The purpose of this study was to determine whether heterozygosity (assessed using microsatellite genotypes) was correlated with the body weight of heifers from birth to 18 months. The study was conducted on the heifers’ herd of the Taurian intra-breed type Southern meat cattle breed at Askaniiske State Research Enterprise (Ukraine, Kherson Region). During the study, we used ten microsatellite loci recommended by International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) TGLA227, BM2113, TGLA53, ETH10, SPS115, TGLA122, INRA023, BM1818, ETH3 and BM1824. The heifer’s body weight was measured at birth, at weaning, and at the age 8, 12, 15 and 18 months. Individual heterozygosity estimates (for each microsatellite loci separately) and microsatellite multilocus heterozygosity (for all used loci) estimates (MLH) were used in the analysis. ANOVA was used to determine the relationship of the dependent effects (body weight at different ages) to single locus heterozygosity using two classes: 0 (for homozygous individuals) and 1 (for heterozygous individuals). In addition, the following indicators were calculated for each genotype: the squared distances (d2) between the length of both alleles within the individual genotype for each microsatellite loci, as well as the mean squared distance (multilocus d2) between the lengths of both alleles within the individual genotype for ten microsatellite loci. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were used to measure the association between d2 scores (for each microsatellite loci) and body weight at different ages. The influence of different grades of estimates of MLH and mean d2 classes was also assessed based on ANOVA. Heterozygosity at locus BM2113 was significantly (P < 0.01) associated with heifer’s body weight at the age of 15 months and heterozygosity at locus BM1818 was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with heifer’s body weight at the age of 8 months. Significant Spearman’s rank correlations (P < 0.01...0.05) were also observed between the body weight and d2 score for four microsatellite loci BM2113, SPS115, ETH3 and BM1824. Individual mean heterozygosity estimates for 10 microsatellite loci and mean d2 estimates were weakly associated with weight performance in Southern meat cattle breed heifers.
{"title":"Microsatellite DNA heterozygosity and weight performance in Southern meat cattle breed heifers","authors":"A. Kramarenko, S. Kramarenko","doi":"10.32819/2021.93017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2021.93017","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine whether heterozygosity (assessed using microsatellite genotypes) was correlated with the body weight of heifers from birth to 18 months. The study was conducted on the heifers’ herd of the Taurian intra-breed type Southern meat cattle breed at Askaniiske State Research Enterprise (Ukraine, Kherson Region). During the study, we used ten microsatellite loci recommended by International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) TGLA227, BM2113, TGLA53, ETH10, SPS115, TGLA122, INRA023, BM1818, ETH3 and BM1824. The heifer’s body weight was measured at birth, at weaning, and at the age 8, 12, 15 and 18 months. Individual heterozygosity estimates (for each microsatellite loci separately) and microsatellite multilocus heterozygosity (for all used loci) estimates (MLH) were used in the analysis. ANOVA was used to determine the relationship of the dependent effects (body weight at different ages) to single locus heterozygosity using two classes: 0 (for homozygous individuals) and 1 (for heterozygous individuals). In addition, the following indicators were calculated for each genotype: the squared distances (d2) between the length of both alleles within the individual genotype for each microsatellite loci, as well as the mean squared distance (multilocus d2) between the lengths of both alleles within the individual genotype for ten microsatellite loci. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were used to measure the association between d2 scores (for each microsatellite loci) and body weight at different ages. The influence of different grades of estimates of MLH and mean d2 classes was also assessed based on ANOVA. Heterozygosity at locus BM2113 was significantly (P < 0.01) associated with heifer’s body weight at the age of 15 months and heterozygosity at locus BM1818 was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with heifer’s body weight at the age of 8 months. Significant Spearman’s rank correlations (P < 0.01...0.05) were also observed between the body weight and d2 score for four microsatellite loci BM2113, SPS115, ETH3 and BM1824. Individual mean heterozygosity estimates for 10 microsatellite loci and mean d2 estimates were weakly associated with weight performance in Southern meat cattle breed heifers.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70175482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Y. Lavrova, M. Kushch, I. Fesenko, L. M. Lyahovych, O. Byrka
The object of research was the morphofunctional organization of the stomach and intestinal of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) in the postnatal period of ontogenesis. The aim of the work was to determine the age topography and anatomical structure characteristics of the stomach and intestines from the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). The material for morphological studies was selected from budgerigars of 9 groups: 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 21-day-old, 1-, 2-, 6-month-old and 1-year-old (n = 5). The absolute bodyweight of parrots and their organs was determined using a ВЛКТ-500 balance and a «Techniprot Waga Torsyjna-WT 500» torsion balance. Linear indicators of organs were determined using a ruler (GOST 17485-72) and a calliper (GOST 166-89). According to the research results, it was found that the increase in body weight of parrots during the first year of life was uneven. In the first month, it was increased by 15.3 times, in the second month – by 1.1 times. During the first month, it was increased most intensively in the first week. Parrots reached the mass of an adult bird at the age of 2 months. During the first year of life, the greatest body weight was established at the age of 6 months, and the greatest absolute weight, linear indicators of the glandular and muscular parts of the stomach, as well as the intestines – at the age of 21 days. The glandular stomach of the budgerigar reached the highest relative weight indicators at the age of 3 days, and the muscular part of the stomach and intestines – at the age of 7 days. The length of the intestine increased most intensively in the first week of life. During the first year of life, the relative length of the budgerigars small intestine gradually decreased. The greatest indicators of the duodenal absolute length were established at the age of 60 days, lean – 60 days, ileum – 21 days. The greatest indicators of the duodenal relative length were established at the age of 30 days, jejunum – 7 days, ileum – 14 and 21 days. High linear indices, as well as indices of the stomach and intestines mass of budgerigars, indicated their key importance in providing the body with nutrients and biologically active substances during intensive growth.
{"title":"Age dynamics of the stomach and intestines’ anatomical parameters of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)","authors":"I. Y. Lavrova, M. Kushch, I. Fesenko, L. M. Lyahovych, O. Byrka","doi":"10.32819/2021.93022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2021.93022","url":null,"abstract":"The object of research was the morphofunctional organization of the stomach and intestinal of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) in the postnatal period of ontogenesis. The aim of the work was to determine the age topography and anatomical structure characteristics of the stomach and intestines from the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). The material for morphological studies was selected from budgerigars of 9 groups: 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 21-day-old, 1-, 2-, 6-month-old and 1-year-old (n = 5). The absolute bodyweight of parrots and their organs was determined using a ВЛКТ-500 balance and a «Techniprot Waga Torsyjna-WT 500» torsion balance. Linear indicators of organs were determined using a ruler (GOST 17485-72) and a calliper (GOST 166-89). According to the research results, it was found that the increase in body weight of parrots during the first year of life was uneven. In the first month, it was increased by 15.3 times, in the second month – by 1.1 times. During the first month, it was increased most intensively in the first week. Parrots reached the mass of an adult bird at the age of 2 months. During the first year of life, the greatest body weight was established at the age of 6 months, and the greatest absolute weight, linear indicators of the glandular and muscular parts of the stomach, as well as the intestines – at the age of 21 days. The glandular stomach of the budgerigar reached the highest relative weight indicators at the age of 3 days, and the muscular part of the stomach and intestines – at the age of 7 days. The length of the intestine increased most intensively in the first week of life. During the first year of life, the relative length of the budgerigars small intestine gradually decreased. The greatest indicators of the duodenal absolute length were established at the age of 60 days, lean – 60 days, ileum – 21 days. The greatest indicators of the duodenal relative length were established at the age of 30 days, jejunum – 7 days, ileum – 14 and 21 days. High linear indices, as well as indices of the stomach and intestines mass of budgerigars, indicated their key importance in providing the body with nutrients and biologically active substances during intensive growth.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70175504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sacroiliac joint instability is a fairly common pathology of the musculoskeletal system, which is observed in dogs of various breeds, sex, and age. This problem has received little attention in the research field, veterinary literature and clinical practice due to similar symptoms with more studied and treated pathologies of the musculoskeletal system, that are more common in everyday practice. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a differential diagnosis of pathologies that are similar in clinical manifestation. Radiography remains the main method for examining bones and their joints even today. But examining the sacroiliac joint requires the development of an optimal protocol for radiography of the studied area. The research was conducted on the basis of the Clinical and Diagnostic Center of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of the Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University for one year on 20 dogs of different age, sex, and breeds. Radiography was performed to diagnose the instability of the sacroiliac joint. A combination of a Triones tw-120 X-ray machine and an Alfa-4600 digital receiver was used for the examination. According to the results of the study, it was found that there was no significant difference between the central positioning method of the animal and the angular one for assessing the state of soft tissues, but the angular method was more suitable for assessing the state of the sacroiliac joint structures since it allowed a more detailed analysis of the state of the articular surfaces and the location of the iliac bones relative to the sacrum. This kind of x-ray examination should be performed only with sedatives. Since the position of the animal’s body on radiography is not physiological and in the case of sacroiliac joint instability there is pain, these factors will negatively affect the accuracy of the study. It was also found that the use of M-shaped pillows significantly improved the quality of the obtained X-ray image. When working with the radiograph, it is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the joint surfaces, as osteoarthritis and osteosclerosis in the future may cause instability of the sacroiliac joint. If there is an X-ray of the joint space, the congruence index should be calculated. It is important to take into account the anamnestic data of the animal, as pregnant females may have abnormalities. Compliance with the proposed protocol of diagnostic actions in case of suspicion of sacroiliac joint instability will make it possible to accurately diagnose, prescribe appropriate treatment, plan the course of the surgery and prevent the development of this pathology in the future.
{"title":"Features of sacroiliac joint x-ray examination in dogs","authors":"V. Novitsky","doi":"10.32819/2021.91008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2021.91008","url":null,"abstract":"Sacroiliac joint instability is a fairly common pathology of the musculoskeletal system, which is observed in dogs of various breeds, sex, and age. This problem has received little attention in the research field, veterinary literature and clinical practice due to similar symptoms with more studied and treated pathologies of the musculoskeletal system, that are more common in everyday practice. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a differential diagnosis of pathologies that are similar in clinical manifestation. Radiography remains the main method for examining bones and their joints even today. But examining the sacroiliac joint requires the development of an optimal protocol for radiography of the studied area. The research was conducted on the basis of the Clinical and Diagnostic Center of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of the Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University for one year on 20 dogs of different age, sex, and breeds. Radiography was performed to diagnose the instability of the sacroiliac joint. A combination of a Triones tw-120 X-ray machine and an Alfa-4600 digital receiver was used for the examination. According to the results of the study, it was found that there was no significant difference between the central positioning method of the animal and the angular one for assessing the state of soft tissues, but the angular method was more suitable for assessing the state of the sacroiliac joint structures since it allowed a more detailed analysis of the state of the articular surfaces and the location of the iliac bones relative to the sacrum. This kind of x-ray examination should be performed only with sedatives. Since the position of the animal’s body on radiography is not physiological and in the case of sacroiliac joint instability there is pain, these factors will negatively affect the accuracy of the study. It was also found that the use of M-shaped pillows significantly improved the quality of the obtained X-ray image. When working with the radiograph, it is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the joint surfaces, as osteoarthritis and osteosclerosis in the future may cause instability of the sacroiliac joint. If there is an X-ray of the joint space, the congruence index should be calculated. It is important to take into account the anamnestic data of the animal, as pregnant females may have abnormalities. Compliance with the proposed protocol of diagnostic actions in case of suspicion of sacroiliac joint instability will make it possible to accurately diagnose, prescribe appropriate treatment, plan the course of the surgery and prevent the development of this pathology in the future.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70175041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Horchanok, V. V. Мykytiuk, O. Kuzmenko, L. Lytvyshchenko, V. Chumak, I. Porotikova
The results of the study of Saanen goats milk productivity while feeding humic origin organic feed supplement of «VitaHum» are presented in the paper. Studying milk productivity of different goat breeds, as well as using balanced rations of biologically active feed supplements for therapeutic and prophylactic properties and improving metabolic processes and body functions, are important issues for animal breeding industry, since goat husbandry in Ukraine is in a state of formation. «VitaHum» is completely different from existing biologically active peat supplements on the market because it is received not as a result of peat hydrolysis by alkalis or acids, but by a natural way of chelation. It does not contain humic acids sodium salts with alkali residues with which no reaction had taken place, but residues of amino acids, peptides, carboxylic acids and other useful substances in pure «natural» organic form. This feed supplement meets European standards of organic products. It was found that with the industrial technology of the animal management and feeding with mixed diets when using humic origin feed supplement «VitaHum» during the entire lactation period, milk yield was increased by 15.9% or 137.3 kg, milk protein content by 0.11 abs. percent. However, the goats from the control group had the advantage in milk fat content by 0.09 abs. percent (P > 0.999). The maximum average daily milk yield of 3.55 kg was observed in the second experimental group of goats, which received feed supplements «VitaHum» in addition to the main diet. However, as a result of a significant advantage in milk yield from goats of the experimental group, a noticeably higher amount of both milk protein and milk fat mass fraction was obtained by 5.94 kg and 4.63 kg, respectively. Analysis of the qualitative milk composition of the experimental goats showed that the percentage of milk solids non-fat (MSNF) was in the range of 8.45–8.58%, and the content of somatic cells in the milk of control group animals was higher by 7.05%. The qualitative milk composition was quite satisfactory for this breed of goats, as the milk fat mass fraction was 3.94–4.03% and protein one 3.52–3.63%. The ratio of fat and protein at the level of 1.15–1.09 units indicated a good physiological state of the digestive system of the Saanen breed goats.
{"title":"Milk productivity of Saanen goats while feeding organic humic origin feed supplement","authors":"A. Horchanok, V. V. Мykytiuk, O. Kuzmenko, L. Lytvyshchenko, V. Chumak, I. Porotikova","doi":"10.32819/2021.91003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2021.91003","url":null,"abstract":"The results of the study of Saanen goats milk productivity while feeding humic origin organic feed supplement of «VitaHum» are presented in the paper. Studying milk productivity of different goat breeds, as well as using balanced rations of biologically active feed supplements for therapeutic and prophylactic properties and improving metabolic processes and body functions, are important issues for animal breeding industry, since goat husbandry in Ukraine is in a state of formation. «VitaHum» is completely different from existing biologically active peat supplements on the market because it is received not as a result of peat hydrolysis by alkalis or acids, but by a natural way of chelation. It does not contain humic acids sodium salts with alkali residues with which no reaction had taken place, but residues of amino acids, peptides, carboxylic acids and other useful substances in pure «natural» organic form. This feed supplement meets European standards of organic products. It was found that with the industrial technology of the animal management and feeding with mixed diets when using humic origin feed supplement «VitaHum» during the entire lactation period, milk yield was increased by 15.9% or 137.3 kg, milk protein content by 0.11 abs. percent. However, the goats from the control group had the advantage in milk fat content by 0.09 abs. percent (P > 0.999). The maximum average daily milk yield of 3.55 kg was observed in the second experimental group of goats, which received feed supplements «VitaHum» in addition to the main diet. However, as a result of a significant advantage in milk yield from goats of the experimental group, a noticeably higher amount of both milk protein and milk fat mass fraction was obtained by 5.94 kg and 4.63 kg, respectively. Analysis of the qualitative milk composition of the experimental goats showed that the percentage of milk solids non-fat (MSNF) was in the range of 8.45–8.58%, and the content of somatic cells in the milk of control group animals was higher by 7.05%. The qualitative milk composition was quite satisfactory for this breed of goats, as the milk fat mass fraction was 3.94–4.03% and protein one 3.52–3.63%. The ratio of fat and protein at the level of 1.15–1.09 units indicated a good physiological state of the digestive system of the Saanen breed goats.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70175138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. S. Makhotina, M. Kushch, O. I. Zhygalova, I. Fesenko
The aim of the study was to determine the features of the topography and the number of the total population of endocrinocytes and enterochromaffin cells in the intestines of ducks during the first year of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. The experiments were performed on domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of black white-breasted breed (n = 5) 9 groups: 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 21-days-old, 1-, 2-, 6-month-old and 1-year-old. Determination of the total population of endocrine cells (argyrophilic) and enterochromaffin (argentaffin) was performed on histological specimens made from cross-sections of the middle section of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and rectum, stained by Masson and Grimelius. The endocrine cells of 1- and 3-days-old ducks had a «superficial» location due to insufficient formation of crypts and villi. In older birds, in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, both argyrophilic and argentaffin APUD cells were localized mainly in crypts, and in the cecum and rectum, they were also in the epithelial layer of the villi. During the entire observation period, the highest content of both argyrophilic and argentaffin endocrinocytes in all intestines were found in 21-days-old ducks. Already at 3-days-old age, the total number of endocrine cells in various intestines corresponded to those of an adult bird. The highest number of argyrophilic and argentaffin endocrinocytes was found in the ileum and cecum, less in the rectum and jejunum, and the smallest number was in the duodenum. Enterochromaffin cells are the most common type of endocrinocytes in the ducks’ intestines, their relative content ranged from 40.1 to 97.5%. The highest relative content of argentaffin cells at 1-, 3- and 7-day-old was observed in the duodenum, at 14-day-old – in the duodenum and colon, at 21-day-old – in the rectum, at 1- and 2-month-old in jejunum, at the age of 6 month – in the duodenum, jejunum and caecum, and at the age of 1-year-old – in the ileum and cecum. In addition to argyrophilic endocrinocytes, which were located in the epithelium, other cells were found in the loose connective tissue of the villi base, the cytoplasm of which was also intensively impregnated with silver nitrate. Such cells were smaller and mostly oval in shape. Their cytoplasm was impregnated almost evenly around the nucleus and had no polarity in the location of the granules. Probably those were mast cells, which also contain bioamines, and, as well as enteroendocrinocytes, are found in the argyrophilic reaction.
{"title":"Age features of topography and number of intestinal endocrinocytes in domestic duck","authors":"D. S. Makhotina, M. Kushch, O. I. Zhygalova, I. Fesenko","doi":"10.32819/2020.84036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.84036","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to determine the features of the topography and the number of the total population of endocrinocytes and enterochromaffin cells in the intestines of ducks during the first year of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. The experiments were performed on domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of black white-breasted breed (n = 5) 9 groups: 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, 21-days-old, 1-, 2-, 6-month-old and 1-year-old. Determination of the total population of endocrine cells (argyrophilic) and enterochromaffin (argentaffin) was performed on histological specimens made from cross-sections of the middle section of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and rectum, stained by Masson and Grimelius. The endocrine cells of 1- and 3-days-old ducks had a «superficial» location due to insufficient formation of crypts and villi. In older birds, in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, both argyrophilic and argentaffin APUD cells were localized mainly in crypts, and in the cecum and rectum, they were also in the epithelial layer of the villi. During the entire observation period, the highest content of both argyrophilic and argentaffin endocrinocytes in all intestines were found in 21-days-old ducks. Already at 3-days-old age, the total number of endocrine cells in various intestines corresponded to those of an adult bird. The highest number of argyrophilic and argentaffin endocrinocytes was found in the ileum and cecum, less in the rectum and jejunum, and the smallest number was in the duodenum. Enterochromaffin cells are the most common type of endocrinocytes in the ducks’ intestines, their relative content ranged from 40.1 to 97.5%. The highest relative content of argentaffin cells at 1-, 3- and 7-day-old was observed in the duodenum, at 14-day-old – in the duodenum and colon, at 21-day-old – in the rectum, at 1- and 2-month-old in jejunum, at the age of 6 month – in the duodenum, jejunum and caecum, and at the age of 1-year-old – in the ileum and cecum. In addition to argyrophilic endocrinocytes, which were located in the epithelium, other cells were found in the loose connective tissue of the villi base, the cytoplasm of which was also intensively impregnated with silver nitrate. Such cells were smaller and mostly oval in shape. Their cytoplasm was impregnated almost evenly around the nucleus and had no polarity in the location of the granules. Probably those were mast cells, which also contain bioamines, and, as well as enteroendocrinocytes, are found in the argyrophilic reaction.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Lieshchova, A. Oliyar, D. Bilyi, P. Skliarov, D. Masiuk, V. Logvinova, A. A. Bohomaz
In lymph nodes, as peripheral organs of the immune system, the patterns of their growth and development are unique in many ways, especially during the prenatal period of ontogenesis. The changes in the absolute and relative mass of lymph nodes in 66 bovine fetuses of different gestational ages (2–9 months) were studied. The weight of the fetuses and organs was determined with an accuracy of 0.001 g. According to the indicators of weight, body length, and the degree of development of the fetal skin derivatives, their age was established. It was found that in the first third of the fetal period of ontogenesis, the dynamics of the lymph nodes’ absolute mass was characterized by a moderate increase, which occurred simultaneously with an increase in the weight of the fetus itself. The relative weight at the beginning of the fetal period changed unevenly: it decreased in the superficial cervical and mandibular and increased in the popliteal and caudal mediastinal lymph nodes. In the second third of the fetal period, both the absolute and the relative weight of the examined organs increased dramatically (with the maximum at 7 months-old age). During the last third of the fetal period, a gradual increase in the absolute mass of all lymph nodes was found, and their relative mass, on the contrary, decreased moderately. In the second and last third of prenatal development, there was no direct relationship between the growth of the lymph nodes mass and the fetal total mass.
{"title":"Dynamics of lymph nodes weight characteristics in cattle during the prenatal period of their ontogenesis","authors":"M. Lieshchova, A. Oliyar, D. Bilyi, P. Skliarov, D. Masiuk, V. Logvinova, A. A. Bohomaz","doi":"10.32819/2020.84042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.84042","url":null,"abstract":"In lymph nodes, as peripheral organs of the immune system, the patterns of their growth and development are unique in many ways, especially during the prenatal period of ontogenesis. The changes in the absolute and relative mass of lymph nodes in 66 bovine fetuses of different gestational ages (2–9 months) were studied. The weight of the fetuses and organs was determined with an accuracy of 0.001 g. According to the indicators of weight, body length, and the degree of development of the fetal skin derivatives, their age was established. It was found that in the first third of the fetal period of ontogenesis, the dynamics of the lymph nodes’ absolute mass was characterized by a moderate increase, which occurred simultaneously with an increase in the weight of the fetus itself. The relative weight at the beginning of the fetal period changed unevenly: it decreased in the superficial cervical and mandibular and increased in the popliteal and caudal mediastinal lymph nodes. In the second third of the fetal period, both the absolute and the relative weight of the examined organs increased dramatically (with the maximum at 7 months-old age). During the last third of the fetal period, a gradual increase in the absolute mass of all lymph nodes was found, and their relative mass, on the contrary, decreased moderately. In the second and last third of prenatal development, there was no direct relationship between the growth of the lymph nodes mass and the fetal total mass.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70175017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When developing new protocols and methods for treating eye diseases, there is a need to set up an experiment with modeling a particular pathology in vivo. Currently, there are several methods for modelling keratitis and uveitis, however, their effectiveness remains unclear. In our research, under the experimental conditions on laboratory animals (rabbits), were applied three action methods of pathological factors causing inflammation and morphofunctional changes in eye tissues. The first method included the effect of ultraviolet exposure for 3 min using a DRT-240 mercury lamp, followed by infecting damaged corneal surface with the pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strain 1×105 CFU/ml. The second method consisted of the introduction of the S. aureus pathogenic strain by injection of 1×105 CFU/ml into the anterior chamber of the eye. The third method is the application of filter paper 5 mm in diameter and soaked in 1% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution for 30 s on the surface of the eye cornea. In order to compare the degree of damage to the eye tissues after using various pathological factors, intravital diagnostic methods were used, in particular, the Shimmer test, the Seidel fluorescence test, non-contact face-to-face tonometry, biomicroscopy in focal light, ultrasound eye diagnostics, photo fixation. On the 7th day of the experiment, the animals were taken out of the experiment and histological studies of the enucleated eyeballs were carried out. It was found that all the factors that were used cause pathological processes, expressed to varying degrees. According to a complex of clinical and histological studies, it was found that the first method turned out to be the most effective, since the exposure of ultraviolet long-wave UVA rays caused a burn, and the next infecting with a pathogenic strain of S. aureus caused the development of total keratitis and uveitis. When a bacterial pathogen was injected into the anterior chamber of the eye, acute inflammation occurred inside the chamber, filling it with purulent exudate and melting the surrounding tissues, but did not cause keratitis on the cornea outer surface. In the group where chemical burns were used, according to the sum of the evaluation criteria and other studies, keratitis was found, but the eye barrier systems prevented the occurrence of uveitis.
{"title":"Experimental modeling of bacterial keratitis and uveitis","authors":"O. Shupyk, A. Mazurkevich, R. Bokotko","doi":"10.32819/2020.84041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.84041","url":null,"abstract":"When developing new protocols and methods for treating eye diseases, there is a need to set up an experiment with modeling a particular pathology in vivo. Currently, there are several methods for modelling keratitis and uveitis, however, their effectiveness remains unclear. In our research, under the experimental conditions on laboratory animals (rabbits), were applied three action methods of pathological factors causing inflammation and morphofunctional changes in eye tissues. The first method included the effect of ultraviolet exposure for 3 min using a DRT-240 mercury lamp, followed by infecting damaged corneal surface with the pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strain 1×105 CFU/ml. The second method consisted of the introduction of the S. aureus pathogenic strain by injection of 1×105 CFU/ml into the anterior chamber of the eye. The third method is the application of filter paper 5 mm in diameter and soaked in 1% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution for 30 s on the surface of the eye cornea. In order to compare the degree of damage to the eye tissues after using various pathological factors, intravital diagnostic methods were used, in particular, the Shimmer test, the Seidel fluorescence test, non-contact face-to-face tonometry, biomicroscopy in focal light, ultrasound eye diagnostics, photo fixation. On the 7th day of the experiment, the animals were taken out of the experiment and histological studies of the enucleated eyeballs were carried out. It was found that all the factors that were used cause pathological processes, expressed to varying degrees. According to a complex of clinical and histological studies, it was found that the first method turned out to be the most effective, since the exposure of ultraviolet long-wave UVA rays caused a burn, and the next infecting with a pathogenic strain of S. aureus caused the development of total keratitis and uveitis. When a bacterial pathogen was injected into the anterior chamber of the eye, acute inflammation occurred inside the chamber, filling it with purulent exudate and melting the surrounding tissues, but did not cause keratitis on the cornea outer surface. In the group where chemical burns were used, according to the sum of the evaluation criteria and other studies, keratitis was found, but the eye barrier systems prevented the occurrence of uveitis.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70175007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Canine lymphoma is a large and complex field of oncohematology. The updated classification system of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is based on clinical, topographic, cytomorphological, immunophenotypic, genetic, and molecular characteristics of neoplastic cells, is recognized as the basic systematization of canine lymphoma. The variety of forms, subtypes of canine lymphoma, the systemic nature of the disease and the increase in cases of their detection, determine the importance and relevance in veterinary oncology of a comprehensive study of this disease. The main vector in the disease control and proper patient management is the timely and accurate diagnosis. The diagnostic scheme for lymphoma includes a medical history and physical examination, hematology, biochemical blood analysis, and urine tests, diagnostic imaging of the chest and abdominal cavities, pathomorphological studies, and cell immunophenotyping. However, the basis for the final diagnosis is cytological and histological methods with cell immunophenotyping. The differentiation clusters of B- and T-cells of canine lymphomas are slightly different from those used for human lymphoma immunophenotyping. High-grade canine lymphomas from mature lymphocytes are detected in 86% of cases, with multicentric large B-cell lymphoma being recognized as the most common in the world. The use of modern, high-tech diagnostic methods (ultrasonography, tomography, cytology, molecular genetic) by foreign veterinary oncologists not only promotes a quick and accurate diagnosis but allows scientists to make important discoveries. Consideration of paraneoplastic syndromes may promote earlier detection of dogs’ lymphomas. Significance of prognostic factors and understanding of the pathogenesis of lymphoma were evaluated for the veterinarian to make the right clinical decisions, make a long-term prognosis and select appropriate therapy. The difficulty of making an accurate diagnosis of lymphoma is associated with many diagnostic procedures and various factors affecting them, which ultimately requires the formation of a clear diagnostic algorithm.
{"title":"Diagnostic features of canine lymphoma (a review)","authors":"R. Shevchik, H. Samoyluk","doi":"10.32819/2020.82012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.82012","url":null,"abstract":". Canine lymphoma is a large and complex field of oncohematology. The updated classification system of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is based on clinical, topographic, cytomorphological, immunophenotypic, genetic, and molecular characteristics of neoplastic cells, is recognized as the basic systematization of canine lymphoma. The variety of forms, subtypes of canine lymphoma, the systemic nature of the disease and the increase in cases of their detection, determine the importance and relevance in veterinary oncology of a comprehensive study of this disease. The main vector in the disease control and proper patient management is the timely and accurate diagnosis. The diagnostic scheme for lymphoma includes a medical history and physical examination, hematology, biochemical blood analysis, and urine tests, diagnostic imaging of the chest and abdominal cavities, pathomorphological studies, and cell immunophenotyping. However, the basis for the final diagnosis is cytological and histological methods with cell immunophenotyping. The differentiation clusters of B- and T-cells of canine lymphomas are slightly different from those used for human lymphoma immunophenotyping. High-grade canine lymphomas from mature lymphocytes are detected in 86% of cases, with multicentric large B-cell lymphoma being recognized as the most common in the world. The use of modern, high-tech diagnostic methods (ultrasonography, tomography, cytology, molecular genetic) by foreign veterinary oncologists not only promotes a quick and accurate diagnosis but allows scientists to make important discoveries. Consideration of paraneoplastic syndromes may promote earlier detection of dogs’ lymphomas. Significance of prognostic factors and understanding of the pathogenesis of lymphoma were evaluated for the veterinarian to make the right clinical decisions, make a long-term prognosis and select appropriate therapy. The difficulty of making an accurate diagnosis of lymphoma is associated with many diagnostic procedures and various factors affecting them, which ultimately requires the formation of a clear diagnostic algorithm.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant risk to animal health by reducing the effectiveness of the treatment and prevention of many infections caused by bacteria. Antibiotic resistance threatens human health by transmitting resistant strains of microorganisms or resistance genes from animals to humans through the food chain. Life-threatening infections that were previously manageable can become incurable through antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance can be divided into two main types: natural and acquired. Natural bacterial resistance is associated with the absence or inaccessibility of target cites for the action of certain antimicrobial agents. The acquired resistance is specific and associated with the acquisition of extraneous resistance genes or mutational modification of chromosomal target genes. The resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs varies depending on the antimicrobial agent, species or genus of bacteria, and the mechanism of resistance. Resistance to the same antimicrobial agent can be mediated by different resistance mechanisms. In some cases, the same resistance gene or mechanism are related to a wide variety of bacteria, whereas in other cases, resistance genes or mechanisms are restricted to certain bacterial species or genera. Bacterial resistance to different classes of antibiotics with common mechanisms often leads to the multidrug resistance. The data presented in this review focuses exclusively on the resistance genes and mechanisms found in bacteria of animal origin and on antimicrobials used in the veterinary medicine. For better coverage of the topic, information on the mechanisms of resistance is presented separately for each class of antimicrobial agents.
{"title":"Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance development in bacteria","authors":"T. Stetsko, V. Muzyka, M. Kozak","doi":"10.32819/2020.83033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.83033","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant risk to animal health by reducing the effectiveness of the treatment and prevention of many infections caused by bacteria. Antibiotic resistance threatens human health by transmitting resistant strains of microorganisms or resistance genes from animals to humans through the food chain. Life-threatening infections that were previously manageable can become incurable through antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance can be divided into two main types: natural and acquired. Natural bacterial resistance is associated with the absence or inaccessibility of target cites for the action of certain antimicrobial agents. The acquired resistance is specific and associated with the acquisition of extraneous resistance genes or mutational modification of chromosomal target genes. The resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs varies depending on the antimicrobial agent, species or genus of bacteria, and the mechanism of resistance. Resistance to the same antimicrobial agent can be mediated by different resistance mechanisms. In some cases, the same resistance gene or mechanism are related to a wide variety of bacteria, whereas in other cases, resistance genes or mechanisms are restricted to certain bacterial species or genera. Bacterial resistance to different classes of antibiotics with common mechanisms often leads to the multidrug resistance. The data presented in this review focuses exclusively on the resistance genes and mechanisms found in bacteria of animal origin and on antimicrobials used in the veterinary medicine. For better coverage of the topic, information on the mechanisms of resistance is presented separately for each class of antimicrobial agents.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1202 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It was found that enzymatic system activity of the antioxidant protection of the breeding boars organism with a decrease in their reproductive ability under oxidative stress was significantly decreased, which was noted by a decrease in the antioxidant capacity. Males of the experimental group had a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity by 30,2% (p ˂ 0,01). At the same time, in the erythrocytes of breeding boars, catalase activity was reduced by 33,9% (p ˂ 0,001) compared with the indicators of the control group animals, due to the high sensitivity to nitric oxide, the content of which was significantly increased during oxidative stress; interacting with nitric oxide, a suppressed form of catalase – ferricatalase-NO was formed. A decrease in the activity of these enzymes is characteristic of the oxidative stress development – which is due to the high level of peroxidation processes in the body of breeding boars. With a decrease in the activity of glutathione system components, an imbalance of the prooxidant-antioxidant system was noted. According to the research results, a decrease in the activity of the glutathione redox cycle enzymes – glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase was noted, which in boars with a decrease of reproductive ability were also reduced, and this also confirmed the state of oxidative stress. Thus, boars of the experimental group had a pronounced decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity by 28,4% (p ˂ 0,05), while the activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes was significantly reduced by 20,2% (p ˂ 0,05). The lack of physiological activity of antioxidant enzymes will have a negative impact on the fertilizing ability of sperm, because the lack of components of the enzymatic antioxidant defence system affects the activity of enzymes in sperm received from the breeding boars. A balance was observed between the components of the enzymatic antioxidant defense: the ratio of antioxidant enzymes’ activity in the male experimental group was lower than the values in the control group, however, the indices of superoxide dismutase/catalase and glutathione peroxidase/glutathione reductase had the same values, indicating that the balance in the enzymatic system of antioxidant defense was maintained. A decrease in enzyme indices in the experimental group indicated a decrease in the antioxidant potential and confirmed a certain state of oxidative stress in the breeding boars organism.
{"title":"The activity of the antioxidant protection enzymatic system of boars with a decrease in their reproductive capacity under oxidative stress","authors":"V. Koshevoy, S. Naumenko","doi":"10.32819/2020.83027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.83027","url":null,"abstract":"It was found that enzymatic system activity of the antioxidant protection of the breeding boars organism with a decrease in their reproductive ability under oxidative stress was significantly decreased, which was noted by a decrease in the antioxidant capacity. Males of the experimental group had a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity by 30,2% (p ˂ 0,01). At the same time, in the erythrocytes of breeding boars, catalase activity was reduced by 33,9% (p ˂ 0,001) compared with the indicators of the control group animals, due to the high sensitivity to nitric oxide, the content of which was significantly increased during oxidative stress; interacting with nitric oxide, a suppressed form of catalase – ferricatalase-NO was formed. A decrease in the activity of these enzymes is characteristic of the oxidative stress development – which is due to the high level of peroxidation processes in the body of breeding boars. With a decrease in the activity of glutathione system components, an imbalance of the prooxidant-antioxidant system was noted. According to the research results, a decrease in the activity of the glutathione redox cycle enzymes – glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase was noted, which in boars with a decrease of reproductive ability were also reduced, and this also confirmed the state of oxidative stress. Thus, boars of the experimental group had a pronounced decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity by 28,4% (p ˂ 0,05), while the activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes was significantly reduced by 20,2% (p ˂ 0,05). The lack of physiological activity of antioxidant enzymes will have a negative impact on the fertilizing ability of sperm, because the lack of components of the enzymatic antioxidant defence system affects the activity of enzymes in sperm received from the breeding boars. A balance was observed between the components of the enzymatic antioxidant defense: the ratio of antioxidant enzymes’ activity in the male experimental group was lower than the values in the control group, however, the indices of superoxide dismutase/catalase and glutathione peroxidase/glutathione reductase had the same values, indicating that the balance in the enzymatic system of antioxidant defense was maintained. A decrease in enzyme indices in the experimental group indicated a decrease in the antioxidant potential and confirmed a certain state of oxidative stress in the breeding boars organism.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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