Pub Date : 2022-12-27DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2022-3-578-592
M. V. Ayusheeva, T︠s︡. P. Vanchikova
Introduction. The introduction of new sources characterizing traditions of Buryat chronicle writing into scientific circulation remains an urgent task of Mongolian studies. Dozens of works and their various copies and editions are still there to be explored. The article precedes a further study and translation of a voluminous historical chronicle of the Aga and Khori Buryats. Goals. The study attempts a brief overview of the chronicle’s contents and approaches some peculiarities traced in its text. Materials and methods. The analysis of Rabzhi Sanzhiev’s writing involves a wide range of Buryat historical works — both chronicles and archival documents. The historical comparative and chronological methods prove instrumental in systematizing the data contained, while tools of textual and source studies have made it possible to delineate the author’s text proper. Results. The work identifies an extensive range of sources and the chronicle’s structure according to which R. Sanzhiev’s narrative be conventionally divided into a number of large sections, namely: Shirab-Nimbu Khobituev’s chronicle; copies of official documents; historical works by T. Toboev, D. Zayaev, S. Vandanov, A. Ochirov; and the author’s text. Conclusions. R. Sanzhiev’s writing is a major work of the historical documentary genre. The author undertook painstaking efforts to meticulously clarify data included in Shirab-Nimbu Khobituev’s chronicle and supplement certain facts and data, introduce additional findings from various sources. The continuation of Khobituev’s chronicle — despite the compiled facts are fragmented enough — acts as an independent composition. Archival documents on the history of Buryat self-governance and Buddhism, folklore texts, chronicles and legends included by the author into the narrative are of particular value.
介绍。将具有布里亚特编年史传统特征的新来源引入科学流通仍然是蒙古研究的紧迫任务。许多作品及其各种副本和版本仍有待探索。这篇文章在进一步研究和翻译阿迦和科里布里亚特的大量历史编年史之前。的目标。本研究试图对编年史的内容进行简要概述，并探讨其文本中的一些特点。材料和方法。对Rabzhi Sanzhiev写作的分析涉及广泛的布里亚特历史作品-包括编年史和档案文件。历史比较和时间顺序方法证明有助于将所包含的数据系统化，而文本和来源研究的工具使描述作者的文本成为可能。结果。这项工作确定了广泛的来源和编年史的结构，根据r.s anzhiev的叙述通常分为许多大的部分，即:shabb - nimbu Khobituev的编年史;官方文件副本;T. Toboev, D. Zayaev, S. Vandanov, A. Ochirov的历史著作;以及作者的文本。结论。桑日耶夫的作品是历史纪实题材的重要作品。作者付出了艰苦的努力，精心澄清Shirab-Nimbu Khobituev编年史中的数据，补充某些事实和数据，介绍来自各种来源的其他发现。霍比图耶夫编年史的延续——尽管汇编的事实足够碎片化——作为一个独立的组成部分。关于布里亚特自治和佛教历史的档案文件、民间传说文本、编年史和传说都是作者纳入叙事的特别价值。
{"title":"Летопись хоринских бурят Рабжи Санжиева: предварительные сведения","authors":"M. V. Ayusheeva, T︠s︡. P. Vanchikova","doi":"10.22162/2500-1523-2022-3-578-592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-3-578-592","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The introduction of new sources characterizing traditions of Buryat chronicle writing into scientific circulation remains an urgent task of Mongolian studies. Dozens of works and their various copies and editions are still there to be explored. The article precedes a further study and translation of a voluminous historical chronicle of the Aga and Khori Buryats. Goals. The study attempts a brief overview of the chronicle’s contents and approaches some peculiarities traced in its text. Materials and methods. The analysis of Rabzhi Sanzhiev’s writing involves a wide range of Buryat historical works — both chronicles and archival documents. The historical comparative and chronological methods prove instrumental in systematizing the data contained, while tools of textual and source studies have made it possible to delineate the author’s text proper. Results. The work identifies an extensive range of sources and the chronicle’s structure according to which R. Sanzhiev’s narrative be conventionally divided into a number of large sections, namely: Shirab-Nimbu Khobituev’s chronicle; copies of official documents; historical works by T. Toboev, D. Zayaev, S. Vandanov, A. Ochirov; and the author’s text. Conclusions. R. Sanzhiev’s writing is a major work of the historical documentary genre. The author undertook painstaking efforts to meticulously clarify data included in Shirab-Nimbu Khobituev’s chronicle and supplement certain facts and data, introduce additional findings from various sources. The continuation of Khobituev’s chronicle — despite the compiled facts are fragmented enough — acts as an independent composition. Archival documents on the history of Buryat self-governance and Buddhism, folklore texts, chronicles and legends included by the author into the narrative are of particular value.","PeriodicalId":33928,"journal":{"name":"Mongolovedenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42784193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-27DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2022-3-501-513
Natalya M. Purbueva, M. Sodnompilova
Introduction. The article examines the system of recognition and encouragements adopted by the Russian Empire for representatives of Buryat tribal elites in the 18th–19th centuries. The focus of the study makes it possible to trace key mechanisms to have facilitated the incorporation of Buryat tribal elites into Russia’s corresponding environment. The legalization of official powers of 18th– 19th century Buryat tribal elites was paralleled by that Imperial Russia developed a corresponding system of recognition and encouragements. The latter was not only to consolidate the high social status of the local nobility but rather to facilitate their further incorporation into the Russian power structures. Goals. The paper aims to investigate Imperial Russia’s system of recognition developed for representatives of Buryat tribal elites throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Materials and methods. The study analyzes archival materials housed at the State Archive of Buryatia, such as employee and formulary lists of Buryat tribal executives, decrees and instructions of His Imperial Majesty on rewards granted to the latter. The research methods employed include the historical comparative and comparative typological ones that have proved instrumental in analyzing the mentioned Russian system, and compiling a content analysis of archival materials involved. Conclusions. The work reveals the special recognition and rewards system was developed to regulate relations with representatives of local Buryat elites and guarantee their integration into imperial structures. The system of awards and distinctions was used by the Russian government to encourage Buryat tribal and clan leaders for certain services rendered to the state, as well as for successfully fulfilled tasks assigned.
{"title":"Система признаний и поощрений Российской империей бурятской родовой элиты XVIII–XIX вв.","authors":"Natalya M. Purbueva, M. Sodnompilova","doi":"10.22162/2500-1523-2022-3-501-513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-3-501-513","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article examines the system of recognition and encouragements adopted by the Russian Empire for representatives of Buryat tribal elites in the 18th–19th centuries. The focus of the study makes it possible to trace key mechanisms to have facilitated the incorporation of Buryat tribal elites into Russia’s corresponding environment. The legalization of official powers of 18th– 19th century Buryat tribal elites was paralleled by that Imperial Russia developed a corresponding system of recognition and encouragements. The latter was not only to consolidate the high social status of the local nobility but rather to facilitate their further incorporation into the Russian power structures. Goals. The paper aims to investigate Imperial Russia’s system of recognition developed for representatives of Buryat tribal elites throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Materials and methods. The study analyzes archival materials housed at the State Archive of Buryatia, such as employee and formulary lists of Buryat tribal executives, decrees and instructions of His Imperial Majesty on rewards granted to the latter. The research methods employed include the historical comparative and comparative typological ones that have proved instrumental in analyzing the mentioned Russian system, and compiling a content analysis of archival materials involved. Conclusions. The work reveals the special recognition and rewards system was developed to regulate relations with representatives of local Buryat elites and guarantee their integration into imperial structures. The system of awards and distinctions was used by the Russian government to encourage Buryat tribal and clan leaders for certain services rendered to the state, as well as for successfully fulfilled tasks assigned.","PeriodicalId":33928,"journal":{"name":"Mongolovedenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46525248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-27DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2022-3-620-633
Zayana I. Mandzhieva
Eastern Yugur is a Mongolic language spoken in Kangle and Mati districts of Gansu Province, China. Eastern Yugur is one of the languages spoken by the Yellow Uyghurs divided into two groups: the endonym of the Mongolic-speaking group is ‘Šera Yogor’, and that of the Turkic-speaking one is ‘Sarïg Yogïr’. Results. The article introduces data on the history of Eastern Yugur-related investigations and mentions researchers to have provided earliest descriptions of the language. Only in the mid-20th century Eastern Yugur started being explored by many scientists, and before that period only fragmentary data on this language had been available. Despite there are different classifications of Mongolic languages, the place of Eastern Yugur therein still remains a subject of research. The article presents a brief review of works to have approached Eastern Yugur in relation to its place in classifications of Mongolic languages, and describes key methods employed thereto.
{"title":"Проблема определения места шира-югурского языка в классификации монгольских языков в отечественных и зарубежных исследованиях","authors":"Zayana I. Mandzhieva","doi":"10.22162/2500-1523-2022-3-620-633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-3-620-633","url":null,"abstract":"Eastern Yugur is a Mongolic language spoken in Kangle and Mati districts of Gansu Province, China. Eastern Yugur is one of the languages spoken by the Yellow Uyghurs divided into two groups: the endonym of the Mongolic-speaking group is ‘Šera Yogor’, and that of the Turkic-speaking one is ‘Sarïg Yogïr’. Results. The article introduces data on the history of Eastern Yugur-related investigations and mentions researchers to have provided earliest descriptions of the language. Only in the mid-20th century Eastern Yugur started being explored by many scientists, and before that period only fragmentary data on this language had been available. Despite there are different classifications of Mongolic languages, the place of Eastern Yugur therein still remains a subject of research. The article presents a brief review of works to have approached Eastern Yugur in relation to its place in classifications of Mongolic languages, and describes key methods employed thereto.","PeriodicalId":33928,"journal":{"name":"Mongolovedenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48629972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-405-417
Evdokia E. Khabunova
Introduction. The work introduces field data on traditional treatment methods recorded from ethnic Kalmyks during the 2012–2017 folklore and ethnographic expeditions across Kalmykia arranged by the Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University. Goals. The paper seeks to introduce authentic materials (and Russian translations) dealing with folk medicine for further interdisciplinary research. Materials. The study examines oral narratives recorded in 2012 to 2017 across rural Kalmykia and describing folk tools and techniques once used against various illnesses — by Kalmyk ‘emchi’ healers, ‘otchi’ bonesetters, ‘medlgchi’ sorcerers, ‘bärächi’ masseurs, and other specialists. Results. The oral narratives about folk means to handle different health problems are accompanied by Russian translations. The article briefly reviews techniques employed to orally transmit ancient empirical knowledge of Kalmyks about traditional methods of treating different diseases. The to be introduced authentic materials contain little-known data and provide new opportunities for scholarly interpretations of folklore and ethnographic facts about Kalmyk traditional medicine, healing practices to have been orally transmitted across generations. The variety of ancient empirical techniques related to human health and folk healing methods set forth can be well used to support contemporary academic medical arrangements.
{"title":"Народные знания калмыков о традиционных способах лечения: фактология фольклорно-этнографических экспедиций (2012–2017 гг.)","authors":"Evdokia E. Khabunova","doi":"10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-405-417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-405-417","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The work introduces field data on traditional treatment methods recorded from ethnic Kalmyks during the 2012–2017 folklore and ethnographic expeditions across Kalmykia arranged by the Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University. Goals. The paper seeks to introduce authentic materials (and Russian translations) dealing with folk medicine for further interdisciplinary research. Materials. The study examines oral narratives recorded in 2012 to 2017 across rural Kalmykia and describing folk tools and techniques once used against various illnesses — by Kalmyk ‘emchi’ healers, ‘otchi’ bonesetters, ‘medlgchi’ sorcerers, ‘bärächi’ masseurs, and other specialists. Results. The oral narratives about folk means to handle different health problems are accompanied by Russian translations. The article briefly reviews techniques employed to orally transmit ancient empirical knowledge of Kalmyks about traditional methods of treating different diseases. The to be introduced authentic materials contain little-known data and provide new opportunities for scholarly interpretations of folklore and ethnographic facts about Kalmyk traditional medicine, healing practices to have been orally transmitted across generations. The variety of ancient empirical techniques related to human health and folk healing methods set forth can be well used to support contemporary academic medical arrangements.","PeriodicalId":33928,"journal":{"name":"Mongolovedenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49077385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-264-280
Maksim M. Batmaev
Introduction. The article examines a significant early-to-mid 18th-century episode of Kalmyk-Chinese and Kalmyk-Dzungar relations to have been controlled by the Russian Government. This very period was witnessing deepest processes across Central Asia that would subsequently result in dramatic ethnic and political transformations in the region. Goals. The work aims at revealing plans and intentions of the involved governments and groups, outlining the actual sequence of events under the observed conditions, showing efforts of certain individuals had been initially determined by their personal wishes that made them seek for opportunities to orchestrate the events towards their own benefits. However, the latter had to finally accept the real state of affairs as they were. Results. So, the Kalmyk rulers were involved in China-Dzungar relations, both the sides having been eager to take advantage of Kalmyk military power. But it became evident that external policies of the Kalmyk Khanate were largely dependent on Russia’s foreign affairs strategy which implied no interest in the participation of Kalmyks in Chinese-Dzungar struggle. This resulted in that Kalmyks never joined the confrontation between the Qing Empire and Dzungar Khanate to have ended up with a defeat and collapse of the latter.
{"title":"Из истории внешнеполитических отношений Калмыцкого ханства. Лоузанг-Шоно","authors":"Maksim M. Batmaev","doi":"10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-264-280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-264-280","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article examines a significant early-to-mid 18th-century episode of Kalmyk-Chinese and Kalmyk-Dzungar relations to have been controlled by the Russian Government. This very period was witnessing deepest processes across Central Asia that would subsequently result in dramatic ethnic and political transformations in the region. Goals. The work aims at revealing plans and intentions of the involved governments and groups, outlining the actual sequence of events under the observed conditions, showing efforts of certain individuals had been initially determined by their personal wishes that made them seek for opportunities to orchestrate the events towards their own benefits. However, the latter had to finally accept the real state of affairs as they were. Results. So, the Kalmyk rulers were involved in China-Dzungar relations, both the sides having been eager to take advantage of Kalmyk military power. But it became evident that external policies of the Kalmyk Khanate were largely dependent on Russia’s foreign affairs strategy which implied no interest in the participation of Kalmyks in Chinese-Dzungar struggle. This resulted in that Kalmyks never joined the confrontation between the Qing Empire and Dzungar Khanate to have ended up with a defeat and collapse of the latter.","PeriodicalId":33928,"journal":{"name":"Mongolovedenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44083266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-313-333
Larisa B. Mandzhikova
Introduction. The article examines activities of Kalmykia’s archival institutions between the 1990s and early 2000s, i.e. the period to have witnessed a nationwide redistribution of authority, strengthened self-sufficiency of regions, and increased sociopolitical role of Russia’s state archival service. Goals. The paper aims to investigate impacts of the administrative and archival reforms on the development of archival affairs in Kalmykia, consider problems of security of archives and archival documents, IT-related challenges. Materials and methods. The work analyzes documents from the National Archive of Kalmykia for historical perspectives on archival construction in the republic and introduces some newly discovered documents that characterize the examined period into scientific circulation. The work employs an integrated approach to the study of documents and materials. Results. The work shows that the period under consideration is characterized by cardinal changes in Kalmykia’s archival construction and activities of archival institutions under new conditions.
{"title":"Развитие архивного дела Калмыкии (1990 – начало 2000-х гг.)","authors":"Larisa B. Mandzhikova","doi":"10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-313-333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-313-333","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article examines activities of Kalmykia’s archival institutions between the 1990s and early 2000s, i.e. the period to have witnessed a nationwide redistribution of authority, strengthened self-sufficiency of regions, and increased sociopolitical role of Russia’s state archival service. Goals. The paper aims to investigate impacts of the administrative and archival reforms on the development of archival affairs in Kalmykia, consider problems of security of archives and archival documents, IT-related challenges. Materials and methods. The work analyzes documents from the National Archive of Kalmykia for historical perspectives on archival construction in the republic and introduces some newly discovered documents that characterize the examined period into scientific circulation. The work employs an integrated approach to the study of documents and materials. Results. The work shows that the period under consideration is characterized by cardinal changes in Kalmykia’s archival construction and activities of archival institutions under new conditions.","PeriodicalId":33928,"journal":{"name":"Mongolovedenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45202231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-383-392
Bembya L. Mitruev
Introduction. The seal of Daichin Shasa-Byuja Khan holds a special place among those once owned by Kalmyk rulers and landlords. The seal was granted to the Kalmyk Khan Tseren-Donduk by the 7th Dalai Lama. It is uniquely distinguished by that this is the only royal seal to bear the title of its owner. Goals. The article aims to introduce sigillographic data from the seal of Tseren-Donduk into scientific circulation, reveal the meaning of the title ‘Daichin Shasa-Byuja Khan’, and propose a hypothesis of its origin. Materials and methods. The study analyzes letters of Tseren-Donduk to Saratov Voivode V. P. Beklemishev and Astrakhan Governor I. P. Izmailov stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia. The employed research methods are the comparative historical one and that of literary investigation. Results. The work introduces a translation of this title supplemented with a hypothesis of its origin. The former is exemplified by another monument of Tibetan sphragistics which has a legend in Sanskrit written in the ʼPhags-pa script . The paper clarifies the meaning of the title ‘Daichin Shasa-Byuja Khan’, articulates the legend on Tseren-Donduk’s seal, gives an example of a similar Tibetan seal, and also delivers a hypothesis on origins of the title.
介绍。在卡尔梅克统治者和地主曾经拥有的印章中，大钦沙萨-比贾汗的印章占有特殊的地位。这枚印章是由七世达赖喇嘛授予卡尔梅克汗次仁敦督的。它的独特之处在于，这是唯一一枚刻有其主人头衔的皇家印章。的目标。本文旨在将次仁敦德印的象形文字资料引入科学流通，揭示“大钦沙萨-比加汗”这一称谓的意义，并提出其起源假说。材料和方法。该研究分析了Tseren-Donduk给存放在卡尔梅克国家档案馆的萨拉托夫省V. P. Beklemishev和阿斯特拉罕州长I. P. Izmailov的信件。本文采用比较史学和文学调查两种研究方法。结果。该作品介绍了这个标题的翻译，并补充了其起源的假设。前者的例子是另一个西藏地理纪念碑，它有一个用梵文写的Phags-pa文字的传说。本文阐明了“大钦沙萨-比迦汗”称号的含义，阐述了次仁敦德印章上的传说，并举例说明了类似的西藏印章，并对称号的起源提出了假设。
{"title":"Печать Дайчин Шаса-Бюджа-хана","authors":"Bembya L. Mitruev","doi":"10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-383-392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-383-392","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The seal of Daichin Shasa-Byuja Khan holds a special place among those once owned by Kalmyk rulers and landlords. The seal was granted to the Kalmyk Khan Tseren-Donduk by the 7th Dalai Lama. It is uniquely distinguished by that this is the only royal seal to bear the title of its owner. Goals. The article aims to introduce sigillographic data from the seal of Tseren-Donduk into scientific circulation, reveal the meaning of the title ‘Daichin Shasa-Byuja Khan’, and propose a hypothesis of its origin. Materials and methods. The study analyzes letters of Tseren-Donduk to Saratov Voivode V. P. Beklemishev and Astrakhan Governor I. P. Izmailov stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia. The employed research methods are the comparative historical one and that of literary investigation. Results. The work introduces a translation of this title supplemented with a hypothesis of its origin. The former is exemplified by another monument of Tibetan sphragistics which has a legend in Sanskrit written in the ʼPhags-pa script . The paper clarifies the meaning of the title ‘Daichin Shasa-Byuja Khan’, articulates the legend on Tseren-Donduk’s seal, gives an example of a similar Tibetan seal, and also delivers a hypothesis on origins of the title.","PeriodicalId":33928,"journal":{"name":"Mongolovedenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47586593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-418-440
R. Khaninova
Introduction. In Kalmyk folklore, the genres of yöräl (well-wishing) and kharal (curse) cluster with magic poetry characterized by ritual and communicative functions. The latter genre remains understudied since informants had avoided uttering such narratives fearing their negative impacts, therefore the available records of kharals are much fewer than those containing yöräls. This affected essentials of kharals authored by 20th-century Kalmyk poets, including the former’s peripheral position in the genre system of Kalmyk lyrics and a small number of such poetic examples. The article discusses the genre of kharal in works by Mukebyun Basangov (1878–1944) and Bosya Sangadzhieva (1921–2001). Goals. The article seeks to examine three texts of the mentioned poets in the aspect of the folklore tradition. Materials and methods. The paper studies works of Kalmyk folklorists, ethnographers and historians. The to be investigated sources are one poem by Mukebyun Basangov and two poems by Bosya Sangadzhieva — the three titled ‘Kharal’ (‘Curse’) — created in Kalmyk in different years (1942 and 1966, 1991), including R. Khaninova’s artistic translation of B. Sangadzhieva’s text. The key research methods used are the historical/literary, historical/functional, comparative, quantitative ones, and that of descriptive poetics. Results. The study, firstly, reveals a connection between M. Basangov’s Kharal (1942) and the time of its creation (Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945) which determined its topic and problems raised, folk elements; secondly, two texts by B. Sangadzhieva are compared in ethnocultural and axiological perspectives; thirdly, it shows impacts of the folklore genre on poetic analogues; and finally, the work stresses a synthesis of yöräl and kharal genres observed in Kh. Syan-Belgin’s Satire on Yöräl and Kharal (1929). Conclusions. In Kalmyk poetry, the genre of kharal remained somewhat undeveloped only to stay in a periphery of the 20th-century genre system, which most likely resulted from specifics of the folklore source. So, the rare appeals of Kalmyk poets to this genre attest to the surviving tradition of avoiding negative impacts of the verbal component inherent to magic poetry of ancestors, and following the postulates of axiology and folk pedagogy.
{"title":"Жанр харал в калмыцкой поэзии ХХ в.","authors":"R. Khaninova","doi":"10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-418-440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-418-440","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. In Kalmyk folklore, the genres of yöräl (well-wishing) and kharal (curse) cluster with magic poetry characterized by ritual and communicative functions. The latter genre remains understudied since informants had avoided uttering such narratives fearing their negative impacts, therefore the available records of kharals are much fewer than those containing yöräls. This affected essentials of kharals authored by 20th-century Kalmyk poets, including the former’s peripheral position in the genre system of Kalmyk lyrics and a small number of such poetic examples. The article discusses the genre of kharal in works by Mukebyun Basangov (1878–1944) and Bosya Sangadzhieva (1921–2001). Goals. The article seeks to examine three texts of the mentioned poets in the aspect of the folklore tradition. Materials and methods. The paper studies works of Kalmyk folklorists, ethnographers and historians. The to be investigated sources are one poem by Mukebyun Basangov and two poems by Bosya Sangadzhieva — the three titled ‘Kharal’ (‘Curse’) — created in Kalmyk in different years (1942 and 1966, 1991), including R. Khaninova’s artistic translation of B. Sangadzhieva’s text. The key research methods used are the historical/literary, historical/functional, comparative, quantitative ones, and that of descriptive poetics. Results. The study, firstly, reveals a connection between M. Basangov’s Kharal (1942) and the time of its creation (Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945) which determined its topic and problems raised, folk elements; secondly, two texts by B. Sangadzhieva are compared in ethnocultural and axiological perspectives; thirdly, it shows impacts of the folklore genre on poetic analogues; and finally, the work stresses a synthesis of yöräl and kharal genres observed in Kh. Syan-Belgin’s Satire on Yöräl and Kharal (1929). Conclusions. In Kalmyk poetry, the genre of kharal remained somewhat undeveloped only to stay in a periphery of the 20th-century genre system, which most likely resulted from specifics of the folklore source. So, the rare appeals of Kalmyk poets to this genre attest to the surviving tradition of avoiding negative impacts of the verbal component inherent to magic poetry of ancestors, and following the postulates of axiology and folk pedagogy.","PeriodicalId":33928,"journal":{"name":"Mongolovedenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45359921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-232-246
Karina I. Bikmaeva
Introduction. The 20th century reform of Mongolian writing shaped the basis for wide transformations in the country’s culture, science, and education. It is noteworthy that the language policy in the Mongolian People’s Republic was not only reduced to the Cyrillic reform of 1941. Goals. The article attempts a variety of insights into multiple directions of language policy in the Mongolian People’s Republic. The work distinguishes four main stages of the latter’s implementation, and also compares those to similar processes in the USSR. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes Russian and Mongolian language sources, primarily laws and regulations of the USSR and the Mongolian People’s Republic, special attention be paid to works titled ‘The Revolution and Writing’ and ‘Public Education, Culture, Arts, and Science [in the MPR]: Systematically Collected Decrees and Laws’. Results. It reveals the MPR’s language policy was being implemented in strict compliance with similar processes in the Soviets. And it was largely the language policy that served a key to the successful abolition of illiteracy nationwide, modernization of Mongolian society, and spread of Soviet and European cultures. However, certain aspects and consequences of the language policy — primarily the intensified ‘Russification’ — would give rise to rejection and criticism among the Mongolian intelligentsia. Conclusions. Subsequently, this very reaction led to a dramatic rethink of the language policy in the 1990s, which attests to the significance of analyzing the MPR’s policy in this realm for better understanding of the situation in contemporary Mongolia.
{"title":"Этапы языковой политики в Монгольской Народной Республике","authors":"Karina I. Bikmaeva","doi":"10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-232-246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-232-246","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The 20th century reform of Mongolian writing shaped the basis for wide transformations in the country’s culture, science, and education. It is noteworthy that the language policy in the Mongolian People’s Republic was not only reduced to the Cyrillic reform of 1941. Goals. The article attempts a variety of insights into multiple directions of language policy in the Mongolian People’s Republic. The work distinguishes four main stages of the latter’s implementation, and also compares those to similar processes in the USSR. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes Russian and Mongolian language sources, primarily laws and regulations of the USSR and the Mongolian People’s Republic, special attention be paid to works titled ‘The Revolution and Writing’ and ‘Public Education, Culture, Arts, and Science [in the MPR]: Systematically Collected Decrees and Laws’. Results. It reveals the MPR’s language policy was being implemented in strict compliance with similar processes in the Soviets. And it was largely the language policy that served a key to the successful abolition of illiteracy nationwide, modernization of Mongolian society, and spread of Soviet and European cultures. However, certain aspects and consequences of the language policy — primarily the intensified ‘Russification’ — would give rise to rejection and criticism among the Mongolian intelligentsia. Conclusions. Subsequently, this very reaction led to a dramatic rethink of the language policy in the 1990s, which attests to the significance of analyzing the MPR’s policy in this realm for better understanding of the situation in contemporary Mongolia.","PeriodicalId":33928,"journal":{"name":"Mongolovedenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48655455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-360-370
Nadezhda B. Dashieva
Introduction. In mythological worldviews of Buryats and quite a number of other Turko-Mongols, swan acts as a totem on the female part of the ethnic community. The article examines the image of swan in Buryat cosmogonic folkways. The semantic approach to the study of functions attributed to Swan Maiden in mythological worldviews of Buryats and some other Turko-Mongols of Siberia and Central Asia, and historical cultures of the region makes the work topical enough. Goals. The study aims to delineate cosmogonic and cosmological ideas in the plot of the genealogical myth of Khori Buryats, and seasonal holidays resulting from by the former. Materials and methods. The paper primarily explores writings by M. Khangalov, G. Rumyantsev, A. Okladnikov, and D. Raevsky. The main research methods used are the cultural/semantic, comparative, and historical/comparative ones (the latter instrumental in analyzing structural units of the myth that make it possible to reveal its links with Scythian cosmology and Indo-Iranian mythology). The chronological framework of the study covers the late 19th to early 29th century. Results. In the myth, changes in anthropomorphic and ornithomorphic appearances of swan maiden serve to model spatial and temporal parameters of the world. Three stages in the development of time correlate with the three stages of Swan Maiden’s life and attest to that mythological worldviews of the community contained no ‘death of time’ concept. The point of ‘disappearance’ of time simultaneously acted as a new beginning to be secured through the milk sprinkling ritual performed by women during seasonal arrivals and reverse migrations of birds. The historical and cultural essentials of the mythologemes ‘marriage’ (autumn rites) and ‘birth’ (spring ones) manifested in Bronze Age petroglyphs of the Baikal bays (Sagan-Zaba, Aya) and the Chuluut River in Mongolia illustrate a process of transforming the Scythian cosmogonic plot into that of a genealogical myth. Conclusions. The image of swan in mythological worldviews of Buryats and a wide range of Turko-Mongols serves a personification of the cosmological classifier.
{"title":"Семантика образа лебедя в космогонических представлениях бурят","authors":"Nadezhda B. Dashieva","doi":"10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-360-370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-360-370","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. In mythological worldviews of Buryats and quite a number of other Turko-Mongols, swan acts as a totem on the female part of the ethnic community. The article examines the image of swan in Buryat cosmogonic folkways. The semantic approach to the study of functions attributed to Swan Maiden in mythological worldviews of Buryats and some other Turko-Mongols of Siberia and Central Asia, and historical cultures of the region makes the work topical enough. Goals. The study aims to delineate cosmogonic and cosmological ideas in the plot of the genealogical myth of Khori Buryats, and seasonal holidays resulting from by the former. Materials and methods. The paper primarily explores writings by M. Khangalov, G. Rumyantsev, A. Okladnikov, and D. Raevsky. The main research methods used are the cultural/semantic, comparative, and historical/comparative ones (the latter instrumental in analyzing structural units of the myth that make it possible to reveal its links with Scythian cosmology and Indo-Iranian mythology). The chronological framework of the study covers the late 19th to early 29th century. Results. In the myth, changes in anthropomorphic and ornithomorphic appearances of swan maiden serve to model spatial and temporal parameters of the world. Three stages in the development of time correlate with the three stages of Swan Maiden’s life and attest to that mythological worldviews of the community contained no ‘death of time’ concept. The point of ‘disappearance’ of time simultaneously acted as a new beginning to be secured through the milk sprinkling ritual performed by women during seasonal arrivals and reverse migrations of birds. The historical and cultural essentials of the mythologemes ‘marriage’ (autumn rites) and ‘birth’ (spring ones) manifested in Bronze Age petroglyphs of the Baikal bays (Sagan-Zaba, Aya) and the Chuluut River in Mongolia illustrate a process of transforming the Scythian cosmogonic plot into that of a genealogical myth. Conclusions. The image of swan in mythological worldviews of Buryats and a wide range of Turko-Mongols serves a personification of the cosmological classifier.","PeriodicalId":33928,"journal":{"name":"Mongolovedenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48822597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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