Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-08
Vereș Diana-Elena
In the last half of the century, public diplomacy has gained great popularity worldwide, becoming one of the basic components of diplomatic practices. From this perspective, it is important to study how the concept of soft power is currently perceived and understood in China at the national level as well as by civil society and the target of China’s public diplomacy. Various Chinese scholars from major Chinese universities concerned with the issue of soft power have published numerous articles systematically describing China’s perspective on the concept and where their country stands at the beginning of the 2000s, with the intention of defining the concept and charting a trajectory for their country. Looking at the Chinese sources and comparing them with the general notions of soft power presented by Joseph Nye, we can state that we are witnessing a new process of assimilation and adaptation in China of a theorythat does not originate in Asia. This article aims to illustrate how China defines soft power and how it has implemented this new tool of the new diplomacy by analyzing the specialized materials published in China during the period 2005-2017.
{"title":"The chinese vision of soft power. General considerations","authors":"Vereș Diana-Elena","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-08","url":null,"abstract":"In the last half of the century, public diplomacy has gained great popularity worldwide, becoming one of the basic components of diplomatic practices. From this perspective, it is important to study how the concept of soft power is currently perceived and understood in China at the national level as well as by civil society and the target of China’s public diplomacy. Various Chinese scholars from major Chinese universities concerned with the issue of soft power have published numerous articles systematically describing China’s perspective on the concept and where their country stands at the beginning of the 2000s, with the intention of defining the concept and charting a trajectory for their country. Looking at the Chinese sources and comparing them with the general notions of soft power presented by Joseph Nye, we can state that we are witnessing a new process of assimilation and adaptation in China of a theorythat does not originate in Asia. This article aims to illustrate how China defines soft power and how it has implemented this new tool of the new diplomacy by analyzing the specialized materials published in China during the period 2005-2017.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43279413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-07
Alexandru-Lucian Cucinschi
The recognition of two new operational environments/domains, the cyber environment and the space environment, has led to the imagining of several “asymmetric” possibilities of engaging an adversary, with the aim of creating multiple dilemmas for the adversary, which it must take into account. This approach to military operations is currently associated with the new concept of multi-domain operations. However, it should be noted that not only the recognition of the two new environments, in addition to the three classic environments, constitutes multi-domain operations, but also the future operating environment as a whole is a triggering factor. Thus, in this article, my aim is to identify the extent to which the two new operational environments contribute to the development of the new multi-domain operations concept, with the aim of highlighting possible ways forward in terms of implementing the multi-domain operation concept anddeveloping specific actions in and from the cyber and space environments. Following the analysis carried out, it was noticed that the cyber and space domains are gradually losing relevance within the phases of the multi-domain operation, while the actions are being fragmented and decentralized. This fact must be takeninto account in the development of multi-domain formations.
{"title":"Cyber and space domains – Impact on the development of the multi-domain operations","authors":"Alexandru-Lucian Cucinschi","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-07","url":null,"abstract":"The recognition of two new operational environments/domains, the cyber environment and the space environment, has led to the imagining of several “asymmetric” possibilities of engaging an adversary, with the aim of creating multiple dilemmas for the adversary, which it must take into account. This approach to military operations is currently associated with the new concept of multi-domain operations. However, it should be noted that not only the recognition of the two new environments, in addition to the three classic environments, constitutes multi-domain operations, but also the future operating environment as a whole is a triggering factor. Thus, in this article, my aim is to identify the extent to which the two new operational environments contribute to the development of the new multi-domain operations concept, with the aim of highlighting possible ways forward in terms of implementing the multi-domain operation concept anddeveloping specific actions in and from the cyber and space environments. Following the analysis carried out, it was noticed that the cyber and space domains are gradually losing relevance within the phases of the multi-domain operation, while the actions are being fragmented and decentralized. This fact must be takeninto account in the development of multi-domain formations.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44229534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-14
Luiza SÎRBU (RADUSLAV)
The evolution of war and armed conflicts in contemporary society and in the foreseeable future requires deep reflection not only on the physiognomy of the confrontation but also on rethinking the ways of adapting the forms and procedures of military action to the requirements of international law, principles, and norms concerning the protection of victims, different categories of persons, and material and cultural assets. “Multi-domain operations” have a considerably increased potential for generating combined destructive effects achieved with means of combat based on new technologies. By synchronizing military and non-military activities, this mixing can, in turn, generate consequences that may fall under the law of armed conflict. In this context, our aim in this material is to identify some aspects that reflect the need to synchronize multi-domain operations with the legal regulations and ethical conditions necessary for conducting contemporary military conflicts.
{"title":"Legal and ethical aspects of the synchronization of military and non-military activities in multi-domain operations","authors":"Luiza SÎRBU (RADUSLAV)","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-14","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of war and armed conflicts in contemporary society and in the foreseeable future requires deep reflection not only on the physiognomy of the confrontation but also on rethinking the ways of adapting the forms and procedures of military action to the requirements of international law, principles, and norms concerning the protection of victims, different categories of persons, and material and cultural assets. “Multi-domain operations” have a considerably increased potential for generating combined destructive effects achieved with means of combat based on new technologies. By synchronizing military and non-military activities, this mixing can, in turn, generate consequences that may fall under the law of armed conflict. In this context, our aim in this material is to identify some aspects that reflect the need to synchronize multi-domain operations with the legal regulations and ethical conditions necessary for conducting contemporary military conflicts.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43589728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-02
Nowadays, warfare is characterized by a huge intensity of fight, large investment in military technology that led to new ways of combat and increased its visibility. While the changing strategic, social and cultural features of this environment have forced governments and armies to add new fight strategies including public diplomacy, the public diplomacy itself transformed. Therefore, this article reviews current research in this field and presents a theoretical approach of the actual war. In this regard, the topic discussed is the battle between the Ukrainian and Russian military for image and legitimacy in the international public opinion. In the information age in which we live, the activities and capabilities of public diplomacy can have a significant impact on how people, organizations, and governments perceive this war. The purpose of the article is to examine the management of public diplomacy in the case of both actors involved in this war.
{"title":"Public diplomacy during military international conflicts. The Ukraine war case","authors":"","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-02","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, warfare is characterized by a huge intensity of fight, large investment in military technology that led to new ways of combat and increased its visibility. While the changing strategic, social and cultural features of this environment have forced governments and armies to add new fight strategies including public diplomacy, the public diplomacy itself transformed. Therefore, this article reviews current research in this field and presents a theoretical approach of the actual war. In this regard, the topic discussed is the battle between the Ukrainian and Russian military for image and legitimacy in the international public opinion. In the information age in which we live, the activities and capabilities of public diplomacy can have a significant impact on how people, organizations, and governments perceive this war. The purpose of the article is to examine the management of public diplomacy in the case of both actors involved in this war.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43153479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-12
Robert-Cristian Trif
The current conflict on Romania’s border is a genuine threat to national and European security, but above all to world security, given that one of the two belligerents possesses nuclear weapons and has always taken a hostile stance towards democratic circles. The Russian Federation’s unprovoked and totally unjustified invasion of Ukraine will radically change the entire geopolitical and security environment both nationally and on NATO’s eastern flank. Although the conflict is still ongoing, Russian logistical support to the war in Ukraine requires further approaches and is a critical area of research for several reasons. First, a thorough understanding of Russian logistical support can help develop effective strategies to counter Russian aggression in Ukraine. Second, an understanding of Russian logistical support can help policymakers assess the effectiveness of economic sanctions and other measures aimed at reducing Russian involvement in the conflict. Third, understanding Russian logistical support can provide insights into Russia’s broader geopolitical strategy in the region, which could help to resolve the conflict diplomatically and promote stability in the region
{"title":"The attack of the Russian Federation on Ukraine – Approach regarding the land logistics support of military actions","authors":"Robert-Cristian Trif","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-12","url":null,"abstract":"The current conflict on Romania’s border is a genuine threat to national and European security, but above all to world security, given that one of the two belligerents possesses nuclear weapons and has always taken a hostile stance towards democratic circles. The Russian Federation’s unprovoked and totally unjustified invasion of Ukraine will radically change the entire geopolitical and security environment both nationally and on NATO’s eastern flank. Although the conflict is still ongoing, Russian logistical support to the war in Ukraine requires further approaches and is a critical area of research for several reasons. First, a thorough understanding of Russian logistical support can help develop effective strategies to counter Russian aggression in Ukraine. Second, an understanding of Russian logistical support can help policymakers assess the effectiveness of economic sanctions and other measures aimed at reducing Russian involvement in the conflict. Third, understanding Russian logistical support can provide insights into Russia’s broader geopolitical strategy in the region, which could help to resolve the conflict diplomatically and promote stability in the region","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49105576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-01
Eveline Mărășoiu
Russian military thinking and strategic documents attribute information warfare (and its associated concepts) to external authors only. This creates a vacuum in terms of how Russia actually implements itself information-psychological operations and how this fits into the broader Russian military thinking. This article looks at how information (-psychological) operations (IOs) are applied pragmatically through the prism of specific and well-established Russian concepts, such as Reflexive Control, Asymmetry and Initial Period of War, with a specific focus on the current conflict in Ukraine. It also looks at specific capabilities and formation in the field of IOs, as pertaining to the military field.
{"title":"Considerations on the role of information (-psychological) operations in Russian military thinking","authors":"Eveline Mărășoiu","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-01","url":null,"abstract":"Russian military thinking and strategic documents attribute information warfare (and its associated concepts) to external authors only. This creates a vacuum in terms of how Russia actually implements itself information-psychological operations and how this fits into the broader Russian military thinking. This article looks at how information (-psychological) operations (IOs) are applied pragmatically through the prism of specific and well-established Russian concepts, such as Reflexive Control, Asymmetry and Initial Period of War, with a specific focus on the current conflict in Ukraine. It also looks at specific capabilities and formation in the field of IOs, as pertaining to the military field.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42996914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-10
Ștefan Emil Repede, R. Brad
This article aims to compare current state-of-the-art natural language processing models (NLP) fine-tuned for fake news detection based on a set of metrics and asses their effectiveness as a part of a disinformation management structure. The need for a development of this area comes as a response to the overwhelming and unregulated spread of fake news that represents one of the current major difficulties in today`s era. The development of AI technologies has a direct impact over the creation and spreading of misinformation and disinformation as a result of the multiple uses that technology may have. Currently, machine learning techniques are used for the development of large language models (LLM). These developments in science are also used in disinformation campaigns. Related to this matter the concept of disinformation management has arisen as a cybersecurity issue integral in the current cyber threat landscape
{"title":"A comparison of artificial intelligence models used for fake news detection","authors":"Ștefan Emil Repede, R. Brad","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-10","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to compare current state-of-the-art natural language processing models (NLP) fine-tuned for fake news detection based on a set of metrics and asses their effectiveness as a part of a disinformation management structure. The need for a development of this area comes as a response to the overwhelming and unregulated spread of fake news that represents one of the current major difficulties in today`s era. The development of AI technologies has a direct impact over the creation and spreading of misinformation and disinformation as a result of the multiple uses that technology may have. Currently, machine learning techniques are used for the development of large language models (LLM). These developments in science are also used in disinformation campaigns. Related to this matter the concept of disinformation management has arisen as a cybersecurity issue integral in the current cyber threat landscape","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49009872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-15
Mariu Vasile Manga
The personnel of international organizations and bodies are exposed to a variety of risksand threats, not only in existing conflict situations in collapsing states where peacekeeping missions and operations are carried out, but also due to a complex security environment dominated by new conceptual mutations and an alert pace of technological development. The trend of casualties among United Nations (UN) employees in recent years remains high, indicating that armed violence is still widespread in mission areas and peace operations. Theprocess of mitigating risk is complex and based on the need for a permanent assessment of the security situation in an adaptive manner, as well as a permanent correlation of these risks with the level of available capabilities.
{"title":"The security of United Nations personnel in peace missions and operations","authors":"Mariu Vasile Manga","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-15","url":null,"abstract":"The personnel of international organizations and bodies are exposed to a variety of risksand threats, not only in existing conflict situations in collapsing states where peacekeeping missions and operations are carried out, but also due to a complex security environment dominated by new conceptual mutations and an alert pace of technological development. The trend of casualties among United Nations (UN) employees in recent years remains high, indicating that armed violence is still widespread in mission areas and peace operations. Theprocess of mitigating risk is complex and based on the need for a permanent assessment of the security situation in an adaptive manner, as well as a permanent correlation of these risks with the level of available capabilities.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47996055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-05
Petar Murginski
This scholarly article examines the continued existence of NATO after the end of the Cold War. Despite the disappearance of its primary adversary, the Soviet Union, NATO has continued to exist. The conventional neorealist explanation for the alliance’s longevity, which states that NATO was established as a counterbalance to the Soviet Union and thus should have been dissolved upon its collapse, is challenged by the constructivist perspective. Constructivism argues that NATO persists as a result of the desire of liberal democracies to cooperate for the sake of peace and the influence of member states’ collective identities. However, this constructivist explanation is criticized for being predicated on a specific understanding of NATO and for neglecting the crucial role of the United States in sustaining the alliance. This study contends that offensive neorealism, which takes into account the role of the United States in a value-neutral way, offers the most comprehensive explanation for NATO’s persistence after 1991.
{"title":"The Survival of NATO in the Post-Cold War Era: A Comparative Analysis of Neorealist and Constructivist Theories","authors":"Petar Murginski","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-05","url":null,"abstract":"This scholarly article examines the continued existence of NATO after the end of the Cold War. Despite the disappearance of its primary adversary, the Soviet Union, NATO has continued to exist. The conventional neorealist explanation for the alliance’s longevity, which states that NATO was established as a counterbalance to the Soviet Union and thus should have been dissolved upon its collapse, is challenged by the constructivist perspective. Constructivism argues that NATO persists as a result of the desire of liberal democracies to cooperate for the sake of peace and the influence of member states’ collective identities. However, this constructivist explanation is criticized for being predicated on a specific understanding of NATO and for neglecting the crucial role of the United States in sustaining the alliance. This study contends that offensive neorealism, which takes into account the role of the United States in a value-neutral way, offers the most comprehensive explanation for NATO’s persistence after 1991.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43091954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.53477/2284-9378-23-09
The CIA began publishing the journal “Studies in Intelligence” in the mid-1950s. This journal contains both classified and unclassified materials, with the latter being available to the public. Its initiator, Sherman Kent, the director of the analysis office within the CIA, aimed to support an “intelligence literature”. The journal, which is still published today, covers various topics in the field of intelligence. One of its main areas of focus is militaryintelligence, where it has helped pave the way for modern practices still in use.
{"title":"Military intelligence issues in declassified articles of the CIA’s professional journal Studies in Intelligence (1955-1989)","authors":"","doi":"10.53477/2284-9378-23-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-09","url":null,"abstract":"The CIA began publishing the journal “Studies in Intelligence” in the mid-1950s. This journal contains both classified and unclassified materials, with the latter being available to the public. Its initiator, Sherman Kent, the director of the analysis office within the CIA, aimed to support an “intelligence literature”. The journal, which is still published today, covers various topics in the field of intelligence. One of its main areas of focus is militaryintelligence, where it has helped pave the way for modern practices still in use.","PeriodicalId":33675,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Carol I National Defense University","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46754696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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