International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献_第8页

Thermal contact resistance between geometrically imperfect surfaces with two-dimensional arbitrarily-shaped gaps 具有二维任意形状间隙的几何不完美表面之间的热接触电阻

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128077

Ankur Jain

Thermal contact resistance between mating surfaces occurs due to surface roughness and the resulting imperfect contact between the two, and plays a dominant rate-limiting role in several thermal systems. Thermal spreading/constriction around gaps due to surface roughness has been studied extensively in the past. However, most analytical solutions available in the literature only offer a limited range of validity in terms of the shape of the gap and contact fraction. Further, these papers mostly address only flat or circular arc shaped gaps. This work presents an exact theoretical analysis of thermal conduction around two-dimensional interfacial gaps of irregular shape, leading to an expression for the resulting thermal contact resistance. The gap region is treated as a material of zero thermal conductivity to enforce adiabatic gap boundaries. A unified expression for the thermal conductivity distribution in the entire domain is written, based on which, a series solution for the temperature field is derived. The resulting thermal contact resistance derived here is shown to agree well with previously reported results in their specific regimes of validity. Further, the versatility of the results derived here is illustrated by solving several problems comprising gaps of non-circular shapes. A problem comprising two highly curved circular gaps of different radii is also solved. Another problem that calculates thermal contact resistance using discrete surface roughness data from a profilometer measurement is also discussed. The theoretical analysis presented in this work makes it possible to treat gaps of irregular shape. While presented here in the context of two-dimensional gaps, the theoretical technique developed in this work is extendable to three-dimensional gaps of arbitrary shape.

配合表面之间的热接触电阻是由于表面粗糙度和两者之间的不完全接触而产生的，并且在一些热系统中起主要的速率限制作用。由于表面粗糙度引起的间隙周围的热扩散/收缩在过去已经进行了广泛的研究。然而，文献中可用的大多数分析解决方案仅在间隙形状和接触分数方面提供有限范围的有效性。此外，这些论文大多只涉及平坦或圆弧形的间隙。这项工作对不规则形状的二维界面间隙周围的热传导进行了精确的理论分析，从而得出了由此产生的热接触电阻的表达式。该间隙区域被视为导热系数为零的材料，以加强绝热间隙边界。在此基础上，导出了温度场的级数解。由此得出的热接触电阻在其特定的有效性机制中与先前报道的结果一致。此外，通过解决包含非圆形间隙的几个问题，说明了这里得出的结果的多功能性。还解决了由两个不同半径的高弯曲圆间隙组成的问题。本文还讨论了利用轮廓仪测量的离散表面粗糙度数据计算热接触电阻的另一个问题。在这项工作中提出的理论分析使得处理不规则形状的间隙成为可能。虽然在二维间隙的背景下提出，但在这项工作中发展的理论技术可扩展到任意形状的三维间隙。

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引用次数: 0

Inverse modeling of homogeneous ice nucleation in millimeter-sized levitating water droplets on liquid nitrogen 液氮上毫米级悬浮水滴均匀冰核的反演模型

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128187

Jose H. Lizama, I-Ming Hsiao, Yong-Ming Ye, Chiu-Jen Chen, Noel A. Sanchez, Hsiu-Yang Tseng

Ice-free vitrification has become a primary goal in cryopreservation. To this end, shooting cell-suspension droplets into LN₂ to achieve the ultra-fast cooling rates required for vitrification has motivated extensive research into the thermophysical behavior of droplets levitating on LN₂. However, since temperature-measurements are impossible in this setting, studies have relied on numerical modeling, where critical assumptions were made. Crucially, freezing was forced to initiate at 0 °C, neglecting the well-established fact that water undergoes supercooling. This assumption was perhaps inevitable, due to the lack of experimental data on the homogeneous nucleation temperature of millimeter-sized droplets during levitation on LN₂. Yet, it misrepresents the freezing dynamics. Simultaneously, a uniform boundary condition around the droplet was assumed, as if it were fully immersed in LN₂. In reality, during levitation on LN₂, the droplets cool asymmetrically: the bottom hemisphere exposed to cold LN₂ vapor, the top to air. Here, an inverse modeling framework is introduced to eliminate both assumptions and obtain a realistic temperature profile. A fluorescent marker in the droplet yields an optical signal that quenches upon ice nucleation, providing a timestamp for freezing onset. This timestamp anchors a heat-transfer model that accounts for asymmetric cooling. A supercooling temperature of ∼237.6 K was determined, in agreement with classical nucleation theory (CNT), experimentally extending CNT’s validity range, previously limited to micrometer-sized droplets, to the millimeter scale. The resulting temperature-profiles also reproduce experimental levitation times within 2% error, demonstrating that the framework captures both nucleation and heat-transfer dynamics with high fidelity.

无冰玻璃化已成为低温保存的主要目标。为此，将细胞悬浮液液滴喷射到LN₂中以实现玻璃化所需的超快冷却速率，促使人们对悬浮在LN₂上的液滴的热物理行为进行了广泛的研究。然而，由于温度测量在这种情况下是不可能的，研究依赖于数值模拟，其中做出了关键的假设。至关重要的是，冻结是在0°C时被迫开始的，忽略了一个公认的事实，即水会经历过冷。这种假设可能是不可避免的，因为缺乏关于毫米级液滴在LN₂上悬浮时均匀成核温度的实验数据。然而，它歪曲了冻结动力学。同时，假设液滴周围有一个均匀的边界条件，就好像液滴完全浸入LN₂中。实际上，当液滴悬浮在LN2上时，液滴的冷却是不对称的：底部半球暴露在冷的LN2蒸汽中，顶部暴露在空气中。在这里，引入了一个逆建模框架来消除这两个假设并获得真实的温度分布。液滴中的荧光标记产生光信号，在冰成核时熄灭，为冻结开始提供时间戳。这个时间戳锚定了一个传热模型，可以解释不对称冷却。研究人员确定了237.6 K的过冷温度，与经典成核理论（CNT）一致，通过实验将CNT的有效范围从以前仅限于微米大小的液滴扩展到毫米尺度。得到的温度曲线也在2%的误差范围内再现了实验悬浮时间，表明该框架以高保真度捕获了成核和传热动力学。

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引用次数: 0

Strengthening heat transfer of micro heat pipes using biomimetic liquid diode structures 仿生液体二极管结构强化微热管传热

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128186

Jiaqian Li , Yanbo Sun , Jingtong Wang , Yan Chen , Bo Liu , Lin Guo , Yuying Wang , Hongxing Zhang , Kok Hwa Yu , Gongming Xin

With the rapid advancement of cutting-edge modern technology, electronic devices are continuously evolving toward higher performance, lighter weight, miniaturization, and portability, leading to a marked increase in thermal power consumption and heat flux density. Micro heat pipe technology has started to find extensive use in dissipating heat from electronic devices. However, exist wicking structures in micro heat pipes struggle to keep pace with the development for lighter and thinner electronic devices. Inspired by the shoot and leaves of Crassula muscosa, where a specific liquid can transport unidirectionally in either direction showing a unique liquid diode feature, we develop a silicon-based micro heat pipe that utilizes biomimetic liquid diode ratchet microstructures across its evaporation, adiabatic, and condensation sections. Through such bionic design with directional liquid transport, the heat transfer efficiency of liquid diode micro heat pipe is enhanced by up to 24 % in comparison to that of conventional heat pipe with parallel wicking channels. More notably, the construction of liquid diode structures endows micro heat pipes with a unique thermal rectification effect in two directions, which is intrinsically regulated by the reentrant angles and widths of asymmetric ratchet structures. The bionic design of micro heat pipes offers a distinctive approach for thermal management in the miniaturization of electronic devices.

随着现代尖端技术的飞速发展，电子器件不断向高性能、轻量化、小型化、便携化方向发展，导致热功耗和热流密度显著增加。微热管技术已开始广泛应用于电子器件散热。然而，现有的微热管排芯结构难以跟上电子器件轻薄化的发展。受muscosa的茎和叶的启发，其中特定的液体可以在任何方向上单向传输，显示出独特的液体二极管特征，我们开发了一种基于硅的微热管，该热管在其蒸发，绝热和冷凝部分利用仿生液体二极管棘轮微结构。通过这种具有定向输液的仿生设计，液体二极管微热管的传热效率比具有平行排芯通道的传统热管提高了24%。更值得注意的是，液体二极管结构的构造使微热管具有独特的双向热整流效应，这种效应本质上受非对称棘轮结构的重入角和宽度的调节。微型热管的仿生设计为电子器件小型化的热管理提供了一种独特的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Metal additively manufactured wavy fin cold-plate architecture for improved thermal-hydraulic performance 金属增材制造波纹翅片冷板结构，以提高热工性能

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128138

Omar M. Zaki , Woo Young Park , Ilan Pinkus , William P. King , Nenad Miljkovic

Rapid growth in artificial intelligence and data center workloads demands high-performance liquid cooling to manage increasing chip power. This study presents two metal-additive-manufactured cold plates with sinusoidal fins, constant-amplitude wavy fins and linearly variable-amplitude wavy fins and compares them against metal-additive-manufactured straight fins using experiments conducted at 1 kW heat dissipation as well as high-fidelity 3D conjugate computational fluid dynamic simulations. The cold plates were printed in AlSi10Mg material and underwent design using a Python-automated workflow prior to manufacture and testing. The experiments show that wavy fins reduce the normalized thermal resistance by 35 to 45 % at water flow rates from 1 to 4 LPM. At a fixed 20 kPa pressure drop, the variable-waviness design lowered peak surface temperature by 9 °C and thermal resistance by 51 %, while edge-channel maldistribution in the constant wavy fin design limited gains. A thermal resistance breakdown revealed that 55–63 % of the total thermal resistance in wavy designs comes from base heat conduction, 27–33 % from fin heat conduction, and 9–13 % from fin heat convection, indicating the need to address conduction bottlenecks. Parametric sweeps identify a 3 mm fin pitch as optimal, and that horizontal inlet/outlet manifolds further reduce pressure drop by 30–60 % and thermal resistance by 9–16 % relative to vertical inlet-outlet manifolds. The results yield comprehensive guidelines for fin geometry, manifold alignment, material selection and additive-manufacturing constraints to realize high-performance liquid-cooled cold plates for power-dense electronics.

人工智能和数据中心工作负载的快速增长需要高性能液体冷却来管理不断增长的芯片功率。本文研究了两种金属增材制造的正弦翅片、等幅波翅片和线性变幅波翅片冷板，并通过1kw散热实验和高保真三维共轭计算流体动力学模拟，将其与金属增材制造的直翅片冷板进行了比较。冷板用AlSi10Mg材料打印，并在制造和测试之前使用python自动化工作流程进行设计。实验表明，在1 ~ 4 LPM的流速下，波纹翅片可使归一化热阻降低35% ~ 45%。在固定的20 kPa压降下，变波浪形设计将峰值表面温度降低了9°C，热阻降低了51%，而恒定波浪形鳍设计中的边缘通道不均匀限制了增益。一项热阻分析显示，波浪设计中55 - 63%的总热阻来自底部热传导，27 - 33%来自翅片热传导，9 - 13%来自翅片热对流，这表明需要解决传导瓶颈。参数扫描确定3毫米的翅片间距为最佳，与垂直进出口歧管相比，水平进出口歧管进一步降低了30 - 60%的压降和9 - 16%的热阻。研究结果为实现用于功率密集电子设备的高性能液冷冷板提供了翅片几何形状、流形排列、材料选择和增材制造约束的综合指导。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal contact angle for dropwise condensation: an experimental study 水滴冷凝最佳接触角的实验研究

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128140

Tomasz K. Kułakowski , Yimin Zhou , Grzegorz Celichowski , Maciej Psarski , Solomon Adera

Dropwise condensation, widely recognized as a highly efficient heat transfer mechanism, is yet to be implemented in industrial applications. Recent advances in semi-analytical modeling of condensation have led to predictions of an optimal contact angle for enhancement of this phase change heat transfer process. Here, we present the first experimental study supporting these predictions. Using self-assembled monolayers of thiols on gold-coated smooth surfaces, we systematically investigated contact angles in the range 84° to 115° in a pressure- and temperature-controlled environmental chamber in the absence of non-condensable gases. Our experimental results reveal that the optimal contact angle for condensation falls between 96° and 105° . Interestingly, while our results support predictions regarding the existence of an optimal contact angle, the specific values and their impact differ from previous reports. By experimentally demonstrating higher condensation heat transfer rates at intermediate contact angles, this study unequivocally shows that high hydrophobicity is not necessarily a desired property for a condenser surface. The insights gained from this work open new avenues for improving dropwise condensation in various industrial processes such as the steam cycle and liquid separation.

液滴冷凝被广泛认为是一种高效的传热机制，但在工业应用中尚未实现。最近在冷凝半解析建模方面的进展已经导致了对增强这种相变传热过程的最佳接触角的预测。在这里，我们提出了支持这些预测的第一个实验研究。在没有不可冷凝气体的压力和温度控制的环境室中，我们在涂有金的光滑表面上使用自组装的硫醇单层，系统地研究了接触角在84°至115°范围内的接触角。实验结果表明，冷凝的最佳接触角在96°~ 105°之间。有趣的是，虽然我们的结果支持关于最佳接触角存在的预测，但具体值及其影响与以前的报告不同。通过实验证明在中间接触角下较高的冷凝换热率，本研究明确表明，高疏水性不一定是冷凝器表面所需的特性。从这项工作中获得的见解为改善蒸汽循环和液体分离等各种工业过程中的滴状冷凝开辟了新的途径。

{"title":"Optimal contact angle for dropwise condensation: an experimental study","authors":"Tomasz K. Kułakowski , Yimin Zhou , Grzegorz Celichowski , Maciej Psarski , Solomon Adera","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dropwise condensation, widely recognized as a highly efficient heat transfer mechanism, is yet to be implemented in industrial applications. Recent advances in semi-analytical modeling of condensation have led to predictions of an optimal contact angle for enhancement of this phase change heat transfer process. Here, we present the first experimental study supporting these predictions. Using self-assembled monolayers of thiols on gold-coated smooth surfaces, we systematically investigated contact angles in the range 84° to 115° in a pressure- and temperature-controlled environmental chamber in the absence of non-condensable gases. Our experimental results reveal that the optimal contact angle for condensation falls between 96° and 105° . Interestingly, while our results support predictions regarding the existence of an optimal contact angle, the specific values and their impact differ from previous reports. By experimentally demonstrating higher condensation heat transfer rates at intermediate contact angles, this study unequivocally shows that high hydrophobicity is not necessarily a desired property for a condenser surface. The insights gained from this work open new avenues for improving dropwise condensation in various industrial processes such as the steam cycle and liquid separation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 128140"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research progress on the deposition mechanisms and mitigation of particulate and crystallization fouling in heat exchangers 换热器中颗粒和结晶结垢沉积机理及治理研究进展

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128183

Pan Wang , Qingshan Liu , Donghai Xu , Guanyu Jiang , Wenshan Peng , Feng Liu , Jian Hou

Fouling deposition in heat exchangers is a critical issue that reduces heat transfer efficiency, increases energy consumption, and compromises long-term operational stability. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the formation mechanisms and mitigation strategies of particulate fouling and crystallization fouling in heat exchangers. The deposition of particulate fouling is a multifactor coupling process primarily influenced by fluid dynamic conditions, particle characteristics, and surface properties. It involves a dynamic balance of particle transport, adhesion, and re-detachment on the heat transfer surface, with the initial sites and deposition patterns strongly regulated by flow direction. Crystallization fouling originates from the nucleation and crystal growth of inverse solubility salts in supersaturated solutions, with its formation highly dependent on local temperature fields, ion concentration distributions, and surface energy characteristics. In high-salinity or particle-laden complex systems, crystallization and particulate fouling may interact synergistically, leading to the formation of a composite fouling layer with a denser structure and greater thermal resistance. In terms of monitoring and mitigation, this paper comprehensively reviews the principles and application performance of multiple strategies, including fouling monitoring techniques (e.g., machine learning-based predictive models and infrared thermography), chemical methods (e.g., antiscalant addition and chemical cleaning), and physical methods (e.g., surface modification, online mechanical cleaning, and physical water treatment). Finally, the major challenges currently facing the field are summarized, and future research directions are outlined. The aim is to provide insights for a deeper understanding of fouling mechanisms and the development of efficient and reliable mitigation technologies, thereby enhancing the overall performance and operational reliability of heat exchangers.

热交换器中的污垢沉积是降低传热效率、增加能耗和影响长期运行稳定性的关键问题。本文系统地综述了换热器中颗粒结垢和结晶结垢的形成机理及防治策略的研究进展。颗粒污垢的沉积是一个多因素耦合过程，主要受流体动力条件、颗粒特性和表面特性的影响。它涉及到传热表面上的颗粒迁移、粘附和再分离的动态平衡，初始位置和沉积模式受流动方向的强烈调节。结晶结垢起源于反溶解度盐在过饱和溶液中的成核和晶体生长，其形成高度依赖于局部温度场、离子浓度分布和表面能特征。在高矿化度或颗粒负载复杂体系中，结晶和颗粒结垢可能协同作用，导致形成结构更致密、热阻更大的复合结垢层。在监测和缓解方面，本文全面回顾了多种策略的原理和应用性能，包括污垢监测技术（如基于机器学习的预测模型和红外热成像）、化学方法（如抗垢剂添加和化学清洗）和物理方法（如表面改性、在线机械清洗和物理水处理）。最后，总结了该领域目前面临的主要挑战，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。其目的是为更深入地了解结垢机制和开发高效可靠的缓解技术提供见解，从而提高热交换器的整体性能和运行可靠性。

{"title":"Research progress on the deposition mechanisms and mitigation of particulate and crystallization fouling in heat exchangers","authors":"Pan Wang , Qingshan Liu , Donghai Xu , Guanyu Jiang , Wenshan Peng , Feng Liu , Jian Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fouling deposition in heat exchangers is a critical issue that reduces heat transfer efficiency, increases energy consumption, and compromises long-term operational stability. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the formation mechanisms and mitigation strategies of particulate fouling and crystallization fouling in heat exchangers. The deposition of particulate fouling is a multifactor coupling process primarily influenced by fluid dynamic conditions, particle characteristics, and surface properties. It involves a dynamic balance of particle transport, adhesion, and re-detachment on the heat transfer surface, with the initial sites and deposition patterns strongly regulated by flow direction. Crystallization fouling originates from the nucleation and crystal growth of inverse solubility salts in supersaturated solutions, with its formation highly dependent on local temperature fields, ion concentration distributions, and surface energy characteristics. In high-salinity or particle-laden complex systems, crystallization and particulate fouling may interact synergistically, leading to the formation of a composite fouling layer with a denser structure and greater thermal resistance. In terms of monitoring and mitigation, this paper comprehensively reviews the principles and application performance of multiple strategies, including fouling monitoring techniques (e.g., machine learning-based predictive models and infrared thermography), chemical methods (e.g., antiscalant addition and chemical cleaning), and physical methods (e.g., surface modification, online mechanical cleaning, and physical water treatment). Finally, the major challenges currently facing the field are summarized, and future research directions are outlined. The aim is to provide insights for a deeper understanding of fouling mechanisms and the development of efficient and reliable mitigation technologies, thereby enhancing the overall performance and operational reliability of heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 128183"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Molecular gas transport properties in anisotropic fiber structures 各向异性纤维结构中的分子气体输运特性

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128184

Shunsuke Kidooka, Takuma Hori

We numerically investigate molecular gas transport in anisotropic fiber structures, with particular focus on linking geometrical descriptors to the mean free path in the free-molecular flow regime, which is a key for determining diffusion coefficient. The fiber structures are modeled by infinitely long, overlapping cylinders, where anisotropy is introduced through a tunable orientation parameter. The mean free path is evaluated by mean-square displacement of gas molecules. The results show that increasing anisotropy enhances the mean free path in the in-plane directions while suppressing it in the through-plane direction, yielding an almost constant direction-averaged value. We demonstrate that the anisotropy of the mean free path can be predicted from orientation metrics, which act as purely geometrical descriptors. In addition, path decomposition analysis yields an analytical expression for the mean free path based on chord length statistics. While the original formulation overestimates the simulations due to path correlation approximations, a simple porosity-based correction provides quantitative agreement. Our findings establish a framework that enables prediction of isotropic and anisotropic gas transport in fibrous porous media based solely on structural features, offering a geometrical foundation for rational material design.

我们在数值上研究了各向异性纤维结构中的分子气体输运，特别关注将几何描述符与自由分子流动中的平均自由程联系起来，这是确定扩散系数的关键。光纤结构由无限长、重叠的圆柱体模拟，其中各向异性通过可调的方向参数引入。平均自由程由气体分子的均方位移来计算。结果表明，各向异性的增加增加了平面内方向的平均自由程，同时抑制了平面内方向的平均自由程，产生了一个几乎恒定的方向平均值。我们证明了平均自由程的各向异性可以由取向度量来预测，取向度量作为纯粹的几何描述符。此外，路径分解分析得到了基于弦长统计的平均自由路径的解析表达式。虽然原始公式由于路径相关近似而高估了模拟，但简单的基于孔隙度的校正提供了定量的一致性。我们的研究结果建立了一个框架，可以仅基于结构特征预测纤维多孔介质中的各向同性和各向异性气体输运，为合理的材料设计提供几何基础。

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引用次数: 0

Recent advances in spectral radiative properties control with machine learning algorithm: Research methods and applications 基于机器学习算法的光谱辐射特性控制研究进展：研究方法与应用

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128190

Zhichang Fu , Fuqiang Wang , Ziming Cheng , Zhiyuan Zhang

Spectral radiative properties control is crucial in fields including radiative cooling, infrared stealth, solar energy utilization, and gas detection. To achieve desired photothermal functionalities like infrared stealth or heat dissipation, the surfaces or structures of devices must be engineered to possess specific spectral radiative properties. However, traditional approaches to controlling these properties predominantly rely on trial-and-error methods, which are inefficient, costly, labor-intensive, and heavily dependent on expert experience. Moreover, such methods often fail when addressing complex problems involving multi-band or broad-spectrum regulation. To overcome these limitations, machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool, leveraging its strengths in nonlinear modeling and autonomous optimization. In recent decades, the application of ML to spectral radiative properties control has led to numerous breakthroughs. To summarize recent advances, analyze advantages and challenges, figure out the patterns, and explore future trends in machine-learning-driven spectral radiative properties control, this review paper is structured into two sections:(1) machine learning-enabled methodologies and (2) key application areas within this field. Finally, we provide an outlook on future developments to guide the wider application of ML-driven spectral radiative properties control.

光谱辐射特性控制在辐射冷却、红外隐身、太阳能利用和气体探测等领域至关重要。为了实现理想的光热功能，如红外隐身或散热，器件的表面或结构必须设计成具有特定的光谱辐射特性。然而，控制这些特性的传统方法主要依赖于试错方法，这种方法效率低、成本高、劳动密集，并且严重依赖专家经验。此外，这些方法在处理涉及多波段或广谱调节的复杂问题时往往失败。为了克服这些限制，机器学习（ML）已经成为一种强大的工具，利用其在非线性建模和自主优化方面的优势。近几十年来，机器学习在光谱辐射特性控制中的应用取得了许多突破。为了总结最近的进展，分析优势和挑战，找出模式，并探索机器学习驱动的光谱辐射特性控制的未来趋势，本文分为两个部分：(1)机器学习支持的方法和(2)该领域的关键应用领域。最后，我们展望了未来的发展，以指导机器学习驱动的光谱辐射特性控制的更广泛应用。

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引用次数: 0

Liquid film cooling characteristics upon an oblique jet impinging on a solid wall 斜射流撞击固体壁面时的液膜冷却特性

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128189

Hang Fu , JianChang Feng , Yuan Li , ChuanSheng Liu , Chenglong Tang

Liquid film cooling is widely applied in small liquid rocket engines to protect the combustion chamber wall from high-temperature gas erosion. However, excessive injection of propellant for liquid film formation may reduce combustion efficiency and specific impulse due to incomplete participation in combustion. To address this trade-off, this study employs the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method to numerically simulate the liquid film cooling process caused by an oblique jet impinging on a heated wall using OpenFOAM. Results reveal that increasing Reynolds number(Re) from 1600 to 3600, the cooling efficiency is enhanced about 10 %. Both the thickness and thermal boundary layer thickness shows an increase. Larger injection angles lead to more symmetric Nu distributions but diminish peak cooling performance. At injection angle 45

^{\circ}

, the location of maximum Nu shows the maximum shift about r/d = 3. Wall roughness induces earlier boundary layer transition, which contributes to an increased Nusselt number(Nu) in the downstream region but simultaneously leads to a contraction of the Nusselt number distribution at the stagnation region. Changing the smooth wall to a rough wall(R_q = 6.4

μ m

), the peak Nu increases about 5 %. Combining the heat transfer behaviors with the flow characteristics, the location of peak Nu has a high relevance with the shear stress. Furthermore, the correlations between velocity and thermal boundary-layer thickness and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed. Different injection Re and angles shows little effect on velocity boundary thickness. Rougher wall surface will lead to a narrower Nu distribution in stagnation region and show better cooling performance downstream.

液膜冷却广泛应用于小型液体火箭发动机，以保护燃烧室壁面免受高温气体侵蚀。但是，为了形成液膜而过量喷射推进剂可能会由于不完全参与燃烧而降低燃烧效率和比冲。为了解决这一问题，本研究采用流体体积（VOF）方法，使用OpenFOAM对斜射流撞击加热壁面造成的液膜冷却过程进行数值模拟。结果表明，当雷诺数（Re）由1600增加到3600时，冷却效率提高约10%。热边界层厚度和热边界层厚度均呈增大趋势。较大的喷射角导致Nu分布更加对称，但降低了峰值冷却性能。在注入角45°时，最大Nu的位置显示最大位移约为r/d = 3。壁面粗糙度导致边界层过渡提前，使得下游区域的努塞尔数（Nu）增加，但同时导致停滞区努塞尔数分布收缩。将光滑壁改为粗糙壁（Rq = 6.4 μm），峰值Nu增加约5%。结合传热行为和流动特性，峰值Nu的位置与剪切应力有较高的相关性。进一步分析了速度与热边界层厚度及传热特性的关系。不同注入Re和注入角度对速度边界厚度影响不大。壁面越粗糙，滞止区Nu分布越窄，下游冷却性能越好。

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引用次数: 0

Digital twin modeling of the temperature field in titanium alloy casting through interfacial heat transfer coefficient inversion and spatiotemporal data fusion 基于界面传热系数反演和时空数据融合的钛合金铸件温度场数字孪生模型

IF 5.8 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128154

Sheng Mou , Shengjie Ren , Jun Liu , Chao Wang , Mingke Du , Kun Bu

Accurate modeling of the temperature field in titanium alloy casting is essential for microstructure control and defect prevention. The interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) between the casting and mold varies dynamically during production, and the opaque, high-temperature environment hinders direct measurement, limiting conventional simulation accuracy. This study presents an integrated digital twin framework for bottom-poured vacuum casting of ZTA15 titanium alloy. IHTC inversion using 11 thermocouples calibrates thermal boundary conditions to improve baseline simulation fidelity. In the temporal domain, a customized Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) dynamically integrates simulation results with multi-channel sensor data for real-time temperature correction. In the spatial domain, prior simulation data combined with sparse measurements and a graph Laplacian residual propagation method enable extrapolation of the temperature field across local planes and the entire casting. Experimental results show that, compared with the baseline simulation, the proposed approach reduces mean absolute error (MAE) at measurement points to 1.4°C (a reduction of approximately 98.5%) and root mean square error (RMSE) to 5.4°C (a reduction of approximately 94.7%) temporally, while MAE is 4.5°C for local planes and 8.1°C for the whole casting spatially. These findings demonstrate that the spatiotemporal fusion strategy facilitates high-accuracy dynamic correction and spatial extrapolation of the temperature field, supporting online monitoring, defect prevention, and intelligent process optimization within a digital twin framework.

钛合金铸件温度场的精确建模对组织控制和缺陷预防至关重要。在生产过程中，铸件和模具之间的界面传热系数（IHTC）是动态变化的，不透明的高温环境阻碍了直接测量，限制了传统模拟的准确性。提出了一种用于ZTA15钛合金底灌真空铸造的集成数字孪生框架。利用11个热电偶进行IHTC反演，校准热边界条件，提高基线模拟保真度。在时域，自定义扩展卡尔曼滤波器（EKF）将仿真结果与多通道传感器数据动态集成，实现实时温度校正。在空间域中，将先前的模拟数据与稀疏测量和图拉普拉斯残差传播方法相结合，可以推断出局部平面和整个铸件的温度场。实验结果表明，与基线模拟相比，该方法将测点的平均绝对误差（MAE）在时间上降低到1.4°C（降低约98.5%），均方根误差（RMSE）在时间上降低到5.4°C（降低约94.7%），而局部平面的MAE为4.5°C，整个铸件的MAE为8.1°C。这些发现表明，时空融合策略促进了温度场的高精度动态校正和空间外推，支持数字孪生框架内的在线监测、缺陷预防和智能过程优化。

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