Presented study results of the productivity of mixed-aged cows with prolonged lactation. The formation of experimental groups was carried out according to the principle of analog groups, taking into account breed, live weight, age and physiological condition (lactation):25 animals in groups I, II, III and IV and 10 animals in group V. It was found that with the industrial technology of Holstein cows exploitation, regardless of their age, the duration of the lactation period was almost twice as long as the scientifically substantiated value and ranges from 561.2 to 610.9 days. At the same time, the milk productivity level of the cows in I and IV groups slightly exceeded 13 000 kg of milk per lactation, while in cows if II, III (control), and V groups – this value was higher than 15 000 kg. With prolonged lactation, the milk yield in the experimental groups of animals in terms of 305 days was kept at a fairly high level and there was a definite tendency to an increase in milk yield depending on the age of the animals. The first-calf heifers of group I were characterized by a relatively low milk yield since they gave only 13 291.8 kg of milk for the entire lactation, and in terms of 305 days – 7 944.1 kg, which was 13.57% and compared to III (control) group was 19.54% lower (P < 0.01). Animals of the fifth lactation from group V had the highest milk yield, in which the milk yield per lactation and per 305 days amounted to 15 818.5 kg and 9 716.7 kg of milk, respectively. With intensive exploitation technology and with the increasing age of Holstein cows, complete adaptation occurs, as a result of which their genetic potential for milk production is realized at a high level. This was indicated by the milk yield dynamics in experimental animals of different ages, in which, under the same conditions of feeding and housing, they were gradually increased from the first to the fifth lactation.
介绍了延长泌乳期混龄奶牛生产能力的研究结果。实验小组的形成进行了模拟组织的原则,考虑品种,活体重、年龄和生理条件(哺乳期):25动物组I, II, III和IV和10个动物在集团诉发现荷斯坦奶牛的工业技术开发,不管他们的年龄,泌乳期的持续时间几乎是两倍,只要科学证明价值和范围从561.2到610.9天。与此同时，ⅰ组和ⅳ组奶牛的产奶量水平略高于13000 kg /泌乳量，ⅱ组、ⅲ组(对照)和ⅴ组奶牛的产奶量均高于15000 kg /泌乳量。随着哺乳时间的延长，试验组动物305 d的产奶量保持在较高水平，且产奶量随动物年龄的增加有明显的上升趋势。ⅰ组犊牛产奶量较低，全泌乳期产奶量仅为13 291.8 kg, 305 d产奶量为7 944.1 kg，比ⅲ组(对照组)低13.57% (P < 0.01)，低19.54% (P < 0.01)。V组第5次泌乳产奶量最高，每泌乳产奶量为15 818.5 kg，每305 d产奶量为9 716.7 kg。随着集约化开发技术和荷斯坦奶牛年龄的增长，完全适应发生了，因此它们的产奶遗传潜力在高水平上得到了实现。不同年龄实验动物的产奶量动态表明，在相同的饲养条件下，从第一次泌乳到第五次泌乳，产奶量逐渐增加。
{"title":"Dairy productivity of mixed-aged Holstein cows with prolonged lactation function","authors":"G. Gutsulyak","doi":"10.32819/2020.84039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.84039","url":null,"abstract":"Presented study results of the productivity of mixed-aged cows with prolonged lactation. The formation of experimental groups was carried out according to the principle of analog groups, taking into account breed, live weight, age and physiological condition (lactation):25 animals in groups I, II, III and IV and 10 animals in group V. It was found that with the industrial technology of Holstein cows exploitation, regardless of their age, the duration of the lactation period was almost twice as long as the scientifically substantiated value and ranges from 561.2 to 610.9 days. At the same time, the milk productivity level of the cows in I and IV groups slightly exceeded 13 000 kg of milk per lactation, while in cows if II, III (control), and V groups – this value was higher than 15 000 kg. With prolonged lactation, the milk yield in the experimental groups of animals in terms of 305 days was kept at a fairly high level and there was a definite tendency to an increase in milk yield depending on the age of the animals. The first-calf heifers of group I were characterized by a relatively low milk yield since they gave only 13 291.8 kg of milk for the entire lactation, and in terms of 305 days – 7 944.1 kg, which was 13.57% and compared to III (control) group was 19.54% lower (P < 0.01). Animals of the fifth lactation from group V had the highest milk yield, in which the milk yield per lactation and per 305 days amounted to 15 818.5 kg and 9 716.7 kg of milk, respectively. With intensive exploitation technology and with the increasing age of Holstein cows, complete adaptation occurs, as a result of which their genetic potential for milk production is realized at a high level. This was indicated by the milk yield dynamics in experimental animals of different ages, in which, under the same conditions of feeding and housing, they were gradually increased from the first to the fifth lactation.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents the results of the relationship of various polymorphic variants of the GH and PIT-1 gene with the exterior in highly productive Holstein cows. Experimental animals were divided into groups depending on the combination of different allele forms of GH and PIT-1 genes. PCR method was used to determine the polymorphism of marker genes. Isolation of genomic DNA was performed using resin «Chelex-100». The reaction was carried out in a thermal cycler «Tertsyk» made by «DNA technology». The research was carried out in the Private Joint Stock Company «Agro-Soiuz» Dnipropetrovsk region. The total set sample was 48 half-sibling cows, which were the daughters of the Holstein bull Kashemir 131671771. All animals were even-aged analogues. DNA samples isolated from the peripheral blood of the experimental animals were examined. Restrictase AluI was used for the GH gene restriction. After restriction, 171 bp and 52 bp long fragments were detected in representatives of the LL genotype, and a non-restriction fragment with a length of 223 bp was found in carriers of the VV genotype. Restriction of the amplified fragment of RIT-1 gene was performed using restriction endonuclease HinfI. Fragments 660 bp, 425 bp, and 270 bp long, after processing the PCR products with HinfI restriction endonuclease, corresponded to the A allele; fragments 660 bp, 385 bp, and 270 bp long indicated the B allele. Restriction products were separated by electrophoretic method in 2% agarose gel in Tris Borate EDTA. Measurements and exterior indices studies were performed during the 2nd-3d months of the second lactation. It was found that cows of the LL / AB genotype complex compared with their peers of LV/BB and LL/BB genotypes were higher at the withers and sacrum by 3.1 and 2.9 cm, respectively (2.1 and 1.9%; at P > 0, 99). It was determined that the skin in the middle of the last rib of the LL / AB genotype cows compared to peers of LV/BB genotype was thinner by 0.5 mm (9.6%) at P > 0.95. Other measurements of the exterior in the investigated groups of animals differed little. Peers of LL/BB genotype took an intermediate position in these traits. The strength of the complex genotype influence on the features of the exterior was in the range from 2.7 to 12.6%. Holstein cows of the LL/AB genotype had a significant difference in the mass index by 3.3% at P > 0.95, as well as a slightly larger body volume by 28 134.9 cm3 (3.4%), a lower body density index by 0.037 g/cm3 (4.7%) compared with peers of the LV/BB genotype. It is proposed to select animals with the following LL/AB and LL/BB alleles in the complex genotype in order to obtain cows with a better exterior features.
{"title":"Exterior features of different Holstein cows’ genotypes","authors":"N. Y. Gubarenko","doi":"10.32819/2020.83026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.83026","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the results of the relationship of various polymorphic variants of the GH and PIT-1 gene with the exterior in highly productive Holstein cows. Experimental animals were divided into groups depending on the combination of different allele forms of GH and PIT-1 genes. PCR method was used to determine the polymorphism of marker genes. Isolation of genomic DNA was performed using resin «Chelex-100». The reaction was carried out in a thermal cycler «Tertsyk» made by «DNA technology». The research was carried out in the Private Joint Stock Company «Agro-Soiuz» Dnipropetrovsk region. The total set sample was 48 half-sibling cows, which were the daughters of the Holstein bull Kashemir 131671771. All animals were even-aged analogues. DNA samples isolated from the peripheral blood of the experimental animals were examined. Restrictase AluI was used for the GH gene restriction. After restriction, 171 bp and 52 bp long fragments were detected in representatives of the LL genotype, and a non-restriction fragment with a length of 223 bp was found in carriers of the VV genotype. Restriction of the amplified fragment of RIT-1 gene was performed using restriction endonuclease HinfI. Fragments 660 bp, 425 bp, and 270 bp long, after processing the PCR products with HinfI restriction endonuclease, corresponded to the A allele; fragments 660 bp, 385 bp, and 270 bp long indicated the B allele. Restriction products were separated by electrophoretic method in 2% agarose gel in Tris Borate EDTA. Measurements and exterior indices studies were performed during the 2nd-3d months of the second lactation. It was found that cows of the LL / AB genotype complex compared with their peers of LV/BB and LL/BB genotypes were higher at the withers and sacrum by 3.1 and 2.9 cm, respectively (2.1 and 1.9%; at P > 0, 99). It was determined that the skin in the middle of the last rib of the LL / AB genotype cows compared to peers of LV/BB genotype was thinner by 0.5 mm (9.6%) at P > 0.95. Other measurements of the exterior in the investigated groups of animals differed little. Peers of LL/BB genotype took an intermediate position in these traits. The strength of the complex genotype influence on the features of the exterior was in the range from 2.7 to 12.6%. Holstein cows of the LL/AB genotype had a significant difference in the mass index by 3.3% at P > 0.95, as well as a slightly larger body volume by 28 134.9 cm3 (3.4%), a lower body density index by 0.037 g/cm3 (4.7%) compared with peers of the LV/BB genotype. It is proposed to select animals with the following LL/AB and LL/BB alleles in the complex genotype in order to obtain cows with a better exterior features.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rybalka, L. Stepchenko, L. Galuzina, D. Krutous
PLA-based implants are characterized by high biocompatibility with body tissues, and are also distinguished by their biodegradable and osseointegrative properties. The regulation of bone tissue growth and development is inextricably linked with the blood system, which is a source of plastic substances and hormones of calcium homeostasis. When PLA implants were inserted into the parietal bone of rabbits, changes occurred in their bodies that were typical for the period after orthopedic and traumatological operations. Metabolism dysregulation of macro- and microelements and disturbances of erythropoiesis, which can occur in the postoperative period, have a negative effect on the bone tissue growth in the young rabbits’ body. It has been proven that humic substances were able to influence the activity of osteoblasts and regulate mineral metabolism. For the experiment, 32 rabbits were divided into four groups, 8 rabbits in each group; sixteen rabbits underwent surgery using PLA implants, which were placed bilaterally in the parietal bone. Eight of the 16 operated rabbits were given Humilid together with water, the rest of them received pure water. Eight of 16 rabbits, intact before surgery, received Humilid together with water, the non-surgical control group did not receive Humilid. The influence of humic substances on physiological osteogenesis and hematological parameters during the use of PLA implants was determined. On the 14th day of the experiment, the rabbits of the surgical group receiving Humilid did not show a decrease in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and an increase in leukocytes, in contrast to the rabbits of the surgical control group. An increase in the number of osteons and osteoblasts layers was recorded in the femur of the young rabbits that were receiving Humilid, and in the sternum – the number of osteons and layers of osteoblasts. There was also an increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the non-surgical group rabbits that were receiving Humilid to compare the rabbits of the non-surgical control group. ln rabbits that received Humilid, there was an intensification of bone tissue growth against the background of physiological and reparative osteogenesis.
{"title":"Influence of humic substances on physiological osteogenesis and the blood system of rabbits while using PLA implants","authors":"M. Rybalka, L. Stepchenko, L. Galuzina, D. Krutous","doi":"10.32819/2020.84040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.84040","url":null,"abstract":"PLA-based implants are characterized by high biocompatibility with body tissues, and are also distinguished by their biodegradable and osseointegrative properties. The regulation of bone tissue growth and development is inextricably linked with the blood system, which is a source of plastic substances and hormones of calcium homeostasis. When PLA implants were inserted into the parietal bone of rabbits, changes occurred in their bodies that were typical for the period after orthopedic and traumatological operations. Metabolism dysregulation of macro- and microelements and disturbances of erythropoiesis, which can occur in the postoperative period, have a negative effect on the bone tissue growth in the young rabbits’ body. It has been proven that humic substances were able to influence the activity of osteoblasts and regulate mineral metabolism. For the experiment, 32 rabbits were divided into four groups, 8 rabbits in each group; sixteen rabbits underwent surgery using PLA implants, which were placed bilaterally in the parietal bone. Eight of the 16 operated rabbits were given Humilid together with water, the rest of them received pure water. Eight of 16 rabbits, intact before surgery, received Humilid together with water, the non-surgical control group did not receive Humilid. The influence of humic substances on physiological osteogenesis and hematological parameters during the use of PLA implants was determined. On the 14th day of the experiment, the rabbits of the surgical group receiving Humilid did not show a decrease in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and an increase in leukocytes, in contrast to the rabbits of the surgical control group. An increase in the number of osteons and osteoblasts layers was recorded in the femur of the young rabbits that were receiving Humilid, and in the sternum – the number of osteons and layers of osteoblasts. There was also an increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the non-surgical group rabbits that were receiving Humilid to compare the rabbits of the non-surgical control group. ln rabbits that received Humilid, there was an intensification of bone tissue growth against the background of physiological and reparative osteogenesis.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Of particular importance in our time is the detailed study of morphology, physiology and biochemistry, the digestive system of new poultry crosses, which is the biological basis for the development of complete feeding and improving the productive qualities of the bird. The morphological aspects of the formation of the lymphoid structures in the bird’s digestive tract, including Muscovy ducks, have not yet been elucidated. Selected duodenum, jejunum, ileum were filled with subsequent paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The study material was selected from non-vaccinated, Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) of 1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, 150-, 180-, 210- and 240 days old. In the newborn bird, the immune structures are characterized by a low degree of differentiation and are represented by single lymphocytes. Subsequently, lymphoid nodules appear on the background of diffuse lymphoid tissue from the 30-days-old (in the jejunum intestine) to 60-days-old (in the ileum). In the period from 90- to 120-days-old, lymphoid nodules with centers of reproduction are formed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine. From the age of 120 days-old to the onset of puberty (240 days) in the mucous membrane of all parts of the small intestine, the formation of lymphoid nodules is completed, with centers as well as without germinal center. It has been established that the localization of lymphoid structures of the mucous membrane of the Muscovy ducks’ small intestine has certain regional features: duodenal lymphoid structures are represented solely by single lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue is diffuse and lymphoid nodules are on different differentiation stages, and localized in the mucous and submucous membrane of the small intestine. It was found that lymphoid structures of the jejunum and ileum are represented by Peyer’s patches, which are formed by diffuse lymphoid tissue, single and aggregated lymphoid nodules, and by the general regularity of the lymphoid nodules localization in the mucosal and muscular layer of the organs.
{"title":"Formation of immune structures in small intestine of Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata)","authors":"V. Logvinova, A. Oliyar, M. Lieshchova","doi":"10.32819/2020.81008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.81008","url":null,"abstract":". Of particular importance in our time is the detailed study of morphology, physiology and biochemistry, the digestive system of new poultry crosses, which is the biological basis for the development of complete feeding and improving the productive qualities of the bird. The morphological aspects of the formation of the lymphoid structures in the bird’s digestive tract, including Muscovy ducks, have not yet been elucidated. Selected duodenum, jejunum, ileum were filled with subsequent paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The study material was selected from non-vaccinated, Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) of 1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, 150-, 180-, 210- and 240 days old. In the newborn bird, the immune structures are characterized by a low degree of differentiation and are represented by single lymphocytes. Subsequently, lymphoid nodules appear on the background of diffuse lymphoid tissue from the 30-days-old (in the jejunum intestine) to 60-days-old (in the ileum). In the period from 90- to 120-days-old, lymphoid nodules with centers of reproduction are formed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine. From the age of 120 days-old to the onset of puberty (240 days) in the mucous membrane of all parts of the small intestine, the formation of lymphoid nodules is completed, with centers as well as without germinal center. It has been established that the localization of lymphoid structures of the mucous membrane of the Muscovy ducks’ small intestine has certain regional features: duodenal lymphoid structures are represented solely by single lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue is diffuse and lymphoid nodules are on different differentiation stages, and localized in the mucous and submucous membrane of the small intestine. It was found that lymphoid structures of the jejunum and ileum are represented by Peyer’s patches, which are formed by diffuse lymphoid tissue, single and aggregated lymphoid nodules, and by the general regularity of the lymphoid nodules localization in the mucosal and muscular layer of the organs.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70173754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. This article presents the results of an analysis of the formation and functioning of the «parasite-host» system, as well as its constituent elements, on the example of goby fish (Gobiidae) and trematodes of the Heterophyidae family. The research work consisted of separate stages: determine the distribution of the causative agent of cryptocotylosis among goby fish in a natural reservoir, study clinical signs during this parasitic disease; conduct an experimental invasion of research ducklings in order to determine the pathogenic effects on the bird organism and study the morphology of the mature parasite. The main stages of cryptocotylosis pathogen life cycle were outlined. The distribution of this parasite in the Dnieper-Bug estuary water area and part of the Black Sea in the Nikolaev and Odessa regions was established. It was noted that the parasitic trematode strategy and shared co-evolution led to the appearance, during evolution, of adaptations that balance the dynamic interaction between the parasite and its host: anatomical and morphological characteristics, antigenic mimicry, physiological and trophic characteristics of the parasitic way of being, etc. We also present an analysis of the Heterophyidae families’ trematode behavioral characteristics at different stages of development: eggs, sporocysts, miracidia, cercaria, metacercaria and daydreaming – are mature individuals. Trematode’s adaptive abilities appear already in the early stages of its life cycle. According to the results of experimental invasion of research ducklings, the pathogenic effect of the cryptocotylosis causative agent on the bird organism as the definitive host was established. While determining features of the parasites pathological effect on the organism of experimental ducklings, we recorded inflammatory processes in the intestines of birds: enteritis of varying severity, secondary lesions of the hepatobiliary system. The influence of the parasite on the host organism is not limited only to changes at the organ level. Non-specific protection is manifested mainly through the development of inflammatory reactions at the cellular and humoral levels. A retrospective literature analysis on the basic principles of the “parasite-host” interaction system was also carried out.
{"title":"Trematode-host interaction by an example of Cryptocotyle infection in fish of the Gobiidae family in estuary waters and the Black Sea in Southern Ukraine","authors":"S. Honcharov","doi":"10.32819/2020.81001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.81001","url":null,"abstract":". This article presents the results of an analysis of the formation and functioning of the «parasite-host» system, as well as its constituent elements, on the example of goby fish (Gobiidae) and trematodes of the Heterophyidae family. The research work consisted of separate stages: determine the distribution of the causative agent of cryptocotylosis among goby fish in a natural reservoir, study clinical signs during this parasitic disease; conduct an experimental invasion of research ducklings in order to determine the pathogenic effects on the bird organism and study the morphology of the mature parasite. The main stages of cryptocotylosis pathogen life cycle were outlined. The distribution of this parasite in the Dnieper-Bug estuary water area and part of the Black Sea in the Nikolaev and Odessa regions was established. It was noted that the parasitic trematode strategy and shared co-evolution led to the appearance, during evolution, of adaptations that balance the dynamic interaction between the parasite and its host: anatomical and morphological characteristics, antigenic mimicry, physiological and trophic characteristics of the parasitic way of being, etc. We also present an analysis of the Heterophyidae families’ trematode behavioral characteristics at different stages of development: eggs, sporocysts, miracidia, cercaria, metacercaria and daydreaming – are mature individuals. Trematode’s adaptive abilities appear already in the early stages of its life cycle. According to the results of experimental invasion of research ducklings, the pathogenic effect of the cryptocotylosis causative agent on the bird organism as the definitive host was established. While determining features of the parasites pathological effect on the organism of experimental ducklings, we recorded inflammatory processes in the intestines of birds: enteritis of varying severity, secondary lesions of the hepatobiliary system. The influence of the parasite on the host organism is not limited only to changes at the organ level. Non-specific protection is manifested mainly through the development of inflammatory reactions at the cellular and humoral levels. A retrospective literature analysis on the basic principles of the “parasite-host” interaction system was also carried out.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70173642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Mylostyvyi, M. Vysokos, V. Timoshenko, А. Muzyka, V. Vtoryi, S. Vtoryi, О. Chernenko, O. Izhboldina, O. Khmeleva, G. Hoffmann
. Modern non-insulated barns (NB) for free-stall housing of dairy cows differ from traditional (typical) capital buildings. The formation of the microclimate in such farms is significantly dependent on the state of the environment and their design features. The aim of the work was to give a review of the literature and the results of our own research on creating comfortable conditions for dairy cows in the NB. Our studies indicate the heterogeneity of the microclimate formation in different parts of the NB, which was largely due to the state of the external environment. The use of only natural ventilation through open side curtains and light ridges, as well as additional mechanical ventilation (due to horizontal axial fans) cannot always provide comfortable conditions for animals, especially in hot periods of the year. The literature analysis showed that this can be caused by factors affecting the formation and movement of air masses in the building itself (depending on the number of animals, the condition of the litter, the operation of internal equipment, including space-planning and design features, type and quality of materials of enclosing structures) as well as the weather conditions outside buildings (temperature, humidity, wind strength and also relief). Investigations related to remote methods of microclimate control (using appropriate portable devices) and identification of (critical) control points of deterioration of the air environment in NBs will be promising. Monitoring of them will allow timely to adopt the necessary management decisions for ensuring the comfort of dairy cows in extreme weather conditions. Climate prediction methods based on meteorological data in the area of the NB location and the development of intelligent ventilation systems using mathematical modeling that take into account the behavioral and physiological responses of animals to environmental changes will be especially in monitoring systems, forecasting and normalization of the air environment in NB taking into account the biological characteristics of animals.
{"title":"Features of the formation and monitoring of the microclimate in non-insulated barns: unresolved issues","authors":"R. Mylostyvyi, M. Vysokos, V. Timoshenko, А. Muzyka, V. Vtoryi, S. Vtoryi, О. Chernenko, O. Izhboldina, O. Khmeleva, G. Hoffmann","doi":"10.32819/2020.82011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.82011","url":null,"abstract":". Modern non-insulated barns (NB) for free-stall housing of dairy cows differ from traditional (typical) capital buildings. The formation of the microclimate in such farms is significantly dependent on the state of the environment and their design features. The aim of the work was to give a review of the literature and the results of our own research on creating comfortable conditions for dairy cows in the NB. Our studies indicate the heterogeneity of the microclimate formation in different parts of the NB, which was largely due to the state of the external environment. The use of only natural ventilation through open side curtains and light ridges, as well as additional mechanical ventilation (due to horizontal axial fans) cannot always provide comfortable conditions for animals, especially in hot periods of the year. The literature analysis showed that this can be caused by factors affecting the formation and movement of air masses in the building itself (depending on the number of animals, the condition of the litter, the operation of internal equipment, including space-planning and design features, type and quality of materials of enclosing structures) as well as the weather conditions outside buildings (temperature, humidity, wind strength and also relief). Investigations related to remote methods of microclimate control (using appropriate portable devices) and identification of (critical) control points of deterioration of the air environment in NBs will be promising. Monitoring of them will allow timely to adopt the necessary management decisions for ensuring the comfort of dairy cows in extreme weather conditions. Climate prediction methods based on meteorological data in the area of the NB location and the development of intelligent ventilation systems using mathematical modeling that take into account the behavioral and physiological responses of animals to environmental changes will be especially in monitoring systems, forecasting and normalization of the air environment in NB taking into account the biological characteristics of animals.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Shupyk, A. Mazurkevich, R. Bokotko, T. V. Dudus
The amniotic membrane – the innermost of the three membranes, it develops from the fetal ectoderm, it is transparent, avascular and consists of an epithelial cell layer located on the basement membrane and connective tissue stroma. The application efficiency of the amniotic membrane transplantation technique in rabbits with experimental bacterial keratitis has been investigated. The animals were simulated with moderate bacterial keratitis (with preliminary exposure to long-wavelength mercury lamp beams) by the administration to each eye of the Staphylococcus aureus pathogenic strain. On the 14th day, the amniotic membrane was transplanted using two methods: by biological covering with episcleral fixation using simple interrupted sutures and layer-by-layer transplantation with fixation of the membrane within the damage of the cornea with simple interrupted sutures. The degree of the inflammatory process was assessed according to the author’s point scale, which included eight signs. On the 7th, 14th, and 30th days, the experimental animals were euthanized and microscopic examination of the cornea was performed. It was found that on the 7th day of application, complete epithelization of the corneal surface occurred, and on the 30th day, differentiation of its cells into layers. When using the layer-by-layer technique of amniotic membrane transplantation with using simple interrupted sutures, a more pronounced inflammatory reaction was observed in comparison with the biological covering technique. During all observation periods, most experimental animals did not show clinical and morphological signs of inflammatory infiltration. The obtained effect of both methods of amniotic membrane transplantation indicates the effectiveness of using this biological material as the main or supportive in the treatment of severe eye pathologies
{"title":"The effectiveness of the use of various techniques of amniotic membrane (AM) transplantation in the corneal degenerative processes","authors":"O. Shupyk, A. Mazurkevich, R. Bokotko, T. V. Dudus","doi":"10.32819/2020.83032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2020.83032","url":null,"abstract":"The amniotic membrane – the innermost of the three membranes, it develops from the fetal ectoderm, it is transparent, avascular and consists of an epithelial cell layer located on the basement membrane and connective tissue stroma. The application efficiency of the amniotic membrane transplantation technique in rabbits with experimental bacterial keratitis has been investigated. The animals were simulated with moderate bacterial keratitis (with preliminary exposure to long-wavelength mercury lamp beams) by the administration to each eye of the Staphylococcus aureus pathogenic strain. On the 14th day, the amniotic membrane was transplanted using two methods: by biological covering with episcleral fixation using simple interrupted sutures and layer-by-layer transplantation with fixation of the membrane within the damage of the cornea with simple interrupted sutures. The degree of the inflammatory process was assessed according to the author’s point scale, which included eight signs. On the 7th, 14th, and 30th days, the experimental animals were euthanized and microscopic examination of the cornea was performed. It was found that on the 7th day of application, complete epithelization of the corneal surface occurred, and on the 30th day, differentiation of its cells into layers. When using the layer-by-layer technique of amniotic membrane transplantation with using simple interrupted sutures, a more pronounced inflammatory reaction was observed in comparison with the biological covering technique. During all observation periods, most experimental animals did not show clinical and morphological signs of inflammatory infiltration. The obtained effect of both methods of amniotic membrane transplantation indicates the effectiveness of using this biological material as the main or supportive in the treatment of severe eye pathologies","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the work was to determine the performance of goat milk in smallholder production in optimal climatic conditions of the Donetsk-Dnipro region of the Left Bank province of the natural-agricultural zone of the Steppe of Ukraine. According to the definition of the temperature - humidity index, the climate acceptable for goats is observed in April. Mean values and standard deviations of physico-chemical parameters of milk were found in local goats at lactation: fat 4.32 ± 1.25%, protein 3.22 ± 0.24%, lactose 4.78 ± 0.37%, fat ratio / protein 1.35 ± 0.42, milk solids-not-fat 8.67 ± 0.65%, density 29 ± 300A, freezing point -0.567 ± -0.0390C, electrical conductivity 4.49 ± 0.47 mS / cm, pH 6, 73 ± 0.09, acidity 15.7 ± 1.90T. At the peak of the lactation curves, local goats showed a decrease in protein and lactose content, instead of an increase in fat. The expressiveness of such a disproportion was manifested in the dynamics of the values of the ratio of fat / protein, milk solids-not-fat and milk density. Therefore, during the first 2-3 months of lactation, when milk is actually the only source of nutrients for plastic and energy metabolism for goatlings, the concentration of lactose and protein is high. At the age of 3–4 months goatlings have to satisfy most of their needs due to their own search for feed, which is why the composition of goat's milk reflects this process of formation of the young's animal digestive system. The decrease in milk depression (higher freezing point) during the lactation peak probably reflects a change in the total concentration of osmotically active substances, especially lactose, at this time. The gradual increase in the electrical conductivity of milk throughout the lactation is caused by the accumulation of electrolytes coming from the blood of animals. In fact, the stable pH and acidity of milk confirm the high resistance of local animals to breast diseases, especially subclinical mastitis caused by technological stress on animals under conditions of intensive production technology. The presence of 87 % of the population of goats both in Dnipropetrovsk region and in Ukraine as a whole means that it will remain important for a long time to ensure the proper level of servicing of small cattle in individual peasant farms rather than in specialized enterprises.
{"title":"Physical and chemical composition of goat milk during smallholder production in the conditions of the natural and agricultural zone of the Steppe of Ukraine","authors":"P. Antonenko, S. V. Chumak, V. Chumak","doi":"10.32819/2019.74035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2019.74035","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the work was to determine the performance of goat milk in smallholder production in optimal climatic conditions of the Donetsk-Dnipro region of the Left Bank province of the natural-agricultural zone of the Steppe of Ukraine. According to the definition of the temperature - humidity index, the climate acceptable for goats is observed in April. Mean values and standard deviations of physico-chemical parameters of milk were found in local goats at lactation: fat 4.32 ± 1.25%, protein 3.22 ± 0.24%, lactose 4.78 ± 0.37%, fat ratio / protein 1.35 ± 0.42, milk solids-not-fat 8.67 ± 0.65%, density 29 ± 300A, freezing point -0.567 ± -0.0390C, electrical conductivity 4.49 ± 0.47 mS / cm, pH 6, 73 ± 0.09, acidity 15.7 ± 1.90T. At the peak of the lactation curves, local goats showed a decrease in protein and lactose content, instead of an increase in fat. The expressiveness of such a disproportion was manifested in the dynamics of the values of the ratio of fat / protein, milk solids-not-fat and milk density. Therefore, during the first 2-3 months of lactation, when milk is actually the only source of nutrients for plastic and energy metabolism for goatlings, the concentration of lactose and protein is high. At the age of 3–4 months goatlings have to satisfy most of their needs due to their own search for feed, which is why the composition of goat's milk reflects this process of formation of the young's animal digestive system. The decrease in milk depression (higher freezing point) during the lactation peak probably reflects a change in the total concentration of osmotically active substances, especially lactose, at this time. The gradual increase in the electrical conductivity of milk throughout the lactation is caused by the accumulation of electrolytes coming from the blood of animals. In fact, the stable pH and acidity of milk confirm the high resistance of local animals to breast diseases, especially subclinical mastitis caused by technological stress on animals under conditions of intensive production technology. The presence of 87 % of the population of goats both in Dnipropetrovsk region and in Ukraine as a whole means that it will remain important for a long time to ensure the proper level of servicing of small cattle in individual peasant farms rather than in specialized enterprises.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46692965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cite this article: Tishkina, N. M. & Tiupka, V. S. (2019). Рathomorphological diagnosis of Pasteurellosis in fast-growing meet breeds of rabbits. Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine, 7(1), 36‒41. doi: 10.32819/2019.71007 Abstract. Genetically determined intensive growth and rapid increase rates of mass imported from abroad by the speedy breeds of rabbits of meat hybrid crosses affect the state of immunity of animals and their vital activity in general. In races for obtaining a quick profit in some farms there is an infringement of the conditions of keeping and feeding of animals, non-performance of zoohygienic and veterinary and sanitary standards, which leads to outbreaks of infectious diseases, among which the most common is pasteurellosis. Pasteurella infections remain the main cause of disease and mortality in commercial rabbits, which causes significant economic losses to owners. The results of the complex research of macroscopic and microscopic changes of the internal organs of rabbits by the action of pasteurellosis are presented. The pathologoanatomic autopsy was subjected to rabbits of the meat breed Hipplus with pre-established clinical diagnosis – pasteurellosis, grown in one of the private farms of the Dnipropetrovsk region. At the macroscopic level of the structural organization, pathological changes of the internal organs typical for the disease are detected – animal emaciation, hypodermic tissue edema and serous membranes, hemorrhages on the mucous and serous membranes of the internal organs, signs of catarrhal inflammation of the intestine, fibrinous – lungs, dystrophic symptoms in parenchymal organs. To confirm the diagnosis, the blood and smears-imprints of the organs for bacteriological examinations and the pieces of the internal organs – targets for pathologic and histologic examinations were sent to the laboratory. By the performed bacteriological examinations have been confirmed the presence of the causative agent – Pasteurella multocida. Microscopic analyzes are characterized by changes in the lungs and intestines during the acute course of the disease: signs of catarrhal and catarrhal hemorrhagic inflammation of the intestine and lungs, regional lymph nodes, granular and fatty dystrophy in the myocardium, liver and kidneys. In animals with a chronic course of the disease, thickening of the intestinal wall due to the enlargement of the connective tissue was observed. The villi of the mucous membrane had an irregular leaf form. Growth of the stroma, with a decrease in parenchyma in parenchymal organs are oberved.
{"title":"Рathomorphological diagnosis of Pasteurellosis in fast-growing meet breeds of rabbits","authors":"N. M. Tishkina, V. S. Tiupka","doi":"10.32819/2019.71007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32819/2019.71007","url":null,"abstract":"Cite this article: Tishkina, N. M. & Tiupka, V. S. (2019). Рathomorphological diagnosis of Pasteurellosis in fast-growing meet breeds of rabbits. Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine, 7(1), 36‒41. doi: 10.32819/2019.71007 Abstract. Genetically determined intensive growth and rapid increase rates of mass imported from abroad by the speedy breeds of rabbits of meat hybrid crosses affect the state of immunity of animals and their vital activity in general. In races for obtaining a quick profit in some farms there is an infringement of the conditions of keeping and feeding of animals, non-performance of zoohygienic and veterinary and sanitary standards, which leads to outbreaks of infectious diseases, among which the most common is pasteurellosis. Pasteurella infections remain the main cause of disease and mortality in commercial rabbits, which causes significant economic losses to owners. The results of the complex research of macroscopic and microscopic changes of the internal organs of rabbits by the action of pasteurellosis are presented. The pathologoanatomic autopsy was subjected to rabbits of the meat breed Hipplus with pre-established clinical diagnosis – pasteurellosis, grown in one of the private farms of the Dnipropetrovsk region. At the macroscopic level of the structural organization, pathological changes of the internal organs typical for the disease are detected – animal emaciation, hypodermic tissue edema and serous membranes, hemorrhages on the mucous and serous membranes of the internal organs, signs of catarrhal inflammation of the intestine, fibrinous – lungs, dystrophic symptoms in parenchymal organs. To confirm the diagnosis, the blood and smears-imprints of the organs for bacteriological examinations and the pieces of the internal organs – targets for pathologic and histologic examinations were sent to the laboratory. By the performed bacteriological examinations have been confirmed the presence of the causative agent – Pasteurella multocida. Microscopic analyzes are characterized by changes in the lungs and intestines during the acute course of the disease: signs of catarrhal and catarrhal hemorrhagic inflammation of the intestine and lungs, regional lymph nodes, granular and fatty dystrophy in the myocardium, liver and kidneys. In animals with a chronic course of the disease, thickening of the intestinal wall due to the enlargement of the connective tissue was observed. The villi of the mucous membrane had an irregular leaf form. Growth of the stroma, with a decrease in parenchyma in parenchymal organs are oberved.","PeriodicalId":33793,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46605164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cite this article: Galai, O. Yu., & Lutsenko, M. M. (2019). Evaluation of the suitability of high-yielding cows for machine milking under the conditions of innovative technologies. Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine, 7(1), 25‒28. doi: 10.32819/2019.71005 Abstract. In despite of crisis situation in dairy husbandry, modern dairy farms with innovative milk production technologies and the use of high-performance milking plants of the “Parallel” and “Carousel” type are being created in Ukraine, which requires standardization of the livestock capita both on the exteriors and on indicators of suitability of cows for machine milking. The need for such research is also due to the fact that modern dairy farms are completed with a high productivity live-stock cows with a milk yield of 8–10 thousand kg per lactation, which according to these criteria differ significantly from cows with average productivity. The live-stock cows of modern dairy farms in Ukraine is completed at the expense of its own live-stock capita of farmings and through the purchase of imported non-calving young cows. Therefore, the main problem when creating such farms is to complete their qualitative live-stock capita from the point of view of its suitability for machine milking, which in the structure of the cost of construction of new farms is about 30%. It is established that the level of suitability of cows for machine milking on the created farms is different. Thus, at the Superadded liability company farming “Terezine” where the dairy farm is completed with Holstein cattle imported from European countries, the suitability of cows for machine milking is 95.7%. The farming “Ostriykivske” is completed with domestic livestock of black-and-white breed with the suitability of cows for machine milking 82.5%, which negatively affects the physiological state of cows, in particular, the morbidity of their mammitis. The level of morbidity of animals here is practically twice twice above than on the dairy farm completed with an imported live-stock capita (25.3%). The analysis of the main criteria concerning the suitability of cows to machine milking showed that a significant part of cows did not meet the requirements of the “Rules of Machine Milking” (2004) on the basis of udder distance from the floor, the size of the teats and the uniformity of the development of the udder slices. If at the Superadded liability company farming “Terezine”, where the dairy farm is сompleted with imported live-stock capita, the suitability of cows under the form of udder, its distance from the floor, the size of lobules, the uniform development of the lobules of the udder, the duration of milking are within 94.5–98.7%, then on the farm with the domestic live-stock capita it is equal to 80.3–82.5%. It has been revealed that in recent years, in Ukraine there is practically no qualitative selection and pedigree work. According to the economic reporting, the main reasons for roguing cows from the herd are
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