The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak at the beginning of 2020 strongly affected the global economic, social and budgetary area, requiring an urgent and coordinated response both at the Union and Member State level to cope with the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic.In this article we pay particular attention to the evolution of the concept of resilience and the ways to strengthen the European states’ resilience in the face of threats, especially following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, while analyzing the implementation state of the objectives outlined in Romania’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The aim is to define the concept of resilience and to highlight the methods for increasing the European states’ resilience, as well as to present how Romania applies European instruments to strengthen its national and regional resilience. Analyzing the preliminary data on the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, it can be stated that Romania is making considerable efforts to strengthen its resilience and is on track to comply with the European Recovery and Resilience Mechanism measures.
{"title":"Romania – A resilient state in the regional security equation. NRRP implementation","authors":"Bogdan-Constantin Pagnejer, Delia-Alexandra Magraon","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-13","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak at the beginning of 2020 strongly affected the global economic, social and budgetary area, requiring an urgent and coordinated response both at the Union and Member State level to cope with the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic.In this article we pay particular attention to the evolution of the concept of resilience and the ways to strengthen the European states’ resilience in the face of threats, especially following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, while analyzing the implementation state of the objectives outlined in Romania’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The aim is to define the concept of resilience and to highlight the methods for increasing the European states’ resilience, as well as to present how Romania applies European instruments to strengthen its national and regional resilience. Analyzing the preliminary data on the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, it can be stated that Romania is making considerable efforts to strengthen its resilience and is on track to comply with the European Recovery and Resilience Mechanism measures.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48654006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-04
Catalin Chiriac
The new threats of modern warfare compel the thinking and development of a credible air defense capability based on early warning systems, surface-to-air missiles, fighter aircraft and associated command and control systems. Ground-based air defence, largely neglected in the air campaigns that dominated the last years of military conflicts, where the air threat was quite low, is once again examined by military analysts. The combatants involved in the 2020Nagorno-Karabakh conflict are responsible for this.
{"title":"Lessons to be learned from the Nagorno-Karabah conflict","authors":"Catalin Chiriac","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-04","url":null,"abstract":"The new threats of modern warfare compel the thinking and development of a credible air defense capability based on early warning systems, surface-to-air missiles, fighter aircraft and associated command and control systems. Ground-based air defence, largely neglected in the air campaigns that dominated the last years of military conflicts, where the air threat was quite low, is once again examined by military analysts. The combatants involved in the 2020Nagorno-Karabakh conflict are responsible for this.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44948761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-03
Catalin Chiriac
The 44-day war between Armenia and Azerbaijan from September to November 2020 was the latest escalation of unresolved tensions in the Nagorno-Karabakh region. The war gained widespread attention, particularly due to the extensive use of unmanned aircraft systems.These systems, regardless of their country of origin, were assigned various missions, from reconnaissance to artillery fire support or even missions to destroy military targets or equipment. Analyzing the preparation process of the Azerbaijani army and their approach to the conflict, through the use of a wide range of technologies and systems that often did not require the physical presence of soldiers, allows for the detection of important trends and perspectives on how future conflicts will be shaped by the widespread use of missiles, unmanned aircraft systems, and artillery.
{"title":"The Nagorno-Karabah conflict – zero point of future conflicts?","authors":"Catalin Chiriac","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-03","url":null,"abstract":"The 44-day war between Armenia and Azerbaijan from September to November 2020 was the latest escalation of unresolved tensions in the Nagorno-Karabakh region. The war gained widespread attention, particularly due to the extensive use of unmanned aircraft systems.These systems, regardless of their country of origin, were assigned various missions, from reconnaissance to artillery fire support or even missions to destroy military targets or equipment. Analyzing the preparation process of the Azerbaijani army and their approach to the conflict, through the use of a wide range of technologies and systems that often did not require the physical presence of soldiers, allows for the detection of important trends and perspectives on how future conflicts will be shaped by the widespread use of missiles, unmanned aircraft systems, and artillery.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46798000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-06
L. Saka, A. Bakare, Humphrey Chinedu Nwaorgu, Sherifdeen Adeoye Oladejo
Transborder crimes and the operation of criminal syndicates have emerged as major threats to security and efforts to advance integration in West Africa. The proliferation of transborder criminal syndicates and rising criminal activities has made member states take steps to curtail these growing challenges, sometimeswith unintended consequences on the free flow of factors of production as enshrined in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Protocol on Free Movement. Informed by the need to understand the challenges that transborder crimes pose within a specific context, this study examinestransborder criminal activities across the Nigeria-Benin Republic border. The study assesses three forms of criminal activities along the two countries’ borderlands and their implications for the security of the two countries concerned. The qualitative method was adopted, and data for the study was derived frommostly secondary and less primary sources. These criminal activities affect the national security of the two countries and impact efforts to advance integration in the sub-region. The study recommends the implementation of joint border security reforms.
{"title":"Transborder Crimes and the Challenges of Regional Integration in West Africa: Insights from the Nigeria-Benin Republic Borders","authors":"L. Saka, A. Bakare, Humphrey Chinedu Nwaorgu, Sherifdeen Adeoye Oladejo","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-06","url":null,"abstract":"Transborder crimes and the operation of criminal syndicates have emerged as major threats to security and efforts to advance integration in West Africa. The proliferation of transborder criminal syndicates and rising criminal activities has made member states take steps to curtail these growing challenges, sometimeswith unintended consequences on the free flow of factors of production as enshrined in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Protocol on Free Movement. Informed by the need to understand the challenges that transborder crimes pose within a specific context, this study examinestransborder criminal activities across the Nigeria-Benin Republic border. The study assesses three forms of criminal activities along the two countries’ borderlands and their implications for the security of the two countries concerned. The qualitative method was adopted, and data for the study was derived frommostly secondary and less primary sources. These criminal activities affect the national security of the two countries and impact efforts to advance integration in the sub-region. The study recommends the implementation of joint border security reforms.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47447845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-16DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-97
Denis-Georgian Dinu
Operation “Z” launched by Russia on 24.02.2022 against Ukraine is facing severe logistical problems on the ground. The railway infrastructure they rely on and cannot fully meet their requirements, outdated logistical equipment, difficulties and limitations in securing fuel requirements have been frequently reported problems in the last weeks of the conflict. The logistics support doctrine of the Russian forces contains some organizational and functional inadequacies. From its analysis it appears that a logistic support battalion with its personnel and equipment is not able to fully meet the support requirements of the forces served. Apparently, this deficiency is encountered both at the tactical and the operational and strategic level, as it becomes evident from the analysis of several articles and scholarly works regarding the current Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The present article aims, based on the analysis of information available from open sources (articles, TV reports and social media posts), to identify the source of the logistical problems faced by the Russian armed forces.
{"title":"THE RUSSIAN ARMY’S DEFICIENCIES IN OPERATION ”Z”","authors":"Denis-Georgian Dinu","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-97","url":null,"abstract":"Operation “Z” launched by Russia on 24.02.2022 against Ukraine is facing severe logistical problems on the ground. The railway infrastructure they rely on and cannot fully meet their requirements, outdated logistical equipment, difficulties and limitations in securing fuel requirements have been frequently reported problems in the last weeks of the conflict. The logistics support doctrine of the Russian forces contains some organizational and functional inadequacies. From its analysis it appears that a logistic support battalion with its personnel and equipment is not able to fully meet the support requirements of the forces served. Apparently, this deficiency is encountered both at the tactical and the operational and strategic level, as it becomes evident from the analysis of several articles and scholarly works regarding the current Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The present article aims, based on the analysis of information available from open sources (articles, TV reports and social media posts), to identify the source of the logistical problems faced by the Russian armed forces.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47579444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-16DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-90
Dragos Ilinca
This article brings to attention one of the main developments recorded in the context of European defence cooperation, namely the establishment of the European Defence Fund (EDF). Conceived as an initiative aimed at contributing to the financial support of cooperation projects in the fields of capability development and defence research, the EDF represents an innovation that began to operate starting with 2021, offering additional perspectives for strengthening the Common Security and Defence Policy. Although it is a new initiative, the European Defence Fund was preceded by preparatory measures in which the necessary procedural framework and mechanisms were defined. From this perspective, the analysis developed in this article deepens the thesis regarding the positive impact of EDF for the sustainability of European cooperation in the field of defence. The strategic value of the new tool for integrating capability development and research aspects is another direction explored in the article. Last but not least, the economic role of EDF benefits of special attention in this study, from the perspective of the way in which various entities from the EU territory perceived EDF, being reflected mainly in the increase of their participation in the drafting projects and participating in competition.
{"title":"OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF EU PROFILE IN THE FIELD OF DEFENCE CAPABILITIES. EUROPEAN DEFENCE FUND","authors":"Dragos Ilinca","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-90","url":null,"abstract":"This article brings to attention one of the main developments recorded in the context of European defence cooperation, namely the establishment of the European Defence Fund (EDF). Conceived as an initiative aimed at contributing to the financial support of cooperation projects in the fields of capability development and defence research, the EDF represents an innovation that began to operate starting with 2021, offering additional perspectives for strengthening the Common Security and Defence Policy. Although it is a new initiative, the European Defence Fund was preceded by preparatory measures in which the necessary procedural framework and mechanisms were defined. From this perspective, the analysis developed in this article deepens the thesis regarding the positive impact of EDF for the sustainability of European cooperation in the field of defence. The strategic value of the new tool for integrating capability development and research aspects is another direction explored in the article. Last but not least, the economic role of EDF benefits of special attention in this study, from the perspective of the way in which various entities from the EU territory perceived EDF, being reflected mainly in the increase of their participation in the drafting projects and participating in competition.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46000617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-16DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-92
Claudia–Alecsandra Gabrian
According to statistics, in recent years there has been an increase in cyber-attacks and their negative impact on individuals, organizations, and governments. Cyber attackers have acquired the resources and expertise to launch massive attacks against other nations to gain strategic advantages, mainly targeting critical infrastructure and public services. Current geopolitical events, through the action launched by the Russian Federation in Ukraine, demonstrate that cyber security threats are ever greater. States’ responses to these challenges must be quick and effective, adapted to this context. Over the past year, Russian cybercrime groups have strengthened their position as threats to the global digital ecosystem, demonstrating adaptability, persistence, and a willingness to exploit computer systems. This paper will analyze how cybercrime groups have been more present in the international space due to this war, as well as the importance given to them due to the types of attacks launched and their division into belligerent support camps.
{"title":"HOW THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR MAY CHANGE THE CYBERCRIME ECOSYSTEM","authors":"Claudia–Alecsandra Gabrian","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-92","url":null,"abstract":"According to statistics, in recent years there has been an increase in cyber-attacks and their negative impact on individuals, organizations, and governments. Cyber attackers have acquired the resources and expertise to launch massive attacks against other nations to gain strategic advantages, mainly targeting critical infrastructure and public services. Current geopolitical events, through the action launched by the Russian Federation in Ukraine, demonstrate that cyber security threats are ever greater. States’ responses to these challenges must be quick and effective, adapted to this context. Over the past year, Russian cybercrime groups have strengthened their position as threats to the global digital ecosystem, demonstrating adaptability, persistence, and a willingness to exploit computer systems. This paper will analyze how cybercrime groups have been more present in the international space due to this war, as well as the importance given to them due to the types of attacks launched and their division into belligerent support camps.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41752801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-16DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-93
Cezar-Cristian Aldea
The events that took place at the end of the twentieth century led to important transformations that determined the need to reconfigure the geopolitical and geostrategic environment in terms of risk diversity, threats and interests of the actors involved. Russia is a key element in establishing the new security architecture as it seems to focus all necessary forces and means on maintaining its influence in Eastern Europe. In this article, I will address not only the main security threats and vulnerabilities deduced from Russia’s military operation in Ukraine, whose purpose is to reconfigure the security environment and restore the new world order, namely the Black Sea region, but I will also refer to the weapons of the mass destruction, cyber-attacks, climate change and, last but not least, the flow of refugees. All these new risks and threats to national security demonstrate once again Romania’s strategic role in shaping global security architecture. Strengthening Romania’s national security is a key element in the coming years in the unpredictable context of the regional security environment.
{"title":"NEW THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES REGARDING NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE","authors":"Cezar-Cristian Aldea","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-93","url":null,"abstract":"The events that took place at the end of the twentieth century led to important transformations that determined the need to reconfigure the geopolitical and geostrategic environment in terms of risk diversity, threats and interests of the actors involved. Russia is a key element in establishing the new security architecture as it seems to focus all necessary forces and means on maintaining its influence in Eastern Europe. In this article, I will address not only the main security threats and vulnerabilities deduced from Russia’s military operation in Ukraine, whose purpose is to reconfigure the security environment and restore the new world order, namely the Black Sea region, but I will also refer to the weapons of the mass destruction, cyber-attacks, climate change and, last but not least, the flow of refugees. All these new risks and threats to national security demonstrate once again Romania’s strategic role in shaping global security architecture. Strengthening Romania’s national security is a key element in the coming years in the unpredictable context of the regional security environment.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48404976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-16DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-94
Madălina PREDA (DAVIDOIU)
The normative and practical value of protecting civilians during armed conflicts and respecting the exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms even in international armed conflicts is an undeniable one. Changing the forms and means used in armed struggles leads to violations of the provisions of international humanitarian law. The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Georgia v. Russia has made a connection between the fundamental rights included in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the rights protected by the laws of armed conflicts, a decision of particular importance in the current security context in South-Eastern Europe
{"title":"THE RESPECT FOR FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS DURING AND AFTER THE RUSSIAN-GEORGIAN WAR","authors":"Madălina PREDA (DAVIDOIU)","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-94","url":null,"abstract":"The normative and practical value of protecting civilians during armed conflicts and respecting the exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms even in international armed conflicts is an undeniable one. Changing the forms and means used in armed struggles leads to violations of the provisions of international humanitarian law. The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Georgia v. Russia has made a connection between the fundamental rights included in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the rights protected by the laws of armed conflicts, a decision of particular importance in the current security context in South-Eastern Europe","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45165839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-16DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-22-88
L. Saka, Sherifdeen Adeoye Oladejo
There has been a debate on the modality for the management of the Nigerian Police Force since the return to civil rule in 1999. The debate revolves around the need to devolve constitutional authority on policing to sub-national units. In theory, this will entail moving internal security issues, inclusive of policing, from the exclusive federal list to the concurrent list. Given the heighten insecurity that has plagued the Nigerian state in recent times, this paper examines the restructuring discourse in Nigeria with a specific focus on the call for the establishment of state police within the context of the subsidiarity principle. The study was contextualized within the exploratory research design paradigm and it adopted the qualitative approach in the sourcing and analysis of data. To this end, the paper has drawn information from published media reports that include: opinion, commentaries, editorials and news articles. Data was also sourced from published academic and policy publications that include: articles, chapter in books, books and government documents. Drawing on information from these sources, this paper assesses the positions of protagonists and antagonists of state police in Nigeria. It draws out implications for security governance in Nigeria.
{"title":"INSECURITY AND THE QUEST FOR STATE POLICE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RESTRUCTURING DEBATE IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC","authors":"L. Saka, Sherifdeen Adeoye Oladejo","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-22-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-88","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a debate on the modality for the management of the Nigerian Police Force since the return to civil rule in 1999. The debate revolves around the need to devolve constitutional authority on policing to sub-national units. In theory, this will entail moving internal security issues, inclusive of policing, from the exclusive federal list to the concurrent list. Given the heighten insecurity that has plagued the Nigerian state in recent times, this paper examines the restructuring discourse in Nigeria with a specific focus on the call for the establishment of state police within the context of the subsidiarity principle. The study was contextualized within the exploratory research design paradigm and it adopted the qualitative approach in the sourcing and analysis of data. To this end, the paper has drawn information from published media reports that include: opinion, commentaries, editorials and news articles. Data was also sourced from published academic and policy publications that include: articles, chapter in books, books and government documents. Drawing on information from these sources, this paper assesses the positions of protagonists and antagonists of state police in Nigeria. It draws out implications for security governance in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42389043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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