu , Xiaobin Wei , Lingjie Zeng

Due to the advantages of a large filtration area, elongated filter cartridges are gradually replacing filter bags in dust collectors. However, the production standards for these filter cartridges lack clarity in determining various parameters. Therefore, this paper combines experimental validation with computational fluid dynamics simulations to analyze the resistance characteristics of elongated filter cartridges, aiming to establish recommended parameter combinations for their optimal design. Single factor analysis and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) are employed for parameter optimization. The study establishes a quadratic regression model to predict resistance based on various filter cartridge parameters. Single factor analysis indicates that the optimal combination of length and pleat number is approximately diagonally distributed. The RSM ranks the factors' impacts on resistance as follows: length (L) > pleat number (N) ≈ pleat length (P_l) > filtering velocity (v_f) > outer radius (R). The optimal parameter combination under global optimization is: N = 43, P_l=23 mm, R = 76 mm, L = 2 m. Additionally, the study analyzes the distribution of normal and tangential velocities of airflow on the filter medium surface to understand their impact on filter lifespan. Results indicate that tangential velocity has a significant impact on filter wear, and locations with higher tangential velocity are situated in the bottom region of the fold at the outlet.

由于过滤面积大的优点，细长滤筒在除尘器中逐渐取代滤袋。然而，这些滤芯的生产标准在确定各种参数方面缺乏清晰度。因此，本文将实验验证与计算流体力学模拟相结合，分析细长滤筒的阻力特性，旨在为其优化设计建立推荐的参数组合。采用单因素分析和响应面法进行参数优化。建立了基于不同滤筒参数的二次回归模型来预测阻力。单因素分析表明，褶长和褶数的最优组合近似呈对角线分布。RSM将影响电阻的因素排序为：长度(L) >；褶数(N)≈褶长（Pl） >；过滤速度（vf） >；外半径(R)。全局优化下的最优参数组合为：N = 43, Pl=23 mm, R = 76 mm, L =2 m。此外，研究还分析了气流在过滤介质表面的法向速度和切向速度的分布，以了解它们对过滤器寿命的影响。结果表明，切向速度对过滤器磨损有显著影响，切向速度较大的位置位于出口褶皱底部区域。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization of university timetables considering students’ thermal sensation in classrooms 考虑学生在教室中的热感优化大学课程表

Q1 Engineering

Energy and Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2024.03.007

Yusen Jiang , Xi Luo

In northern China, university classrooms are often densely populated, and students have limited means of thermal adaptation during lectures. Considering the significant differences in the thermal environment of the classroom throughout different periods, changing the patterns of classroom utilization is a feasible way to improve students’ thermal comfort during classes and ensure learning efficiency. A university teaching building in Xi'an is considered an example in this study. The indoor and outdoor thermal environment parameters of the teaching building were measured in the autumn semester, and the students’ thermal sensation was investigated. On this basis, a model for optimizing university timetables was developed to minimize students’ thermal discomfort in classrooms. The study results showed: 1) During non-heating seasons, students felt comfortable in all periods, except for the third class period (14:00–15:30), during which they felt slightly hot. During the heating season, students felt slightly cold in the first class period (8:30–10:00), slightly hot in the third class period, and comfortable in the second (10:30–12:00) and fourth (16:00–17:30) class periods. 2) Compared to the general schedule, the optimized timetable decreased first period classes by 14 and increased fourth period classes by 13, with minimal changes elsewhere. Adopting this approach, students’ thermal discomfort time during classes in the autumn semester was shortened by 6.16%. 3) The students’ thermal discomfort time reduction rate obtained by timetabling optimization during the non-heating season, heating season are 0.78%, 8.91%, respectively. The effect of reducing students’ thermal discomfort is more pronounced during the heating season.

在中国北方，大学教室往往人口密集，学生在课堂上的热适应手段有限。考虑到不同时段教室热环境的显著差异，改变教室利用模式是提高学生课堂热舒适，保证学习效率的可行途径。本文以西安某高校教学楼为例进行了研究。在秋季学期测量了教学楼的室内外热环境参数，并对学生的热感觉进行了调查。在此基础上，开发了一个优化大学时间表的模型，以最大限度地减少学生在教室中的热不适。研究结果表明：1)在非采暖季节，除第三节课（14:00-15:30）学生感到略热外，其余时间均感到舒适。在采暖季节，学生在第一节课（8:30-10:00）感到微冷，在第三节课感到微热，在第二节课（10:30-12:00）和第四节课（16:00-17:30）感到舒适。2)与一般课程表相比，优化后的课程表第一节课减少了14节课，第四节课增加了13节课，其他课程表变化不大。采用该方法，秋季学期学生上课时的热不适时间缩短了6.16%。3)非采暖季、采暖季时程优化得到的学生热不适时间减少率分别为0.78%、8.91%。减少学生热不适感的效果在采暖季更为明显。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of pelletization on biomass thermal degradation in combustion: A case study of peanut shell and wood sawdust using macro-TGA 造粒对生物质燃烧热降解的影响：使用宏观 TGA 对花生壳和木锯末进行案例研究

Q1 Engineering

Energy and Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2024.04.002

Yazhou Nie , Xiujiao Song , Ming Shan , Xudong Yang

Pelletization reduces storage and transportation costs and improves the thermal efficiency, making it a key technology for the efficient utilization of biomass energy. However, there are few comparative investigations on how pelletization affects biomass thermal degradation in the combustion process. In this study, five types of fuels with different mixing ratios of wood sawdust and peanut shells were prepared. Powder and pellet samples were combusted using a custom-designed macro-TGA. The combustion characteristics, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters were discussed. The results show that pelletization increases the ignition difficulty and prolongs combustion time. Compared with that of the powder sample, the weight loss peak of the pellet sample moved towards a higher temperature. The apparent activation energy for pellet samples was 20–38 % lower than that of powder samples. The results prove that biomass pellets have better combustion performances than biomass powders in the macro-TGA.

颗粒化降低了储存和运输成本，提高了热效率，是高效利用生物质能的关键技术。然而，在燃烧过程中，颗粒化对生物质热降解的影响却鲜有对比研究。在本研究中，制备了五种不同混合比例的木屑和花生壳燃料。粉末和颗粒样品使用定制设计的宏观热重分析仪进行燃烧。讨论了燃烧特性、动力学和热力学参数。结果表明，球团化提高了燃烧难度，延长了燃烧时间。与粉末样品相比，颗粒样品的失重峰向更高的温度移动。颗粒样品的表观活化能比粉末样品低20 ~ 38%。结果表明，生物质颗粒在宏观热重分析中具有比生物质粉末更好的燃烧性能。

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum regarding updated Declaration of Competing Interest statements in previously published articles 关于先前发表的文章中更新的竞争利益声明的勘误表

Q1 Engineering

Energy and Built Environment

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2025.08.007

引用次数: 0