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Sinophonic Detours in Colonial Burma 缅甸殖民时期的汉语弯路
Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/25783491-9290680
Brian Bernards
Following his 1925–1931 overland trek across southwestern China to colonial Burma, Ai Wu's 1935 Travels in the South (the author's canonical collection of autobiographical travelogue fiction) represents a Sinophonic detouring of the key literary impulses of the author's May Fourth forebears and his left-wing literary contemporaries, especially with its social realist expressions of gendered frontier primitivism, interethnic romantic desire, and international leftist solidarity. Ai Wu's southbound transborder itinerary and “street education”—marked by a repetition of trespasses and evictions—develop a “counterpoetics of trespass” blurring boundaries between social realist fiction and autobiographical travelogue while intertextually rerouting romantic primitivism in depictions of indigenous women through counterpoetically anemic prose. Initially taking his cue from Lu Xun, Ai Wu similarly inscribes his literary mission as one of national redemption but in a way that conforms to the leftist internationalist ideals of the League of Left-Wing Writers, which Ai Wu joined after he was forcibly repatriated to China by British colonial authorities in 1931. Ai Wu's Sinophone transborder counterpoetics activate latent self-reflections on the narrator's own male Han-centric exoticism toward indigenous Shan and Burman women and on his unfulfilled desire to forge meaningful relationships with them. Rather than assimilating or subordinating his depictions of these women into a projection of a Chinese leftist national cause, Ai Wu ultimately sublimates his romantic desires into an allegory for Burma's anticolonial resistance movement.
艾吴在1925年至1931年跋山涉水穿越中国西南到达缅甸殖民地后,于1935年出版的《南方游记》(艾吴的经典自传体游记小说集)代表了他五四时期的前辈和同时代左翼文学的主要冲动,尤其是社会现实主义对性别化的边疆原始主义、种族间的浪漫欲望和国际左派团结的表达。艾吴的南下跨界行程和“街头教育”——以反复出现的非法侵入和驱逐为标志——发展了一种“非法侵入的反诗学”,模糊了社会现实主义小说和自传式旅行日志之间的界限,同时通过反诗性的缺乏活力的散文,在对土著妇女的描述中,在互文中重新引入浪漫的原始主义。艾吴最初从鲁迅那里得到灵感,同样把自己的文学使命作为一种民族救赎,但在某种程度上符合左翼作家联盟的左翼国际主义理想。艾吴在1931年被英国殖民当局强行遣返中国后加入了左翼作家联盟。艾吴的华语跨界反诗学激发了叙述者对自己以汉族为中心的男性对当地掸族和缅甸族妇女的异国情调的潜在自我反思,以及他未能实现的与她们建立有意义关系的愿望。艾吴并没有将他对这些女性的描绘同化或从属于对中国左翼民族事业的投射,而是最终将他的浪漫欲望升华为对缅甸反殖民抵抗运动的寓言。
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引用次数: 0
The Cultural Hybridity of Chineseness 中国文化的混杂性
Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/25783491-9290647
L. Gibbs
This article looks at three contemporary novels where songs sung by rural women from the border region of northern Shaanxi Province evoke cultural and temporal hybridities, fusing social continuity with the threat and promise of change. The novels alternately portray untamed others—ranging from a Xiongnu soldier to a mountain bride to a country girl—as invasive threats and purveyors of potentially beneficial hybridities, adapting tropes of ethnic alterity to rethink the rural-urban divide and challenge both urban-centered and rural-centered discourses of progress. The wild brings vibrancy to the civilized, the center is drawn to the periphery, and the rural and urban are alternately desired and dismissed. In the end, these rural women's songs erase hierarchical notions of center and periphery and bring together alternative worldviews and visions of progress as only songs of the borderland can.
本文着眼于三部当代小说,其中陕北边区农村妇女所唱的歌曲唤起了文化和时间的杂交,将社会连续性与变革的威胁和希望融合在一起。这两部小说交替地将未被驯服的人——从匈奴士兵到山区新娘再到乡村女孩——描绘成具有侵略性的威胁和潜在的有益杂交的提供者,用种族多样性的比喻来重新思考城乡鸿沟,挑战以城市为中心和以农村为中心的进步话语。野性给文明带来活力,中心被吸引到边缘,乡村和城市交替被渴望和排斥。最后,这些农村妇女的歌曲抹去了中心和边缘的等级观念,把不同的世界观和进步的愿景结合在一起,这是只有边缘地区的歌曲才能做到的。
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引用次数: 0
Conciliatory Amalgamation 和解的融合
Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/25783491-9290664
E. Tan
Published in 2015, Padi Guli's A Hundred Years of Bloodline tells the story of Fatima, a Uyghur woman's journey to unpack her family history while struggling to understand the status of ethnic minorities in the larger fabric of multiethnic China. The novel concludes with a positive message calling for ethnic integration. This adoption of a state-sanctioned concept of ethnic integration is what this article calls conciliatory amalgamation; it privileges a rhetoric of multiethnicism that centers on national unity and economic progress. This article reads the novel against the PRC's ethnic minority policy to examine the implications of the protagonist's cultural, linguistic, and geopolitical border-crossing as she comes to terms with ethnic amalgamation as a necessary mode of survival. This allows the novel to be read as a symptom of Padi Guli's status as a Sinophone Uyghur writer who establishes herself within the dominant tradition of Chinese literature. As one of the few prominent Sinophone Uyghur writers, she inevitably becomes a token that sustains the rhetoric of Chinese literature as inclusive and diverse. Along this line of thought, the article argues that Padi Guli's status as a writer mirrors that of her protagonist as they both adopt a conciliatory attitude toward amalgamation.
2015年出版的帕迪·古丽的《百年血脉》讲述了一位维吾尔族妇女法蒂玛的故事,她一边揭开自己的家族史,一边努力理解少数民族在多民族中国的大格局中的地位。小说以呼吁民族融合的积极信息结尾。采用国家认可的种族融合概念就是本文所说的和解性融合;它推崇以民族团结和经济进步为中心的多民族主义修辞。本文以中国的少数民族政策为背景来解读这部小说,考察主人公在文化、语言和地缘政治上的跨越,以及她将民族融合作为一种必要的生存模式所带来的影响。这使得这部小说可以被解读为帕迪古丽作为一个讲汉语的维吾尔族作家,在中国文学的主导传统中确立了自己的地位。作为少数几个杰出的维吾尔语作家之一,她不可避免地成为维持中国文学修辞包容性和多样性的象征。沿着这条思路,文章认为帕迪古丽作为作家的身份反映了她的主人公的身份,因为他们都对合并采取了和解的态度。
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引用次数: 0
Negative Exposures: Knowing What Not to Know in Contemporary China 消极暴露:当代中国的“知而不知”
Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1215/25783491-8922297
Laura Jo-Han Wen
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引用次数: 8
The Halberd at Red Cliff: Jian'an and the Three Kingdoms 赤壁戟:建安与三国
Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1215/25783491-8922329
Yugen Wang
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引用次数: 0
Hybrid Subjects, Fluid Bonds 混合主题,流动键
Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1215/25783491-8922185
Li Guo
This essay offers a study of male homoeroticism in an unconventional and yet seminal nineteenth-century woman-authored tanci work, Fengshuangfei 鳳雙飛 (Phoenixes Flying Together; preface dated 1899) by Cheng Huiying 程蕙英 (before 1859–after 1899). Perhaps the only tanci known today that focuses centrally on male same-sex relations, Phoenixes Flying Together offers a vital example of early modern queer literary tradition by illustrating fluid male-male bonds and hybrid ideals of homosexuality. Such textual representations shift Confucian cardinal relations, redefine the power of nanse, and demonstrate queer identifications beyond heteronormative relations. Reading women's tanci through the intersectional lenses of early modernity, queer theory, and narrativity, this study examines such narratives as an inspiration to initiate a more contextualized epistemological, historical, and methodical understanding of the dynamic textual spaces that harbor same-sex intimacies, erotic desires, and clandestine longings in vernacular traditions. Narratives of male intimacy, camaraderie, and homosexual love in Cheng's text facilitate the construction of queer subjectivities through character focalization and embedded frames of storytelling and thereby reconfigure patrilineal norms of personal, familial, societal, and political relations. Ultimately, when engaged in conversation with global queer discourses, early modern Chinese vernacular narratives foster a culturally situated understanding of queer historiography, as well as the shifting social structures of power that often condition and facilitate nonnormative expressions of gender and sexuality.
本文对十九世纪女性创作的弹词作品《凤双飞》(凤凰同飞;程慧英(1859年以前- 1899年以后)的序言,写于1899年蕙中文。也许是目前所知的唯一一部集中描写男性同性关系的唐诗,《凤凰同飞》通过描绘流动的男女关系和同性恋的混合理想,为早期现代酷儿文学传统提供了一个重要的例子。这样的文本表述改变了儒家的基本关系,重新定义了意义的力量,并展示了超越异性规范关系的酷儿身份。通过早期现代性、酷儿理论和叙事的交叉视角来解读女性弹词,本研究将这些叙事作为一种启发,以一种更情境化的认识论、历史和系统的方式来理解动态的文本空间,这些文本空间在本土传统中蕴藏着同性亲密关系、色情欲望和秘密的渴望。在郑文杰的作品中,关于男性亲密关系、同志情谊和同性恋之爱的叙事,通过人物聚焦和故事叙事的嵌入框架,促进了酷儿主体性的建构,从而重新配置了个人、家庭、社会和政治关系的父系规范。最终,当与全球酷儿话语进行对话时,早期现代中国白话叙事促进了对酷儿史学的文化定位理解,以及经常限制和促进非规范性性别和性表达的不断变化的社会权力结构。
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引用次数: 0
COVID Cough and Fukushima Novels COVID咳嗽和福岛小说
Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1215/25783491-8922281
Margherita Long
This essay introduces three works of post-Fukushima Japanese literature, by Hayashi Kyoko (1930–2017), Kimura Yusuke (1970–) and Kobayashi Erika (1978–), to offer an environmental humanities alternative to Giorgio Agamben's response to COVID-19. Politically, Hayashi is probably closest to Agamben in that her work has been embraced by antinuclear activists in Japan and upheld as evidence of the injustice of the state of exception into which victims of both Fukushima and Hiroshima/Nagasaki were thrust. The author focuses instead on how these three authors acknowledge the cruelties of biopolitics but nevertheless celebrate the fact that “life” is never bare. For them, ionizing radiation acts like the COVID cough did for many of us: not as an invitation to critique the state but as a material intrusion that forces an awareness of what Rocco Ronchi, in his response to Agamben, called “the destiny of the community of man with nature.” What are the material forces immanent to that destiny? What does it do to our mental health to engage them directly? The three works analyzed answer these questions in creative, powerful ways.
本文介绍了林京子(1930-2017)、木村佑介(1970 -)和小林Erika(1978 -)的三部后福岛日本文学作品,为Giorgio Agamben应对COVID-19提供了一种环境人文替代方案。在政治上,林芳芳可能是最接近阿甘本的,因为她的作品受到日本反核活动人士的欢迎,并被视为福岛和广岛/长崎的受害者被推入例外状态的不公正的证据。相反,作者关注的是这三位作者是如何承认生命政治的残酷,但同时又庆祝“生命”从来都不是赤裸裸的这一事实。对他们来说,电离辐射的行为就像COVID咳嗽对我们许多人所做的那样:不是作为批评国家的邀请,而是作为一种物质入侵,迫使人们意识到罗科·朗奇(Rocco Ronchi)在对阿甘本的回应中所说的“人与自然共同体的命运”。这种命运的内在物质力量是什么?与他们直接接触对我们的心理健康有什么影响?这三部被分析的作品以创造性的、强有力的方式回答了这些问题。
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引用次数: 0
The Male Dan at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century 21世纪之交的男性丹
Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1215/25783491-8922201
Jie Guo
Reading the Taiwanese author Wu Jiwen's 1996 novel Fin-de-siècle Boylove Reader (Shijimo shaonian’ai duben), this essay considers the age-old figure of the male dan and the critical role it played in the emerging gay scene in the Sinophone world at the turn of the twenty-first century. Based on the Qing author Chen Sen's novel Precious Mirror for the Appreciation of Flowers (Pinhua baojian), Wu's version resorts to the figure of the male dan, often referred to as xianggong, to explore male same-sex intimacies, which were gaining increasing visibility in the 1990s Sinophone world. While scholars generally agree that the male dan in Wu's novel bears considerable resemblance to the figure of the contemporary gay man, some read the ending of Wu's novel, where the two protagonists, Mei Ziyu and Du Qinyan, part ways, as representing a compromise. I contend that this “unhappy ending” points to Wu's most radical departure from Chen's novel. The original novel's ending, where Ziyu lives happily ever after with both his wife and Qinyan, reaffirms the centrality of the “polygamous” patron-patronized relationship in the late imperial imagination of male-male relations. In contrast, the failed relationship between Ziyu and Qinyan in Wu's version points to the obsoleteness of the xiangong system, as well as the polygamous mode in the 1990s, which required new modes, categories, and symbols for the imagination of male same-sex relationships. Arguing that in this novel forces past and present, local and global converge, the author uses it to explore the larger question of how to approach the queer Sinophone.
阅读台湾作家吴继文1996年的小说《少年恋读本》,本文探讨了男丁这个古老的形象,以及它在21世纪之交华语世界出现的同性恋场景中所扮演的关键角色。吴的版本改编自清朝作家陈森的小说《赏花宝镜》,以男丹(通常被称为相公)的形象来探索男性同性之间的亲密关系,这种关系在20世纪90年代的华语世界越来越受关注。虽然学者们普遍认为,吴小说中的男丹与当代男同性恋者的形象相当相似,但一些人认为,吴小说的结局——梅子玉和杜沁言这两位主角分道扬镳——代表了一种妥协。我认为这个“不幸的结局”是吴与陈的小说最彻底的背离。原著小说的结局是,子羽从此与妻子和秦燕幸福地生活在一起,这再次肯定了“一夫多妻”的恩宠关系在帝国晚期对男女关系的想象中的中心地位。相比之下,在吴的版本中,紫玉和秦燕的失败关系表明了男权制度的过时,以及20世纪90年代的一夫多妻模式,这需要新的模式、范畴和符号来想象男性同性关系。作者认为,在这部小说中,过去与现在、本土与全球的力量汇聚在一起,作者用它来探索一个更大的问题,即如何接近奇怪的华语。
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引用次数: 1
Between the World Ship and the Spaceship 在世界飞船和宇宙飞船之间
Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1215/25783491-8922249
Zhuoyi Wang
Planetarianism, proposed by Masao Miyoshi for literature and literary studies, calls for a new sense and organization of human totality truly inclusive of all and against neoliberal division, exclusion, repression, and egocentric consumption. Ironically, it is also the global neoliberal economy that lays the only realistic foundation for such a totality, albeit under negative circumstances. This economy has caused a rapid environmental deterioration that involves everyone on the planet, regardless of identity. Human beings are left with just two choices: either collectively forge new relationships among ourselves and with the planet or perish in the environmental devastation wrought by our continuous consumption, exploitation, division, and conflict. Imagining a totalizing environmental disaster and a global unity fighting for the survival of humanity and Earth, the 2019 Chinese sci-fi blockbuster The Wandering Earth is an important case for illustrating what complex forms the idea of planetarianism may take in a concrete ideological and creative context. The author argues that the film's future imagination bears laudable potential to promote a turn from exclusionist individualism, represented by the Hollywood science fiction model, to inclusive planetarianism. However, the film's persuasiveness is significantly limited by the double-layered restraint imposed on it by the state and the market. This article traces the turn and the restraint to their historical sources, closely analyzes where the film succeeds and fails in moving beyond the Hollywood vision of the planet's future, and thereby enriches our understanding of the cinematic imagination of planetarianism.
行星主义是由三吉正雄为文学和文学研究提出的,它呼吁一种新的人类整体意识和组织,真正包容所有人,反对新自由主义的分裂、排斥、压制和以自我为中心的消费。具有讽刺意味的是,正是全球新自由主义经济为这样一个整体奠定了唯一现实的基础,尽管是在消极的环境下。这种经济导致了环境的迅速恶化,涉及到地球上的每个人,无论身份如何。人类只剩下两个选择:要么共同建立我们之间和与地球的新关系,要么在我们不断的消费、开发、分裂和冲突所造成的环境破坏中灭亡。2019年上映的中国科幻大片《流浪地球》想象了一场全面的环境灾难,以及全球团结起来为人类和地球的生存而战,它是一个重要的案例,说明了在具体的意识形态和创作背景下,行星论的思想可能会以多么复杂的形式出现。作者认为,这部电影对未来的想象具有值得称赞的潜力,可以促进以好莱坞科幻小说模式为代表的排他性个人主义向包容性行星主义的转变。然而,影片的说服力明显受到国家和市场双重约束的限制。本文追溯了这种转变和克制的历史根源,仔细分析了电影在超越好莱坞对地球未来的愿景方面的成功和失败,从而丰富了我们对行星主义电影想象力的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Unnatural Causes 不自然的原因
Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1215/25783491-8922273
Patrice D. Douglass
This essay approaches Blackness as a social contagion to examine the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and police violence. By placing the COVID-19 deaths of Black people who are refused hospital treatment in critical conversation with police murders during the pandemic, this essay argues that a focus on social violence helps clarify how the same racial taxonomies are at play in producing these deadly outcomes. As such, the essay concludes with a broadening of the concept of police power to illustrate how, outside of the private and public political spheres, the amorphous nature of the social drives the demand for collective health and safety through the excision of Blackness as a contagion or coercive element.
本文将黑人作为一种社会传染病来研究COVID-19大流行与警察暴力之间的关系。通过将COVID-19拒绝住院治疗的黑人死亡与大流行期间的警察谋杀进行关键对话,本文认为,关注社会暴力有助于澄清相同的种族分类如何在产生这些致命结果方面发挥作用。因此,本文以扩大警察权力的概念来总结,以说明在私人和公共政治领域之外,社会的无定形本质如何通过消除作为传染或强制因素的黑人来驱动对集体健康和安全的需求。
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引用次数: 3
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