Science and practice have proved that balanced nutrition involves the intake of the organic, mineral, and biologically active substances in the bird’s body in certain quantities and proportions due to their needs. Balanced poultry feeding is a guarantee of not only high productivity, but also the prevention of diseases that negatively affect the safety of livestock and product quality. Providing poultry with high-quality protein is especially important nowadays. Birds spend more essential amino acids per unit of body weight gain and, accordingly, more of them should be daily supplied to the body with feed. Plant proteins are the basis of grain feeds that contain all eleven essential amino acids required for protein synthesis in the body of chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys. However, it was revealed that most of these amino acids are concentrated in grain in insufficient quantities and cannot fully satisfy the needs of highly productive poultry. As a result, it is necessary to additionally introduce high-protein supplements into the diet as a source of essential amino acids or use synthetic concentrates of lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. High-protein supplements are coming in two types – animal and plant-based. From the plant-based ones, soy products are considered the most valuable as a concentrated source of the first limiting amino acid - lysine, and sunflower meal is rich in methionine. And even so, plant-based protein feed is not able to create a complete balance of all essential amino acids. This can be done only if the animal-sourced protein is introduced into the poultry diet in the form of fish meal, meat and bone meal, meat meal, or yeast. Besides, scientific research has proven that yeast can be considered a wonderful natural source of B vitamins. The analysis of scientific research indicates that today there is a wide search and study of various feed supplements that could be a source of complete protein and have in its composition a complete complex of amino acids for birds. There are not enough such high-quality feed additives in Ukraine, and those coming from abroad are distinguished by high cost and are often falsified. Therefore, the use of yeast in poultry diets as long as their industrial production according to the technology based on the state standard is relevant for solving a number of modern poultry farming problems and is of great scientific and practical importance.
{"title":"Scientific and practical basis for the use of probiotics to improve the quality of poultry products","authors":"О. S. Оrishchuk, S. Tsap","doi":"10.32819/2020.84034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.84034","url":null,"abstract":"Science and practice have proved that balanced nutrition involves the intake of the organic, mineral, and biologically active substances in the bird’s body in certain quantities and proportions due to their needs. Balanced poultry feeding is a guarantee of not only high productivity, but also the prevention of diseases that negatively affect the safety of livestock and product quality. Providing poultry with high-quality protein is especially important nowadays. Birds spend more essential amino acids per unit of body weight gain and, accordingly, more of them should be daily supplied to the body with feed. Plant proteins are the basis of grain feeds that contain all eleven essential amino acids required for protein synthesis in the body of chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys. However, it was revealed that most of these amino acids are concentrated in grain in insufficient quantities and cannot fully satisfy the needs of highly productive poultry. As a result, it is necessary to additionally introduce high-protein supplements into the diet as a source of essential amino acids or use synthetic concentrates of lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. High-protein supplements are coming in two types – animal and plant-based. From the plant-based ones, soy products are considered the most valuable as a concentrated source of the first limiting amino acid - lysine, and sunflower meal is rich in methionine. And even so, plant-based protein feed is not able to create a complete balance of all essential amino acids. This can be done only if the animal-sourced protein is introduced into the poultry diet in the form of fish meal, meat and bone meal, meat meal, or yeast. Besides, scientific research has proven that yeast can be considered a wonderful natural source of B vitamins. The analysis of scientific research indicates that today there is a wide search and study of various feed supplements that could be a source of complete protein and have in its composition a complete complex of amino acids for birds. There are not enough such high-quality feed additives in Ukraine, and those coming from abroad are distinguished by high cost and are often falsified. Therefore, the use of yeast in poultry diets as long as their industrial production according to the technology based on the state standard is relevant for solving a number of modern poultry farming problems and is of great scientific and practical importance.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of the preparation, namely Akarostop, with the active substance amitraz and the excipient dimethyl sulfoxide. The research was conducted with the involvement of pets kept in the private sector and housing (dogs and cats). All research results were controlled by observation of the clinical condition of animals and microscopy of scrapings from the affected areas of the skin and ears. The presence of live mites was determined by lightly warming up the slide. The effectiveness of the drug against sarcoptic mange was established in the treatment of 13 dogs, which were treated once a day with a 3 days interval. Clinical signs of the disease began to resolve in 5–9 days after the first application of the drug, which was manifested by the disappearance of hyperemia, a decrease in exudation, and crusting. The efficiency after two treatments was 40%. On the 21st day before applying the drug, single inactive ticks were found in 5 out of 13 animals in their skin scrapes. The efficacy of the drug against Notoedres in cats was determined, which were treated once a day with a 3 days interval. After 8 days of the treatment in cats' skin scrapings, dead mites and single live ones were found, and on the 13th day crusts dried out, fell away, skin became pale pink and dry. The recovery of animals was observed gradually: on the 13th day it amounted to 33%, on the 17th day – 55%, and residually on the 21st day. Thus, the 100% therapeutic efficacy of the drug Acarostop has been established for the five-time treatment of cats against Notoedres. The efficacy of the preparation for otodectosis of dogs and cats was determined by applying 2–3 drops of the drug into the cleaned ear. Clinical signs of the disease 3–4 days after the first application of the drug began to disappear, which was manifested by the disappearance of hyperemia, a decrease in exudation, falling off crusts, and the absence of itching. On days 5 to 9 from the beginning of treatment all animals recovered, which was confirmed by clinical and laboratory tests. After the tests, the animals continued to be observed and no relapses were found within 4 weeks. In the future, we plan to conduct research on an acaricidal preparation with an improved composition and effect, namely, antipruritic, anti-inflammatory and regenerating effect.
{"title":"Therapeutic efficacy of Akarostop for dogs and cats against acariform mite","authors":"S. Sapko","doi":"10.32819/2020.83028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.83028","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of the preparation, namely Akarostop, with the active substance amitraz and the excipient dimethyl sulfoxide. The research was conducted with the involvement of pets kept in the private sector and housing (dogs and cats). All research results were controlled by observation of the clinical condition of animals and microscopy of scrapings from the affected areas of the skin and ears. The presence of live mites was determined by lightly warming up the slide. The effectiveness of the drug against sarcoptic mange was established in the treatment of 13 dogs, which were treated once a day with a 3 days interval. Clinical signs of the disease began to resolve in 5–9 days after the first application of the drug, which was manifested by the disappearance of hyperemia, a decrease in exudation, and crusting. The efficiency after two treatments was 40%. On the 21st day before applying the drug, single inactive ticks were found in 5 out of 13 animals in their skin scrapes. The efficacy of the drug against Notoedres in cats was determined, which were treated once a day with a 3 days interval. After 8 days of the treatment in cats' skin scrapings, dead mites and single live ones were found, and on the 13th day crusts dried out, fell away, skin became pale pink and dry. The recovery of animals was observed gradually: on the 13th day it amounted to 33%, on the 17th day – 55%, and residually on the 21st day. Thus, the 100% therapeutic efficacy of the drug Acarostop has been established for the five-time treatment of cats against Notoedres. The efficacy of the preparation for otodectosis of dogs and cats was determined by applying 2–3 drops of the drug into the cleaned ear. Clinical signs of the disease 3–4 days after the first application of the drug began to disappear, which was manifested by the disappearance of hyperemia, a decrease in exudation, falling off crusts, and the absence of itching. On days 5 to 9 from the beginning of treatment all animals recovered, which was confirmed by clinical and laboratory tests. After the tests, the animals continued to be observed and no relapses were found within 4 weeks. In the future, we plan to conduct research on an acaricidal preparation with an improved composition and effect, namely, antipruritic, anti-inflammatory and regenerating effect.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheep’s milk contains a significant amount of protein, iron, calcium, vitamins A, B and E, as well as phosphorus and magnesium, compared to cow’s milk. The purpose of research was to identify changes in physicochemical parameters, concentrations of immunoglobulins in sheep’s milk and colostrum depending on the day of lactation. The material of the study was 73 samples of ewes milk and colostrum of the Merinolandschaf breed sheep at the private enterprise «Ukrsilgosprom» in Dnipropetrovsk region. It was found that, in terms of organoleptic parameters, the samples of sheep colostrum of the first days after lambing differed significantly from the milk of the subsequent days of lactation. The color of colostrum in the first days was creamy yellow, in all other samples it varied from white to yellowish; smell – pleasant, specific to sheep’s milk, without foreign odors. The taste of colostrum was salty. The consistency of colostrum for the first three days was viscous, especially on the first day, on the following days, it was homogeneous, without mucus, not viscous. It was found that the acidity of sheep colostrum (1–7 days of lactation) ranged from 13.8°T to 34.0°T, density – from 23.2 °A to 94.1 °A. On the second day of ewes lactation, the number of somatic cells (706 ± 221×103 cells / ml) and immunoglobulins (18.72 ± 5.19 mg/ml) decreased by almost half compared with the first day (1 293 ± 231×103 cells / ml and 37.79 ± 7.45 mg/ml, respectively). Electrical conductivity was the only indicator that increased 1.5 times on the second day of lactation (4.23 ± 0.29 mS/m). On the fifth day of lactation, fat indicators (7.13 ± 0.83 %), density (34.90 ± 1.82 °A), acidity (16.7 ± 0.8 °T) almost halved in comparison with characteristics of the first-day colostrum. On the first day after lambing, the highest acidity was observed (33.9 ± 5.8 °T), which was caused by the maximum amount of immunoglobulins (37.79 ± 7.45 mg/ml) in colostrum. After lambing the number of immunoglobulins significantly decreased, on the 6th day – 4.92 ± 1.88 mg/ml (P < 0.001 compared with the first day). The obtained results allow producers of sheep’s milk and cheese to reduce the withstand of the colostrum period and to mix a secret with collected ewe’s milk on the 5th day of lactation.
{"title":"Quality and safety assessment of sheep milk and colostrum","authors":"N. Zazharska, K. H. Kibets","doi":"10.32819/2020.83029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.83029","url":null,"abstract":"Sheep’s milk contains a significant amount of protein, iron, calcium, vitamins A, B and E, as well as phosphorus and magnesium, compared to cow’s milk. The purpose of research was to identify changes in physicochemical parameters, concentrations of immunoglobulins in sheep’s milk and colostrum depending on the day of lactation. The material of the study was 73 samples of ewes milk and colostrum of the Merinolandschaf breed sheep at the private enterprise «Ukrsilgosprom» in Dnipropetrovsk region. It was found that, in terms of organoleptic parameters, the samples of sheep colostrum of the first days after lambing differed significantly from the milk of the subsequent days of lactation. The color of colostrum in the first days was creamy yellow, in all other samples it varied from white to yellowish; smell – pleasant, specific to sheep’s milk, without foreign odors. The taste of colostrum was salty. The consistency of colostrum for the first three days was viscous, especially on the first day, on the following days, it was homogeneous, without mucus, not viscous. It was found that the acidity of sheep colostrum (1–7 days of lactation) ranged from 13.8°T to 34.0°T, density – from 23.2 °A to 94.1 °A. On the second day of ewes lactation, the number of somatic cells (706 ± 221×103 cells / ml) and immunoglobulins (18.72 ± 5.19 mg/ml) decreased by almost half compared with the first day (1 293 ± 231×103 cells / ml and 37.79 ± 7.45 mg/ml, respectively). Electrical conductivity was the only indicator that increased 1.5 times on the second day of lactation (4.23 ± 0.29 mS/m). On the fifth day of lactation, fat indicators (7.13 ± 0.83 %), density (34.90 ± 1.82 °A), acidity (16.7 ± 0.8 °T) almost halved in comparison with characteristics of the first-day colostrum. On the first day after lambing, the highest acidity was observed (33.9 ± 5.8 °T), which was caused by the maximum amount of immunoglobulins (37.79 ± 7.45 mg/ml) in colostrum. After lambing the number of immunoglobulins significantly decreased, on the 6th day – 4.92 ± 1.88 mg/ml (P < 0.001 compared with the first day). The obtained results allow producers of sheep’s milk and cheese to reduce the withstand of the colostrum period and to mix a secret with collected ewe’s milk on the 5th day of lactation.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The andrological clinical examination of small breed dogs was carried out and according to its results, were established the group, breed, age, and performance dependence of the reproductive function manifestation in small breed dogs. The research novelty is that the experiment was carried out on representatives of small breeds such as the Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, Spitz, Toy Terrier, Miniature Poodle, and Maltese lapdog. We found out that residents of megalopolises, such as Dnipro, are more likely to have small and medium-sized dogs, which are more adapted to the conditions of the apartment, and less capricious to the conditions of keeping and care. The reproductive function manifestation of dogs was determined by qualitative indicators of the clinical state, reproductive organs, sexual reflexes, and sperm with distribution on a scale: «G» (good), «S» (satisfactory), «U» (unsatisfactory). After analyzing the data obtained during the study, we came to the conclusion that dogs of small breeds have no less reproductive potential than representatives of other dogs breeds. Of the total number of research dogs, 75% received a grade «G» (good), 22.2% – «S» (satisfactory), 2.8% – «U» (unsatisfactory). The Yorkshire Terrier and Chihuahua have the highest reproductive potential compared to other breeds. In terms of age distribution, the best indicators were shown by representatives of the group from 2 to 3 and from 3 to 5 years. It has been established that the quality of sperm increased depending on the mode use of the male. In particular, according to the intensive use of male dogs (2 times a week, no more than 2 weeks in a row), the reproductive capacity was higher, compared to the moderate and occasional mode of use. The obtained data will help to more expediently use males of small breed dogs in reproduction and have high reproduction rates inside the breed.
{"title":"Features of the manifestation in small breed dogs’ reproductive function","authors":"T. V. Voronov, P. Skliarov","doi":"10.32819/2020.83031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.83031","url":null,"abstract":"The andrological clinical examination of small breed dogs was carried out and according to its results, were established the group, breed, age, and performance dependence of the reproductive function manifestation in small breed dogs. The research novelty is that the experiment was carried out on representatives of small breeds such as the Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, Spitz, Toy Terrier, Miniature Poodle, and Maltese lapdog. We found out that residents of megalopolises, such as Dnipro, are more likely to have small and medium-sized dogs, which are more adapted to the conditions of the apartment, and less capricious to the conditions of keeping and care. The reproductive function manifestation of dogs was determined by qualitative indicators of the clinical state, reproductive organs, sexual reflexes, and sperm with distribution on a scale: «G» (good), «S» (satisfactory), «U» (unsatisfactory). After analyzing the data obtained during the study, we came to the conclusion that dogs of small breeds have no less reproductive potential than representatives of other dogs breeds. Of the total number of research dogs, 75% received a grade «G» (good), 22.2% – «S» (satisfactory), 2.8% – «U» (unsatisfactory). The Yorkshire Terrier and Chihuahua have the highest reproductive potential compared to other breeds. In terms of age distribution, the best indicators were shown by representatives of the group from 2 to 3 and from 3 to 5 years. It has been established that the quality of sperm increased depending on the mode use of the male. In particular, according to the intensive use of male dogs (2 times a week, no more than 2 weeks in a row), the reproductive capacity was higher, compared to the moderate and occasional mode of use. The obtained data will help to more expediently use males of small breed dogs in reproduction and have high reproduction rates inside the breed.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current question of today is the formation of effective immune protection in young pigs against infectious diseases, achieved by piglets vaccination in the first weeks of their life. It is known that one of the factors influencing the quality of vaccination is colostral antibodies, which are able to deactivate the vaccine antigen. Considering this, it is important to determine the duration of colostral immunity of piglets to antigens of the Aujeszky’s disease virus during active sows immunization. For this, was formed a group of sows of 2nd-3rd gestation periods with 25 animals in each. Sows were immunized parenterally against Aujeszky’s disease with the «Adivak» vaccine at a dose of 2 ml, by mass vaccination, three times per year. The level of specific antibodies to glycoproteins E (gE) and B (gB) was determined in the blood serum of piglets before sucking colostrum and every 7 days of life until 77 days from birth by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was revealed that before consuming colostrum, piglets did not have specific antibodies to the antigens of the Aujeszky disease virus. From 7th till 70th days of life, all piglets had specific IgG to the antigens gB and gE of the Aujeszky disease virus, and by the seventy-seventh day, 29% of the animals were seronegative. Thus, newborn piglets before colostrum suckling do not have specific immune protection against the Aujeszky disease virus against the background of sow immunization. Consumption of colostrum by piglets promotes their formation of colostral immunity, specific to the antigens of the Aujeszky disease virus. The duration of colostral antibodies’ circulation specific to the antigens of the Aujeszky disease virus in the piglets peripheral blood is 70 days. On the seventy-seventh day from birth, the level of colostral immunoglobulins decreased sharply, which contributed to the appearance of seronegative animals and an increase in their sensitivity to the action of an epizootic strain of the virus.
{"title":"Colostral immunity of piglets to the Aujeszky disease virus in case of active immunization sows","authors":"K. Holda, D. Masiuk, A. Kokariev, T. Vasilenko","doi":"10.32819/2020.84037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.84037","url":null,"abstract":"The current question of today is the formation of effective immune protection in young pigs against infectious diseases, achieved by piglets vaccination in the first weeks of their life. It is known that one of the factors influencing the quality of vaccination is colostral antibodies, which are able to deactivate the vaccine antigen. Considering this, it is important to determine the duration of colostral immunity of piglets to antigens of the Aujeszky’s disease virus during active sows immunization. For this, was formed a group of sows of 2nd-3rd gestation periods with 25 animals in each. Sows were immunized parenterally against Aujeszky’s disease with the «Adivak» vaccine at a dose of 2 ml, by mass vaccination, three times per year. The level of specific antibodies to glycoproteins E (gE) and B (gB) was determined in the blood serum of piglets before sucking colostrum and every 7 days of life until 77 days from birth by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was revealed that before consuming colostrum, piglets did not have specific antibodies to the antigens of the Aujeszky disease virus. From 7th till 70th days of life, all piglets had specific IgG to the antigens gB and gE of the Aujeszky disease virus, and by the seventy-seventh day, 29% of the animals were seronegative. Thus, newborn piglets before colostrum suckling do not have specific immune protection against the Aujeszky disease virus against the background of sow immunization. Consumption of colostrum by piglets promotes their formation of colostral immunity, specific to the antigens of the Aujeszky disease virus. The duration of colostral antibodies’ circulation specific to the antigens of the Aujeszky disease virus in the piglets peripheral blood is 70 days. On the seventy-seventh day from birth, the level of colostral immunoglobulins decreased sharply, which contributed to the appearance of seronegative animals and an increase in their sensitivity to the action of an epizootic strain of the virus.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cite this article: Kushch, M. M., Mahotina, D. S., & Fesenko, I. A. (2020). Features of the microscopical structure of ducks’ small intestine in their postnatal period of ontogenesis. Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine, 8(2), 101‒110. doi: 10.32819/2020.82014 Abstract. Were investigated microscopical structure features of domestic ducks’ (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) small intestine of the black-white-breasted breed of Ukrainian selection in 9 age groups: 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 21-day, 1, 2, 6-month, and 1-year-old. The microstructural morphometric parameters were determined on histological preparations from cross-sections of the intestine’s middle part. the surface area was calculated by determining their height and width. The density of villi and crypts was identified based on 1 mm of mucosal length. A common pattern in the dynamics of most morphometric indicators (except for the density of villi and crypt) of the small intestine wall was their increase. Such changes in the size of the intestinal microstructures did not occur simultaneously, they were asynchronous. In some cases, they decreased if compared to a younger age. The most rapid increase in the microstructures of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum occurred in the first month of the postnatal period of ontogenesis, less intensively in the second month. During the first month, these indicators were changed most rapidly during the first week. They corresponded to the indicators’ value of an adult bird at different ages. Thus, the thickness of the muscle layer and density of the duodenal crypts corresponded to the value of adult birds at 21-days-old, the intestine’s diameter and wall thickness at 1 month, the mucous layer thickness, the height and density of the villi, and the depth of the crypts at 2-month-old. The wall thickness, mucosal and muscular layers, the height of the jejunal villi corresponded to those in the adult birds of 1-month-old, the diameter of the intestine, the crypts’ depth, the density of the villi at 2-month-old, the density of the crypts at 6-month-old. The density of the ileum crypts corresponded to the adult bird at 7-days-old, the intestinal diameter was like at 21-days-old, the depth of the crypts was like at 2-month-old, the density of villi was like at the age of 1-month-old, the intestine wall thickness and muscle layer were like at 6-month-old, the mucous membrane thickness, the height of the villi were like at the age of 1 year.
引用本文:Kushch, M. M.， Mahotina, D. S.， Fesenko, I. A.(2020)。鸭出生后个体发生时期小肠的显微结构特征。兽医学理论与应用，8(2)，101-110。doi: 10.32819/2020.82014研究了1、3、7、14、21日龄、1、2、6个月龄和1岁9个年龄群乌克兰白胸黑鸭(Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)小肠的显微结构特征。在肠中段横断面组织学制备上测定显微结构形态学参数。表面积是通过确定它们的高度和宽度来计算的。绒毛和隐窝的密度根据1毫米的粘膜长度确定。除绒毛和隐窝密度外，大多数小肠壁形态计量学指标的共同动态模式是它们的增加。肠道微观结构的这种变化不是同时发生的，而是不同步的。在某些情况下，如果与年轻时相比，它们会减少。十二指肠、空肠和回肠的显微结构在个体发生后的第一个月增加最快，第二个月增加较少。在第一个月，这些指标在第一周变化最快。它们与不同年龄的成年鸟的指标值相对应。由此可见，十二指肠隐窝肌层厚度和密度与21日龄成鸟、1月龄肠直径和肠壁厚度、2月龄黏液层厚度、绒毛高度和密度以及隐窝深度相对应。肠壁厚度、黏膜层数、肌肉层数、空肠绒毛高度与1月龄成鸟相当;肠壁直径、隐窝深度、2月龄绒毛密度、6月龄隐窝密度与1月龄成鸟相当。回肠隐窝密度与7日龄成鸟相当，肠径与21日龄相当，隐窝深度与2月龄相当，绒毛密度与1月龄相当，肠壁厚度和肌层厚度与6月龄相当，粘膜厚度和绒毛高度与1月龄相当。
{"title":"Features of the microscopical structure of ducks’ small intestine in their postnatal period of ontogenesis","authors":"M. Kushch, D. S. Mahotina, I. Fesenko","doi":"10.32819/2020.82014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.82014","url":null,"abstract":"Cite this article: Kushch, M. M., Mahotina, D. S., & Fesenko, I. A. (2020). Features of the microscopical structure of ducks’ small intestine in their postnatal period of ontogenesis. Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine, 8(2), 101‒110. doi: 10.32819/2020.82014 Abstract. Were investigated microscopical structure features of domestic ducks’ (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) small intestine of the black-white-breasted breed of Ukrainian selection in 9 age groups: 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 21-day, 1, 2, 6-month, and 1-year-old. The microstructural morphometric parameters were determined on histological preparations from cross-sections of the intestine’s middle part. the surface area was calculated by determining their height and width. The density of villi and crypts was identified based on 1 mm of mucosal length. A common pattern in the dynamics of most morphometric indicators (except for the density of villi and crypt) of the small intestine wall was their increase. Such changes in the size of the intestinal microstructures did not occur simultaneously, they were asynchronous. In some cases, they decreased if compared to a younger age. The most rapid increase in the microstructures of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum occurred in the first month of the postnatal period of ontogenesis, less intensively in the second month. During the first month, these indicators were changed most rapidly during the first week. They corresponded to the indicators’ value of an adult bird at different ages. Thus, the thickness of the muscle layer and density of the duodenal crypts corresponded to the value of adult birds at 21-days-old, the intestine’s diameter and wall thickness at 1 month, the mucous layer thickness, the height and density of the villi, and the depth of the crypts at 2-month-old. The wall thickness, mucosal and muscular layers, the height of the jejunal villi corresponded to those in the adult birds of 1-month-old, the diameter of the intestine, the crypts’ depth, the density of the villi at 2-month-old, the density of the crypts at 6-month-old. The density of the ileum crypts corresponded to the adult bird at 7-days-old, the intestinal diameter was like at 21-days-old, the depth of the crypts was like at 2-month-old, the density of villi was like at the age of 1-month-old, the intestine wall thickness and muscle layer were like at 6-month-old, the mucous membrane thickness, the height of the villi were like at the age of 1 year.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Humic substances are able to influence mineral metabolism due to their properties to form chelate complexes. Directly, the state of bone tissue is closely related to general processes that ensure the exchange of minerals in the body as a whole. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biopolymer which, due to its high biocompatibility and osseointegration properties, is increasingly used for the manufacture of implants. Among the methods of improving the osseointegration of implants, gaining popularity, the use of pharmacological drugs and dietary supplements that have a direct effect on bone tissue or act indirectly by affecting the body’s systems and metabolism. For the experiment 32 rabbits were divided into groups of 8 rabbits each In two model groups, 16 rabbits were implanted with PLA implants in the bilateral defect of the parietal bone, one of which was immersed in a 1% humilid solution and the other in a 0.9% NaCl solution before administration. From the operated rabbits, 8 received humilid during treatment, and 8 others were intact. 16 rabbits who did not undergo surgery were divided into two groups, one of which drinked humilid and the other clean water. The aim of our work was to determine the mineral metabolism in rabbits during implantation of PLA implants. The ability of humic substances to influence the redistribution of calcium ionized and copper in the blood serum and femur in rabbits of the model group in comparison with intact animals was proved.. There was also an increase in the content of iron and calcium ionized in the serum, and calcium, iron, copper and a decrease in the content of zinc in the femur of rabbits treated with humilide. It has been proved that the introduction of humilid into the diet caused an increase in newly formed bone tissue in PLA implants of rabbits of the model group. Therefore, an increase in macro- microelements in blood serum and their redistribution in the bone tissue of rabbits receiving humilides suggests the possibility of using humilid to correct mineral metabolism and improve the condition of bone tissue. Leveling reduction macro- microelements in the blood and bone tissue, together with an increase in newly formed bone tissue in PLA implants of a model group of rabbits receiving humilide indicate a systemic effect of humilid on the osseointegration of PLA implants.
{"title":"Features of mineral metabolism in rabbits during correction with biologically active feed additives against the background of implantation of PLA implants","authors":"L. Stepchenko, M. Rybalka","doi":"10.32819/2020.82024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.82024","url":null,"abstract":". Humic substances are able to influence mineral metabolism due to their properties to form chelate complexes. Directly, the state of bone tissue is closely related to general processes that ensure the exchange of minerals in the body as a whole. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biopolymer which, due to its high biocompatibility and osseointegration properties, is increasingly used for the manufacture of implants. Among the methods of improving the osseointegration of implants, gaining popularity, the use of pharmacological drugs and dietary supplements that have a direct effect on bone tissue or act indirectly by affecting the body’s systems and metabolism. For the experiment 32 rabbits were divided into groups of 8 rabbits each In two model groups, 16 rabbits were implanted with PLA implants in the bilateral defect of the parietal bone, one of which was immersed in a 1% humilid solution and the other in a 0.9% NaCl solution before administration. From the operated rabbits, 8 received humilid during treatment, and 8 others were intact. 16 rabbits who did not undergo surgery were divided into two groups, one of which drinked humilid and the other clean water. The aim of our work was to determine the mineral metabolism in rabbits during implantation of PLA implants. The ability of humic substances to influence the redistribution of calcium ionized and copper in the blood serum and femur in rabbits of the model group in comparison with intact animals was proved.. There was also an increase in the content of iron and calcium ionized in the serum, and calcium, iron, copper and a decrease in the content of zinc in the femur of rabbits treated with humilide. It has been proved that the introduction of humilid into the diet caused an increase in newly formed bone tissue in PLA implants of rabbits of the model group. Therefore, an increase in macro- microelements in blood serum and their redistribution in the bone tissue of rabbits receiving humilides suggests the possibility of using humilid to correct mineral metabolism and improve the condition of bone tissue. Leveling reduction macro- microelements in the blood and bone tissue, together with an increase in newly formed bone tissue in PLA implants of a model group of rabbits receiving humilide indicate a systemic effect of humilid on the osseointegration of PLA implants.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syndrome of anemia in foals manifests itself in the first weeks of their life, and occurs because of oxygen deficiency and excess of carbon dioxide after birth, and caused by a deficiency of trace minerals (iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, iodine, selenium), cyanocobalamin, and folic acid. For the experiment, we selected two groups of foals (age 20–30 days old) with pale conjunctiva. Animals of the experimental group were injected intramuscularly with Vitazal® 5 ml for 6 days. Foals of the control group received 6 ml of Ferrovet® intramuscularly, again after 10 days. The condition of erythrocytopoiesis was studied before drug administration and 30 days after treatment. It was found that 30 days after the administration of the drug in experimental group animals, the number of red blood cells increased by 31.4% (P < 0.001). In the control group, this indicator did not change significantly and did not differ from the values before the treatment. The hemoglobin content in experimental group foals after treatment significantly increased by 28.9% (P < 0,001). In contrast, 66.7% of animals in the control group showed oligochromemia. A similar trend of changes was noted in the determination of the hematocrit value. Changes were also found in the fractional composition of erythrocytes. In particular, after treatment in foals of both groups, the number of «old» erythrocytes decreased (P < 0.05). At the same time, the number of «mature» populations increased only in experimental group foals (P < 0.001). Regarding «young» erythrocyte populations, their number decreased in experimental animals by 8.3% (P < 0.001). However, in foals treated with Ferrovet® (control group), the proportion of «young» cells was increased after treatment, which apparently indicates the activation of proliferation and increased elimination of immature erythrocytes from the bone marrow. The iron content after the introduction of Vitazal® in foals of experimental group significantly increased by 45.6% and on average 26.8 ± 1.07 μmol/l (P < 0,01). In control animals after treatment, the content of this biometal did not change significantly. FTC values in the experimental group, namely TIBC and UIBC in 30 days after treatment significantly decreased (P < 0,001), while in foals of control group they remained unchanged. Iron metabolism directly depends on its transport form - transferrin protein. Throughout the study period, its content in control and experimental group animals was the same. However, the saturation of transferrin with iron in experimental group animals after the introduction of Vitazal® significantly increased by 19.8% and averaged 40.2 ± 1.26% (P < 0.001). In foals that received Ferrovet®, this indicator did not change 1 month after treatment. Thus, the study found a positive antianemic effect of the drug Vitazal® for anemic syndrome in foals.
{"title":"Efficacy of Vitazal® in foals with anemia syndrome","authors":"V. Holovakha, O. V. Piddubnуak, N. Vovkotrub","doi":"10.32819/2020.84035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.84035","url":null,"abstract":"Syndrome of anemia in foals manifests itself in the first weeks of their life, and occurs because of oxygen deficiency and excess of carbon dioxide after birth, and caused by a deficiency of trace minerals (iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, iodine, selenium), cyanocobalamin, and folic acid. For the experiment, we selected two groups of foals (age 20–30 days old) with pale conjunctiva. Animals of the experimental group were injected intramuscularly with Vitazal® 5 ml for 6 days. Foals of the control group received 6 ml of Ferrovet® intramuscularly, again after 10 days. The condition of erythrocytopoiesis was studied before drug administration and 30 days after treatment. It was found that 30 days after the administration of the drug in experimental group animals, the number of red blood cells increased by 31.4% (P < 0.001). In the control group, this indicator did not change significantly and did not differ from the values before the treatment. The hemoglobin content in experimental group foals after treatment significantly increased by 28.9% (P < 0,001). In contrast, 66.7% of animals in the control group showed oligochromemia. A similar trend of changes was noted in the determination of the hematocrit value. Changes were also found in the fractional composition of erythrocytes. In particular, after treatment in foals of both groups, the number of «old» erythrocytes decreased (P < 0.05). At the same time, the number of «mature» populations increased only in experimental group foals (P < 0.001). Regarding «young» erythrocyte populations, their number decreased in experimental animals by 8.3% (P < 0.001). However, in foals treated with Ferrovet® (control group), the proportion of «young» cells was increased after treatment, which apparently indicates the activation of proliferation and increased elimination of immature erythrocytes from the bone marrow. The iron content after the introduction of Vitazal® in foals of experimental group significantly increased by 45.6% and on average 26.8 ± 1.07 μmol/l (P < 0,01). In control animals after treatment, the content of this biometal did not change significantly. FTC values in the experimental group, namely TIBC and UIBC in 30 days after treatment significantly decreased (P < 0,001), while in foals of control group they remained unchanged. Iron metabolism directly depends on its transport form - transferrin protein. Throughout the study period, its content in control and experimental group animals was the same. However, the saturation of transferrin with iron in experimental group animals after the introduction of Vitazal® significantly increased by 19.8% and averaged 40.2 ± 1.26% (P < 0.001). In foals that received Ferrovet®, this indicator did not change 1 month after treatment. Thus, the study found a positive antianemic effect of the drug Vitazal® for anemic syndrome in foals.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ermolenko, E. E. Aуshpur, I. U. Mushtuk, V. V. Gumeniuk, V. Ukhovskyi, V. Hlebeniuk
To study the seroprevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis among the pig livestock of Ukraine. The research was conducted in the laboratories of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of NAAS and in pig farms. Were studied 653 samples of pigs’ serum of different age groups from17 pig farms with breeding stock of 40 456 sows. To study seroprevalence was used a test system for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal antibodies bioScreen Ileitis Antibody Test ELISA Svanovir®Lawsonia intracellularis (Boehringer Ingelheim Svanova). Serological tests have provided evidence that the pathogen was circulating in the herd. According to the research results, 46.4% of seropositive animals were found. Seropositive pigs were found in all studied farms, namely – among sows – 74.0%, replacement gilts – 79.6%, growing pigs – 2.5% and fattening pigs – 59.8%. The high level of seroprevalence among replacement gilts and sows of the 1st farrowing indicates the circulation of the pathogen in the herd, as well as the manifestation of morbidity in the fattening group, where was the highest rate of positive serum samples. From the 17 examined farms, only one farm was found where no seropositive animals were detected. According to our observations, proliferative enteropathy in pigs of Ukrainian pig farms has signs of chronic course, especially it is common in pig farms that import replacement gilts from abroad, where antibiotics are prohibited or restricted in donor farms. The results of serological tests allowed us to reconfirm that the spread of the disease is increasing in Ukrainian pig farms. Compared to 2015, the percentage of seropositive animals increased by almost 10%. The typical serological profile for Lawsonia intracellularis which is characteristic of our studied farms allowed us to conclude for which age groups of pigs and for which technological period of raising swine it is necessary to develop and implement measures for treatment and disease prevention. To control the disease, it is highly recommended to conduct constant monitoring of the farm’s well-being against ileitis (send, in addition to faecal samples for PCR testing, also serum for ELISA testing).
{"title":"Lawsonia intracellularis seroprevalence among the pig farm livestock of Ukraine","authors":"A. Ermolenko, E. E. Aуshpur, I. U. Mushtuk, V. V. Gumeniuk, V. Ukhovskyi, V. Hlebeniuk","doi":"10.32819/2020.84038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.84038","url":null,"abstract":"To study the seroprevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis among the pig livestock of Ukraine. The research was conducted in the laboratories of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of NAAS and in pig farms. Were studied 653 samples of pigs’ serum of different age groups from17 pig farms with breeding stock of 40 456 sows. To study seroprevalence was used a test system for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal antibodies bioScreen Ileitis Antibody Test ELISA Svanovir®Lawsonia intracellularis (Boehringer Ingelheim Svanova). Serological tests have provided evidence that the pathogen was circulating in the herd. According to the research results, 46.4% of seropositive animals were found. Seropositive pigs were found in all studied farms, namely – among sows – 74.0%, replacement gilts – 79.6%, growing pigs – 2.5% and fattening pigs – 59.8%. The high level of seroprevalence among replacement gilts and sows of the 1st farrowing indicates the circulation of the pathogen in the herd, as well as the manifestation of morbidity in the fattening group, where was the highest rate of positive serum samples. From the 17 examined farms, only one farm was found where no seropositive animals were detected. According to our observations, proliferative enteropathy in pigs of Ukrainian pig farms has signs of chronic course, especially it is common in pig farms that import replacement gilts from abroad, where antibiotics are prohibited or restricted in donor farms. The results of serological tests allowed us to reconfirm that the spread of the disease is increasing in Ukrainian pig farms. Compared to 2015, the percentage of seropositive animals increased by almost 10%. The typical serological profile for Lawsonia intracellularis which is characteristic of our studied farms allowed us to conclude for which age groups of pigs and for which technological period of raising swine it is necessary to develop and implement measures for treatment and disease prevention. To control the disease, it is highly recommended to conduct constant monitoring of the farm’s well-being against ileitis (send, in addition to faecal samples for PCR testing, also serum for ELISA testing).","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Chernenko, O. I. Chernenko, R. Mylostyvyi, V. Dutka
. Presented study results of the influence of constitution types on economically useful traits of highly productive Swiss breed. The experimental animals were divided into three groups according to the standard deviation of 0.67 from the average value of the volume-to-weight coefficient (VWC) for the studied group of same-aged animals at the calving. To the low-volume type with VWC value of less than 0.46 l/kg 16 cows were allocated, to the medium-volume type with VWC of 0.46 to 0.56 l/kg – 44 cows respectively, and to the large-volume type with VWC value, which amounted to 0.57 l/kg or more – 19 cows. Since the difference in animals’ bodyweight of all groups was within 3%, which is a characteristic of matched pairs design, in cows with the constitution of large and medium volume type per kg of their body weight, there was a greater ratio of the thorax which is characterizing volume-to-weight coefficient value. Experimental cows by the main measurements of the exterior were characterized by good development. However, animals of the high and mid-volume type of constitution had deep and wide chests, with a larger chest cross-sectional area behind the shoulder blades and behind the last rib, and a larger conditional volume of the whole thorax. The skin on the neck and the last rib turned out to be the most informative for the definition of the body types features. The cows of those constitution types had thinner skin on the neck by 0.4 (P > 0.95) and 0.3 cm (approximately P > 0.95), and at the level of the last rib by 0.3 (approximately P > 0 95) and 0.5 cm (P > 0.95) compared to the low volume type of constitution. According to body indices, cows of all body types had a pronounced and consolidated dairy type. This was evidenced by the low value of the variability coefficient of the exterior indices in the range of 2.2–6.9%. Compared to cows of low volume type, a statistically significant difference was found in favor of cows with the high and medium-volume type of the constitution by chest width index, respectively, by 1.9% (P > 0.999) and 1.8% (P > 0.999) and backside index, respectively: 2,4% (P > 0.99) and 1.0% (P > 0.95). No correlation was found between the cows’ behaviour and their type of constitution. It has been established that cows’ milk productivity depends on the development of the thorax as a whole and the value of the volume-to-weight coefficient in particular. High and medium-volume type cows for 305 days of the first lactation had higher milk yields by 1 314 kg (P > 0.95), milk fat yield – by 41.6 kg (P > 0.95), and milk protein yield – by 40.8 kg (P > 0.95). There was a similar difference for the second lactation.
{"title":"The economic traits of cows with different types of constitution","authors":"O. Chernenko, O. I. Chernenko, R. Mylostyvyi, V. Dutka","doi":"10.32819/2020.82019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.82019","url":null,"abstract":". Presented study results of the influence of constitution types on economically useful traits of highly productive Swiss breed. The experimental animals were divided into three groups according to the standard deviation of 0.67 from the average value of the volume-to-weight coefficient (VWC) for the studied group of same-aged animals at the calving. To the low-volume type with VWC value of less than 0.46 l/kg 16 cows were allocated, to the medium-volume type with VWC of 0.46 to 0.56 l/kg – 44 cows respectively, and to the large-volume type with VWC value, which amounted to 0.57 l/kg or more – 19 cows. Since the difference in animals’ bodyweight of all groups was within 3%, which is a characteristic of matched pairs design, in cows with the constitution of large and medium volume type per kg of their body weight, there was a greater ratio of the thorax which is characterizing volume-to-weight coefficient value. Experimental cows by the main measurements of the exterior were characterized by good development. However, animals of the high and mid-volume type of constitution had deep and wide chests, with a larger chest cross-sectional area behind the shoulder blades and behind the last rib, and a larger conditional volume of the whole thorax. The skin on the neck and the last rib turned out to be the most informative for the definition of the body types features. The cows of those constitution types had thinner skin on the neck by 0.4 (P > 0.95) and 0.3 cm (approximately P > 0.95), and at the level of the last rib by 0.3 (approximately P > 0 95) and 0.5 cm (P > 0.95) compared to the low volume type of constitution. According to body indices, cows of all body types had a pronounced and consolidated dairy type. This was evidenced by the low value of the variability coefficient of the exterior indices in the range of 2.2–6.9%. Compared to cows of low volume type, a statistically significant difference was found in favor of cows with the high and medium-volume type of the constitution by chest width index, respectively, by 1.9% (P > 0.999) and 1.8% (P > 0.999) and backside index, respectively: 2,4% (P > 0.99) and 1.0% (P > 0.95). No correlation was found between the cows’ behaviour and their type of constitution. It has been established that cows’ milk productivity depends on the development of the thorax as a whole and the value of the volume-to-weight coefficient in particular. High and medium-volume type cows for 305 days of the first lactation had higher milk yields by 1 314 kg (P > 0.95), milk fat yield – by 41.6 kg (P > 0.95), and milk protein yield – by 40.8 kg (P > 0.95). There was a similar difference for the second lactation.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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