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Romania – A resilient state in the regional security equation. NRRP implementation 罗马尼亚——在地区安全等式中是一个有韧性的国家。NRRP实施
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-13
Bogdan-Constantin Pagnejer, Delia-Alexandra Magraon
The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak at the beginning of 2020 strongly affected the global economic, social and budgetary area, requiring an urgent and coordinated response both at the Union and Member State level to cope with the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic.In this article we pay particular attention to the evolution of the concept of resilience and the ways to strengthen the European states’ resilience in the face of threats, especially following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, while analyzing the implementation state of the objectives outlined in Romania’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The aim is to define the concept of resilience and to highlight the methods for increasing the European states’ resilience, as well as to present how Romania applies European instruments to strengthen its national and regional resilience. Analyzing the preliminary data on the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, it can be stated that Romania is making considerable efforts to strengthen its resilience and is on track to comply with the European Recovery and Resilience Mechanism measures.
2020年初爆发的新冠肺炎疫情严重影响了全球经济、社会和预算领域,需要在联盟和会员国层面采取紧急和协调一致的应对措施,以应对疫情的直接和间接影响。在这篇文章中,我们特别关注复原力概念的演变,以及加强欧洲国家在面临威胁时的复原力的方法,特别是在新冠肺炎疫情爆发后,同时分析罗马尼亚国家复苏和复原力计划中概述的目标的实施情况。其目的是定义复原力的概念,强调提高欧洲国家复原力的方法,并介绍罗马尼亚如何应用欧洲文书来加强其国家和区域复原力。分析《国家复苏和复原计划》的初步数据可以看出,罗马尼亚正在为加强其复原力做出相当大的努力,并正在遵守欧洲复苏和复原机制的措施。
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引用次数: 0
Lessons to be learned from the Nagorno-Karabah conflict 从纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴冲突中吸取的教训
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-04
Catalin Chiriac
The new threats of modern warfare compel the thinking and development of a credible air defense capability based on early warning systems, surface-to-air missiles, fighter aircraft and associated command and control systems. Ground-based air defence, largely neglected in the air campaigns that dominated the last years of military conflicts, where the air threat was quite low, is once again examined by military analysts. The combatants involved in the 2020Nagorno-Karabakh conflict are responsible for this.
现代战争的新威胁迫使人们思考和发展基于预警系统、地对空导弹、战斗机和相关指挥控制系统的可靠防空能力。在过去几年的军事冲突中,地面防空在很大程度上被忽视了,当时的空中威胁很低,军事分析人士再次审视了这一点。参与2020年纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突的战斗人员对此负有责任。
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引用次数: 0
The Nagorno-Karabah conflict – zero point of future conflicts? 纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突——未来冲突的零点?
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-03
Catalin Chiriac
The 44-day war between Armenia and Azerbaijan from September to November 2020 was the latest escalation of unresolved tensions in the Nagorno-Karabakh region. The war gained widespread attention, particularly due to the extensive use of unmanned aircraft systems.These systems, regardless of their country of origin, were assigned various missions, from reconnaissance to artillery fire support or even missions to destroy military targets or equipment. Analyzing the preparation process of the Azerbaijani army and their approach to the conflict, through the use of a wide range of technologies and systems that often did not require the physical presence of soldiers, allows for the detection of important trends and perspectives on how future conflicts will be shaped by the widespread use of missiles, unmanned aircraft systems, and artillery.
2020年9月至11月,亚美尼亚和阿塞拜疆之间长达44天的战争是纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫地区尚未解决的紧张局势的最新升级。这场战争引起了广泛关注,特别是由于无人驾驶飞机系统的广泛使用。这些系统,无论其来源国如何,都被分配了各种任务,从侦察到炮火支援,甚至是摧毁军事目标或设备的任务。通过使用一系列通常不需要士兵在场的技术和系统,分析阿塞拜疆军队的准备过程及其应对冲突的方法,可以发现导弹、无人驾驶飞机系统和火炮的广泛使用将如何影响未来冲突的重要趋势和前景。
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引用次数: 0
Transborder Crimes and the Challenges of Regional Integration in West Africa: Insights from the Nigeria-Benin Republic Borders 跨界犯罪与西非区域一体化的挑战——来自尼日利亚-贝宁共和国边界的启示
Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-06
L. Saka, A. Bakare, Humphrey Chinedu Nwaorgu, Sherifdeen Adeoye Oladejo
Transborder crimes and the operation of criminal syndicates have emerged as major threats to security and efforts to advance integration in West Africa. The proliferation of transborder criminal syndicates and rising criminal activities has made member states take steps to curtail these growing challenges, sometimeswith unintended consequences on the free flow of factors of production as enshrined in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Protocol on Free Movement. Informed by the need to understand the challenges that transborder crimes pose within a specific context, this study examinestransborder criminal activities across the Nigeria-Benin Republic border. The study assesses three forms of criminal activities along the two countries’ borderlands and their implications for the security of the two countries concerned. The qualitative method was adopted, and data for the study was derived frommostly secondary and less primary sources. These criminal activities affect the national security of the two countries and impact efforts to advance integration in the sub-region. The study recommends the implementation of joint border security reforms.
跨界犯罪和犯罪集团的行动已成为对西非安全和促进一体化努力的主要威胁。跨境犯罪集团的扩散和犯罪活动的增加使成员国采取措施遏制这些日益增长的挑战,有时会对西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)《自由流动议定书》所载的生产要素的自由流动产生意想不到的后果。鉴于需要了解跨境犯罪在特定背景下构成的挑战,本研究考察了尼日利亚-贝宁共和国边境的跨境犯罪活动。该研究评估了两国边境地区的三种犯罪活动形式及其对两国安全的影响。采用定性方法,研究数据大多来源于次要来源,较少来源于主要来源。这些犯罪活动影响到两国的国家安全,并影响到推动次区域一体化的努力。研究报告建议实施联合边境安全改革。
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引用次数: 0
THE RUSSIAN ARMY’S DEFICIENCIES IN OPERATION ”Z” 俄军在“z”行动中的不足
Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-97
Denis-Georgian Dinu
Operation “Z” launched by Russia on 24.02.2022 against Ukraine is facing severe logistical problems on the ground. The railway infrastructure they rely on and cannot fully meet their requirements, outdated logistical equipment, difficulties and limitations in securing fuel requirements have been frequently reported problems in the last weeks of the conflict. The logistics support doctrine of the Russian forces contains some organizational and functional inadequacies. From its analysis it appears that a logistic support battalion with its personnel and equipment is not able to fully meet the support requirements of the forces served. Apparently, this deficiency is encountered both at the tactical and the operational and strategic level, as it becomes evident from the analysis of several articles and scholarly works regarding the current Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The present article aims, based on the analysis of information available from open sources (articles, TV reports and social media posts), to identify the source of the logistical problems faced by the Russian armed forces.
俄罗斯于2022年2月24日对乌克兰发起的“Z”行动在当地面临严重的后勤问题。据报道,在冲突的最后几周,他们所依赖的铁路基础设施无法完全满足他们的需求,后勤设备过时,在确保燃料需求方面存在困难和限制,这些都是经常出现的问题。俄罗斯军队的后勤保障理论存在一些组织和功能上的不足。从其分析来看,一个拥有人员和装备的后勤支援营似乎无法完全满足所服务部队的支援需求。显然,这一缺陷在战术、行动和战略层面都存在,从对有关当前俄乌冲突的几篇文章和学术著作的分析中可以明显看出。本文旨在根据对公开来源(文章、电视报道和社交媒体帖子)提供的信息的分析,确定俄罗斯武装部队面临的后勤问题的根源。
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引用次数: 0
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF EU PROFILE IN THE FIELD OF DEFENCE CAPABILITIES. EUROPEAN DEFENCE FUND 欧盟在国防能力领域的发展机遇。欧洲国防基金
Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-90
Dragos Ilinca
This article brings to attention one of the main developments recorded in the context of European defence cooperation, namely the establishment of the European Defence Fund (EDF). Conceived as an initiative aimed at contributing to the financial support of cooperation projects in the fields of capability development and defence research, the EDF represents an innovation that began to operate starting with 2021, offering additional perspectives for strengthening the Common Security and Defence Policy. Although it is a new initiative, the European Defence Fund was preceded by preparatory measures in which the necessary procedural framework and mechanisms were defined. From this perspective, the analysis developed in this article deepens the thesis regarding the positive impact of EDF for the sustainability of European cooperation in the field of defence. The strategic value of the new tool for integrating capability development and research aspects is another direction explored in the article. Last but not least, the economic role of EDF benefits of special attention in this study, from the perspective of the way in which various entities from the EU territory perceived EDF, being reflected mainly in the increase of their participation in the drafting projects and participating in competition.
本文提请注意欧洲防务合作的一个主要进展,即建立欧洲防务基金。EDF被认为是一项旨在为能力发展和国防研究领域的合作项目提供财政支持的举措,它是一项从2021年开始运作的创新,为加强共同安全和国防政策提供了更多视角。尽管这是一项新的举措,但在欧洲防务基金之前,已经采取了一些筹备措施,其中确定了必要的程序框架和机制。从这个角度来看,本文中的分析加深了关于EDF对欧洲国防领域合作可持续性的积极影响的论文。这一新工具在整合能力开发和研究方面的战略价值是本文探索的另一个方向。最后但并非最不重要的是,从欧盟领土上的各个实体对EDF的看法来看,EDF的经济作用在本研究中值得特别关注,主要体现在他们参与起草项目和参与竞争的增加上。
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引用次数: 0
HOW THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR MAY CHANGE THE CYBERCRIME ECOSYSTEM 俄乌战争将如何改变网络犯罪生态系统
Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-92
Claudia–Alecsandra Gabrian
According to statistics, in recent years there has been an increase in cyber-attacks and their negative impact on individuals, organizations, and governments. Cyber attackers have acquired the resources and expertise to launch massive attacks against other nations to gain strategic advantages, mainly targeting critical infrastructure and public services. Current geopolitical events, through the action launched by the Russian Federation in Ukraine, demonstrate that cyber security threats are ever greater. States’ responses to these challenges must be quick and effective, adapted to this context. Over the past year, Russian cybercrime groups have strengthened their position as threats to the global digital ecosystem, demonstrating adaptability, persistence, and a willingness to exploit computer systems. This paper will analyze how cybercrime groups have been more present in the international space due to this war, as well as the importance given to them due to the types of attacks launched and their division into belligerent support camps.
据统计,近年来,网络攻击不断增加,对个人、组织和政府造成了负面影响。网络攻击者已经获得了对其他国家发动大规模攻击的资源和专业知识,以获得战略优势,主要针对关键基础设施和公共服务。当前的地缘政治事件,通过俄罗斯联邦在乌克兰发起的行动,表明网络安全威胁日益严重。各国对这些挑战的反应必须迅速而有效,适应这种情况。在过去的一年里,俄罗斯网络犯罪集团加强了他们作为全球数字生态系统威胁的地位,表现出适应性、持久性和利用计算机系统的意愿。本文将分析由于这场战争,网络犯罪集团如何在国际空间中更多地存在,以及由于发起的攻击类型和他们划分为交战支持阵营而给予他们的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
NEW THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE 在乌克兰冲突的背景下,国家安全面临新的威胁和脆弱性
Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-93
Cezar-Cristian Aldea
The events that took place at the end of the twentieth century led to important transformations that determined the need to reconfigure the geopolitical and geostrategic environment in terms of risk diversity, threats and interests of the actors involved. Russia is a key element in establishing the new security architecture as it seems to focus all necessary forces and means on maintaining its influence in Eastern Europe. In this article, I will address not only the main security threats and vulnerabilities deduced from Russia’s military operation in Ukraine, whose purpose is to reconfigure the security environment and restore the new world order, namely the Black Sea region, but I will also refer to the weapons of the mass destruction, cyber-attacks, climate change and, last but not least, the flow of refugees. All these new risks and threats to national security demonstrate once again Romania’s strategic role in shaping global security architecture. Strengthening Romania’s national security is a key element in the coming years in the unpredictable context of the regional security environment.
二十世纪末发生的事件导致了重要的变革,这些变革决定了在风险多样性、威胁和相关行为者利益方面重新配置地缘政治和地缘战略环境的必要性。俄罗斯是建立新安全架构的关键因素,因为它似乎将所有必要的力量和手段集中在维持其在东欧的影响力上。在这篇文章中,我不仅将讨论俄罗斯在乌克兰的军事行动所带来的主要安全威胁和漏洞,其目的是重新配置安全环境,恢复新的世界秩序,即黑海地区,而且我还将提到大规模杀伤性武器、网络攻击、气候变化,最后但并非最不重要的是,难民的流动。所有这些对国家安全的新风险和威胁再次表明罗马尼亚在塑造全球安全架构方面的战略作用。在区域安全环境变幻莫测的背景下,加强罗马尼亚的国家安全是未来几年的一个关键因素。
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引用次数: 0
THE RESPECT FOR FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS DURING AND AFTER THE RUSSIAN-GEORGIAN WAR 在俄罗斯-格鲁吉亚战争期间和之后对基本人权的尊重
Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-94
Madălina PREDA (DAVIDOIU)
The normative and practical value of protecting civilians during armed conflicts and respecting the exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms even in international armed conflicts is an undeniable one. Changing the forms and means used in armed struggles leads to violations of the provisions of international humanitarian law. The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Georgia v. Russia has made a connection between the fundamental rights included in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the rights protected by the laws of armed conflicts, a decision of particular importance in the current security context in South-Eastern Europe
在武装冲突中保护平民,甚至在国际性武装冲突中尊重人权和基本自由的行使,其规范和实际价值是不可否认的。改变武装斗争中使用的形式和手段导致违反国际人道主义法的规定。欧洲人权法院在格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯一案中的判例法将《保护人权和基本自由公约》所载的基本权利与武装冲突法所保护的权利联系起来,这一决定在东南欧目前的安全情况下特别重要
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引用次数: 0
INSECURITY AND THE QUEST FOR STATE POLICE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RESTRUCTURING DEBATE IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC 在尼日利亚第四共和国重组辩论的背景下,不安全和寻求国家警察
Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-88
L. Saka, Sherifdeen Adeoye Oladejo
There has been a debate on the modality for the management of the Nigerian Police Force since the return to civil rule in  1999. The debate revolves around the need to devolve constitutional authority on policing to sub-national units. In theory, this will entail moving internal security issues, inclusive of policing, from the exclusive federal list to the concurrent list. Given the heighten insecurity that has plagued the Nigerian state in recent times, this paper examines the restructuring discourse in Nigeria with a specific focus on the call for the establishment of state police within the context of the subsidiarity principle. The study was contextualized within the exploratory research design paradigm and it adopted the qualitative approach in the sourcing and analysis of data. To this end, the paper has drawn information from published media reports that include: opinion, commentaries, editorials and news articles. Data was also sourced from published academic and policy publications that include: articles, chapter in books, books and government documents. Drawing on information from these sources, this paper assesses the positions of protagonists and antagonists of state police in Nigeria. It draws out implications for security governance in Nigeria.
自1999年尼日利亚恢复文官统治以来,一直就管理警察部队的方式进行辩论。争论的焦点是是否需要将宪法赋予的警务权力下放到地方单位。从理论上讲,这将需要将包括警务在内的内部安全问题从联邦政府的专属清单转移到并行清单。鉴于近年来困扰尼日利亚国家的不安全感加剧,本文研究了尼日利亚的重组话语,特别关注在辅助原则的背景下建立国家警察的呼吁。该研究是在探索性研究设计范式的背景下进行的,在数据的来源和分析中采用了定性方法。为此,本文从已发表的媒体报道中获取信息,包括:观点、评论、社论和新闻文章。数据还来自已出版的学术和政策出版物,包括:文章、书籍章节、书籍和政府文件。利用这些来源的信息,本文评估了尼日利亚国家警察的主角和对手的立场。它为尼日利亚的安全治理提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
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Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University
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