Software and Information Systems (IS) documents are a common product of large IS development efforts. These documents are produced and consumed through a variety of documentation processes. These processes involve developers and users working within complex organizational settings, as well as with the focal system under development. These organizational settings facilitate and constrain IS documentation and development efforts in complicated ways. Accordingly, we present, analyze, and compare cases from field studies of three different IS development efforts in a large industrial corporation. Based on these studies, we identify a new set of variables and hypotheses that we believe represent a more plausible set of requirements for IS documentation products and processes in different organizational settings. In this regard, we utilize the concept of viewing IS documentation requirements as hypotheses to be tested, refined, or refuted.
{"title":"Understanding the requirements for information system documentation: an empirical investigation","authors":"Abdulaziz Jazzar, W. Scacchi","doi":"10.1145/224019.224048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224048","url":null,"abstract":"Software and Information Systems (IS) documents are a common product of large IS development efforts. These documents are produced and consumed through a variety of documentation processes. These processes involve developers and users working within complex organizational settings, as well as with the focal system under development. These organizational settings facilitate and constrain IS documentation and development efforts in complicated ways. Accordingly, we present, analyze, and compare cases from field studies of three different IS development efforts in a large industrial corporation. Based on these studies, we identify a new set of variables and hypotheses that we believe represent a more plausible set of requirements for IS documentation products and processes in different organizational settings. In this regard, we utilize the concept of viewing IS documentation requirements as hypotheses to be tested, refined, or refuted.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"236 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132408854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The benefit of participatory teams—their cross-functional and diverse nature—presents a converse challenge to communicate in a common “language”, using shared conventions, against the backdrops of an unfamiliar speech context and the tacit organizational social structure. This paper employs constructs from several language-use theories to identify mismatched conventions and consequent confusion that impede or inhibit full participation in settings like system design or work-process redesign.
{"title":"Conversational conventions and participation in cross-functional design teams","authors":"E. Wynn, D. Novick","doi":"10.1145/224019.224046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224046","url":null,"abstract":"The benefit of participatory teams—their cross-functional and diverse nature—presents a converse challenge to communicate in a common “language”, using shared conventions, against the backdrops of an unfamiliar speech context and the tacit organizational social structure. This paper employs constructs from several language-use theories to identify mismatched conventions and consequent confusion that impede or inhibit full participation in settings like system design or work-process redesign.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114075500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ian E. Smith, S. Hudson, Elizabeth D. Mynatt, J. Selbie
Media spaces integrate audio, video, and computing systems for the purpose of remote collaboration and awareness, frequently between people engaged in a cooperative task. Technological advances have made these systems feasible using desktop computers and broadband, digital networks. Using a media space over a shared network requires that numerous security and privacy issues be addressed. One advantage of digital media spaces is that properties of the media space can be manipulated so that users feel more comfortable with the technology. This paper details cryptographic techniques which can be used to create a secure and usable media space. This paper also explains the properties of a user interface which would enable users to ensure their level of privacy. This work also details two interface designs which provide users with sophisticated, flexible control of their media space without requiring a detailed understanding of the underlying cryptographic mechanisms.
{"title":"Applying cryptographic techniques to problems in media space security","authors":"Ian E. Smith, S. Hudson, Elizabeth D. Mynatt, J. Selbie","doi":"10.1145/224019.224038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224038","url":null,"abstract":"Media spaces integrate audio, video, and computing systems for the purpose of remote collaboration and awareness, frequently between people engaged in a cooperative task. Technological advances have made these systems feasible using desktop computers and broadband, digital networks. Using a media space over a shared network requires that numerous security and privacy issues be addressed. One advantage of digital media spaces is that properties of the media space can be manipulated so that users feel more comfortable with the technology. This paper details cryptographic techniques which can be used to create a secure and usable media space. This paper also explains the properties of a user interface which would enable users to ensure their level of privacy. This work also details two interface designs which provide users with sophisticated, flexible control of their media space without requiring a detailed understanding of the underlying cryptographic mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133713499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current literature of information systems has dealt extensively with all kinds of exceptions. There are several studies defining the concept of exception and even providing classifications. However, no studies provide a method for verifying the rules in order to handle exceptions and to achieve the goals set by an organization's rules. In this paper, a model employing a set of unique input/output (UIO) sequences is presented for verifying such rules. The model originally presented for Finite State Machines (FSM) has been modified to include concepts of exception handling and will be used to form a tool usable for verifying exception handling rules in OISs.
{"title":"On handling exceptions","authors":"Heikki Saastamoinen, G. White","doi":"10.1145/224019.224051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224051","url":null,"abstract":"The current literature of information systems has dealt extensively with all kinds of exceptions. There are several studies defining the concept of exception and even providing classifications. However, no studies provide a method for verifying the rules in order to handle exceptions and to achieve the goals set by an organization's rules. In this paper, a model employing a set of unique input/output (UIO) sequences is presented for verifying such rules. The model originally presented for Finite State Machines (FSM) has been modified to include concepts of exception handling and will be used to form a tool usable for verifying exception handling rules in OISs.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130001135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relentless move to computerisation in the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) is challenged in this paper. The distinction between two types of information is defined: proceduralised and interpretative. An alternative to the latter is presented that relies on a change in organisational structure in the form of a self contained unit. This effectively reduces the need to process information. The unit, based on the principles of Patient Focused Care, provide multiskilled teams using a combination of multi-disciplinary documentation and protocols of care to ensure effective communication takes place without the use of interpretative information systems.
{"title":"Alternative strategies to interpretative information systems","authors":"G. Louw","doi":"10.1145/224019.224026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224026","url":null,"abstract":"The relentless move to computerisation in the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) is challenged in this paper. The distinction between two types of information is defined: proceduralised and interpretative. An alternative to the latter is presented that relies on a change in organisational structure in the form of a self contained unit. This effectively reduces the need to process information. The unit, based on the principles of Patient Focused Care, provide multiskilled teams using a combination of multi-disciplinary documentation and protocols of care to ensure effective communication takes place without the use of interpretative information systems.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130150025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I describe a naturalistic study of one organization's use of a configuration management tool to coordinate the development of a software product. In this organization, the developers use the tool routinely to reduce the complexities of coordinating their development efforts. I examine how the tool provides mechanisms of interaction that let the developers work with each other. I identify four aspects of these mechanisms: difficulties of representing work, the multiple levels that they operate at, the possibilities for coordination they provide, and their role in supporting a model of work.
{"title":"Using a configuration management tool to coordinate software development","authors":"Rebecca E. Grinter","doi":"10.1145/224019.224036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224036","url":null,"abstract":"I describe a naturalistic study of one organization's use of a configuration management tool to coordinate the development of a software product. In this organization, the developers use the tool routinely to reduce the complexities of coordinating their development efforts. I examine how the tool provides mechanisms of interaction that let the developers work with each other. I identify four aspects of these mechanisms: difficulties of representing work, the multiple levels that they operate at, the possibilities for coordination they provide, and their role in supporting a model of work.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133567145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dynamic change is a large and pervasive unsolved problem which surfaces within office systems as well as within software engineering, manufacturing, and numerous other domains. Procedural changes, performed in an ad hoc manner, can cause inefficiencies, inconsistencies, and catastrophic breakdowns within offices. This paper is concerned with dynamic change to procedures in the context of workflow systems. How can we make workflow systems more flexible and open? We believe that part of the answer lies in the study and solution of the dynamic change problem. In this paper, we use a Petri net formalism to analyze structural change within office procedures. As an example, we define a class of change called “synthetic cut-over change”, and apply our formalism to prove that this class maintains correctness when downsizing occurs.
{"title":"Dynamic change within workflow systems","authors":"C. Ellis, Karim Keddara, G. Rozenberg","doi":"10.1145/224019.224021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224021","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic change is a large and pervasive unsolved problem which surfaces within office systems as well as within software engineering, manufacturing, and numerous other domains. Procedural changes, performed in an ad hoc manner, can cause inefficiencies, inconsistencies, and catastrophic breakdowns within offices. This paper is concerned with dynamic change to procedures in the context of workflow systems. How can we make workflow systems more flexible and open? We believe that part of the answer lies in the study and solution of the dynamic change problem. In this paper, we use a Petri net formalism to analyze structural change within office procedures. As an example, we define a class of change called “synthetic cut-over change”, and apply our formalism to prove that this class maintains correctness when downsizing occurs.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132975225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within information systems development business modelling is often used to structure goal decomposition and goal satisfaction. Business modells serve as a framework for a concrete information systems project. However, the concept of goal is not explicit in the leading business reference models. In this paper we show how goals can be used to drive the modelling process. Goals are not only used as a starting point of development but serve as criteria to evaluate actions and decisions throughout the design. We show how business and goal models can be integrated using a common process meta model. An environment to support decision making in the business modelling process has been developed to demonstrate our approach.
{"title":"Goal driven business modelling: supporting decision making within information systems development","authors":"Stephan Jacobs, Roland Holten","doi":"10.1145/224019.224029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224029","url":null,"abstract":"Within information systems development business modelling is often used to structure goal decomposition and goal satisfaction. Business modells serve as a framework for a concrete information systems project. However, the concept of goal is not explicit in the leading business reference models.\u0000In this paper we show how goals can be used to drive the modelling process. Goals are not only used as a starting point of development but serve as criteria to evaluate actions and decisions throughout the design.\u0000We show how business and goal models can be integrated using a common process meta model. An environment to support decision making in the business modelling process has been developed to demonstrate our approach.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124276865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Antunes, N. Guimarães, J. Segovia, Jesús Cardeñosa Lera
The main scope of workflow systems has been the automation of formal procedures in the workplace. On the other hand, Communication and Group Support systems have addressed the informal aspects of organizational interactions. We argue that the formal versus informal separation is artificial and a cause of systems ineffectiveness. This paper proposes an approach to increase mutual awareness when integrating support for workflow systems and group interaction techniques.
{"title":"Beyond formal processes: augmenting workflow with group interaction techniques","authors":"P. Antunes, N. Guimarães, J. Segovia, Jesús Cardeñosa Lera","doi":"10.1145/224019.224020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224020","url":null,"abstract":"The main scope of workflow systems has been the automation of <italic>formal</italic> procedures in the workplace. On the other hand, Communication and Group Support systems have addressed the <italic>informal</italic> aspects of organizational interactions. We argue that the <italic>formal</italic> versus <italic>informal</italic> separation is artificial and a cause of systems ineffectiveness. This paper proposes an approach to increase mutual awareness when integrating support for workflow systems and group interaction techniques.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121470653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a novel approach to simulating and analyzing business processes using GOLOG, a high-level logic programming language suitable for defining complex behaviors and capable of simulating action execution. The language is based on an extended version of the situation calculus and incorporates a formal theory of action. Business processes can be viewed as actions (physical or perceptual) that affect the state of affairs or an agent's knowledge of this state. Using GOLOG, business processes can be specified, synthesized and tested for feasibility and consistency. The theoretical framework behind GOLOG includes a solution to the frame problem for perceptual and complex actions, as well as, a formal method for process analysis. The latter uses a solution to the ramification problem for proving the satisfaction or violation of constraints. In case this is not possible, the method proposes strengthenings to the processes' pre- and post-conditions, so that any implementation that meets the process specification, provably guarantees that constraints will not be violated. In this manner, business process reengineering can be assisted by a formal analysis and simulation tool for testing the consistency of the process model.
{"title":"Simulation and analysis of business processes using GOLOG","authors":"D. Plexousakis","doi":"10.1145/224019.224052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/224019.224052","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a novel approach to simulating and analyzing business processes using GOLOG, a high-level logic programming language suitable for defining complex behaviors and capable of simulating action execution. The language is based on an extended version of the situation calculus and incorporates a formal theory of action. Business processes can be viewed as actions (physical or perceptual) that affect the state of affairs or an agent's knowledge of this state. Using GOLOG, business processes can be specified, synthesized and tested for feasibility and consistency. The theoretical framework behind GOLOG includes a solution to the frame problem for perceptual and complex actions, as well as, a formal method for process analysis. The latter uses a solution to the ramification problem for proving the satisfaction or violation of constraints. In case this is not possible, the method proposes strengthenings to the processes' pre- and post-conditions, so that any implementation that meets the process specification, provably guarantees that constraints will not be violated. In this manner, business process reengineering can be assisted by a formal analysis and simulation tool for testing the consistency of the process model.","PeriodicalId":338751,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Organizational Computing Systems","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123827888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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