Pub Date : 2014-05-25DOI: 10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88213
A. F. Mahmood, Ameen Mohammed Abd-Alsalam
This paper presents an intelligent classification technique to identify normal and abnormal slices of the magnetic resonance human brain images(MRI). The prtoposed hybrid technique consists of four subsequent stages; namely, dimensionality reduction, preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. In the initial stages, the enhancement and removed unwanted informationare applied to provide a more appropriate image for the subsequent automated stages. In feature extraction stage, the most efficient features like statistical, and Haar wavelet features are extracted from each slice of brain MR images. In the classification stage, initially performs classification process by utilizing Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and secondly Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) is used to classify the braintissue to normal or abnormal. The proposed automated system is tested on a data set of 572 MRI images using T1 horizontal transverse (axial) section of the brain. Hybrid method yields high sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 100% and overallaccuracy of 95.66% over FIS and FFNN. The classification result shows that the proposed hybrid techniques are robust and effective compared with other recently work. Keywords: Brain Tumor Classification; Fuzzy Inference System; Feed Forward Neural Network; MRI .
{"title":"Automatic Brain MRI Slices Classification Using Hybrid Technique","authors":"A. F. Mahmood, Ameen Mohammed Abd-Alsalam","doi":"10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88213","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an intelligent classification technique to identify normal and abnormal slices of the magnetic resonance human brain images(MRI). The prtoposed hybrid technique consists of four subsequent stages; namely, dimensionality reduction, preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. In the initial stages, the enhancement and removed unwanted informationare applied to provide a more appropriate image for the subsequent automated stages. In feature extraction stage, the most efficient features like statistical, and Haar wavelet features are extracted from each slice of brain MR images. In the classification stage, initially performs classification process by utilizing Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and secondly Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) is used to classify the braintissue to normal or abnormal. The proposed automated system is tested on a data set of 572 MRI images using T1 horizontal transverse (axial) section of the brain. Hybrid method yields high sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 100% and overallaccuracy of 95.66% over FIS and FFNN. The classification result shows that the proposed hybrid techniques are robust and effective compared with other recently work. Keywords: Brain Tumor Classification; Fuzzy Inference System; Feed Forward Neural Network; MRI .","PeriodicalId":339890,"journal":{"name":"AL Rafdain Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125349586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-25DOI: 10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88212
Ziad M. Al-Makhyoul
A two-dimensional solution of natural convection heat transfer in a trapezoidal enclosure using baffles attached to hot wall has been analyzed numerically. The vertical and inclined walls of the enclosure are isothermal while the bottom and top horizontal walls are insulated and the temperature of the vertical wall is higher than the temperature of the inclined wall. Governing equations are solved using the finite difference technique. The study included three cases: one baffle at position 0.5, two baffles at positions 0.2 and 0.5, and three baffles at positions 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6, in addition to Rayleigh number 10 3 , 10 4 and 10 5 and baffle length of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 used as governing parameters that are effective on heat transfer and fluid flow. Results for the mean Nusselt number, and contour maps of the streamlines and isotherms are presented. It is found that Nusselt number is an increasing with increasing in Rayleigh number while decreasing with increasing in the baffle length and number of baffles. Key words : Natural convection, Trapezoidal enclosure , Heat transfer , baffles
{"title":"Natural Convection Heat Transfer In Trapezoidal Enclosure with Baffles Attached to Heated Wall","authors":"Ziad M. Al-Makhyoul","doi":"10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88212","url":null,"abstract":"A two-dimensional solution of natural convection heat transfer in a trapezoidal enclosure using baffles attached to hot wall has been analyzed numerically. The vertical and inclined walls of the enclosure are isothermal while the bottom and top horizontal walls are insulated and the temperature of the vertical wall is higher than the temperature of the inclined wall. Governing equations are solved using the finite difference technique. The study included three cases: one baffle at position 0.5, two baffles at positions 0.2 and 0.5, and three baffles at positions 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6, in addition to Rayleigh number 10 3 , 10 4 and 10 5 and baffle length of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 used as governing parameters that are effective on heat transfer and fluid flow. Results for the mean Nusselt number, and contour maps of the streamlines and isotherms are presented. It is found that Nusselt number is an increasing with increasing in Rayleigh number while decreasing with increasing in the baffle length and number of baffles. Key words : Natural convection, Trapezoidal enclosure , Heat transfer , baffles","PeriodicalId":339890,"journal":{"name":"AL Rafdain Engineering Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134158484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-25DOI: 10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88207
Dr.Anmar A.AL-Talib, Azeza Ali Mohammad
Many modern researches indicate the effects on water when it is exposed to magnetic fields that effect some waters chemicals and physical properties. Paper Included a number of experiments during the winter when the water temperatures of 7 to 16 degrees Celsius and the end of the spring season when water temperatures from 26 to 39 to study the effect of the use of several intensities of magnetic field (water liquefaction (0), 500, 1000, 2000.4000 ) Kaus to drain the water out of the rasters using saline irrigation water in several levels of salinity which (tap water (250), 500, 1500, 4000) (mg / l). The results showed that there is an overlap between the effect of temperature and workmanship changes prevented without knowing the exact impact of the intensity of the magnetic field and nevertheless note that the discharge of drippers improved to the increasing of the intensity of the magnetic field and temperature change has a direct impact on the outside of the discharge emitters.
{"title":"The Effect Of Magnetic Field On The Performance Of Irrigation Emitters When Using different concentrations of saline water","authors":"Dr.Anmar A.AL-Talib, Azeza Ali Mohammad","doi":"10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88207","url":null,"abstract":"Many modern researches indicate the effects on water when it is exposed to magnetic fields that effect some waters chemicals and physical properties. Paper Included a number of experiments during the winter when the water temperatures of 7 to 16 degrees Celsius and the end of the spring season when water temperatures from 26 to 39 to study the effect of the use of several intensities of magnetic field (water liquefaction (0), 500, 1000, 2000.4000 ) Kaus to drain the water out of the rasters using saline irrigation water in several levels of salinity which (tap water (250), 500, 1500, 4000) (mg / l). The results showed that there is an overlap between the effect of temperature and workmanship changes prevented without knowing the exact impact of the intensity of the magnetic field and nevertheless note that the discharge of drippers improved to the increasing of the intensity of the magnetic field and temperature change has a direct impact on the outside of the discharge emitters.","PeriodicalId":339890,"journal":{"name":"AL Rafdain Engineering Journal","volume":"242 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132511344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-05-16DOI: 10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88216
Saad Zaghlul Saeed, B. Alhasan
In this paper, four different shapes of robots' hollow arm are suggested so as to investigate the effect of shape on the dynamic behavior of the arm. The finite element method is used to determine the strength of the arms and their equations of motion. The static deflection, stress and moment of inertia are calculated and compared as well as the angular displacement and tip vibration of the four different shapes. A PD controller with fuzzy logic is used for tracing the desired trajectory and reducing the overshoot of the system. All simulations were presented using MATLAB and SIMULINK on the arms under the same desired step trajectory for a time of two seconds. The preferred robot arm is the one that has less vibration in trajectory and after reaching the target. As a result, the tapered arm (shape B) shows better characteristics in which less deflection, stress and tracking. Key Words : Robot arm, Finite element, Flexible link, Fuzzy controller.
{"title":"The Dynamic Behavior of Different Hollow Flexible Robot’s Arms","authors":"Saad Zaghlul Saeed, B. Alhasan","doi":"10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/RENGJ.2014.88216","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, four different shapes of robots' hollow arm are suggested so as to investigate the effect of shape on the dynamic behavior of the arm. The finite element method is used to determine the strength of the arms and their equations of motion. The static deflection, stress and moment of inertia are calculated and compared as well as the angular displacement and tip vibration of the four different shapes. A PD controller with fuzzy logic is used for tracing the desired trajectory and reducing the overshoot of the system. All simulations were presented using MATLAB and SIMULINK on the arms under the same desired step trajectory for a time of two seconds. The preferred robot arm is the one that has less vibration in trajectory and after reaching the target. As a result, the tapered arm (shape B) shows better characteristics in which less deflection, stress and tracking. Key Words : Robot arm, Finite element, Flexible link, Fuzzy controller.","PeriodicalId":339890,"journal":{"name":"AL Rafdain Engineering Journal","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131767810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87340
M. K. Mawlood, I. F. Abbas
In this work, a numerical method is developed for solving the unsteady NavierStokes and energy equations in a two-dimensional passive heating Trombe wall system. A parallel computer code that can be run efficiently on multicore PCs or networked workstations is developed for calculating the velocity and temperature fields in the whole domain of the system. The developed code is validated using data from the literature. Results are presented for the time response of a typical classical Trombe wall system to transient heating. عرسلا ةجذمن نيدعب وذ بموزن رادج يف ةرارحلا تاجردو سابع لضاف ناسحا ديسلا دولوم دلاخ دومحم روتكدلا ةصلاخلا ريفان تلاداعم لحل ةيددع ةقيرط ريوطت ةساردلا هذه يف مت دقل رادج مادختساب ةئفدتلا ماظنل ةقاطلا ةلداعمو سكوتس ةجمربلا مادختسا مت دقل .نيدعب وذ بمورت ةيصخشلا تابساحلا ىلع ةءافكب هذيفنت نكمي يباسح جمانرب دادعلاةيزاوتملا مت .ماظنلا قاطن لمجم يف ةرارحلاو ةعرسلا يلاجم باسحل ةيصخشلا تابساحلا نم ةكبش وا ةددعتملا تاجلاعملا تاذ نل ةينمزلا ةباجتسلال جئاتن ميدقت مت .ةقباس تاسارد نم تانايب مادختساب جمانربلا رابتخا يديلقت بمورت رادج ماظ .رباع نيخستل ضرعم Received: 20 – 7 2013 Accepted: 20 – 9 2013 Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.22 No. 2 March 2014 511
{"title":"Simulation of Velocity and Temperature fields","authors":"M. K. Mawlood, I. F. Abbas","doi":"10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87340","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a numerical method is developed for solving the unsteady NavierStokes and energy equations in a two-dimensional passive heating Trombe wall system. A parallel computer code that can be run efficiently on multicore PCs or networked workstations is developed for calculating the velocity and temperature fields in the whole domain of the system. The developed code is validated using data from the literature. Results are presented for the time response of a typical classical Trombe wall system to transient heating. عرسلا ةجذمن نيدعب وذ بموزن رادج يف ةرارحلا تاجردو سابع لضاف ناسحا ديسلا دولوم دلاخ دومحم روتكدلا ةصلاخلا ريفان تلاداعم لحل ةيددع ةقيرط ريوطت ةساردلا هذه يف مت دقل رادج مادختساب ةئفدتلا ماظنل ةقاطلا ةلداعمو سكوتس ةجمربلا مادختسا مت دقل .نيدعب وذ بمورت ةيصخشلا تابساحلا ىلع ةءافكب هذيفنت نكمي يباسح جمانرب دادعلاةيزاوتملا مت .ماظنلا قاطن لمجم يف ةرارحلاو ةعرسلا يلاجم باسحل ةيصخشلا تابساحلا نم ةكبش وا ةددعتملا تاجلاعملا تاذ نل ةينمزلا ةباجتسلال جئاتن ميدقت مت .ةقباس تاسارد نم تانايب مادختساب جمانربلا رابتخا يديلقت بمورت رادج ماظ .رباع نيخستل ضرعم Received: 20 – 7 2013 Accepted: 20 – 9 2013 Al-Rafidain Engineering Vol.22 No. 2 March 2014 511","PeriodicalId":339890,"journal":{"name":"AL Rafdain Engineering Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115241296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87336
N. Al‐Ansari, Issa E. Issa, S. Knutsson
Mosul Dam is one of the biggest hydraulic structures in Iraq. It was constructed in 1986 on the Tigris River in the north of Iraq. The initial storage capacity and water surface area of its reservoir reaches 11.11 km 3 and 380 km 2 respectively at the maximum operation level 330 m a.s.l. The dam was operated in 1986. A total of 56 samples were collected from the bottom of Mosul reservoir covering most of the reservoir area. The results of the analysis of these samples revealed that they were composed of gravel (3.8%), sand (15%), silt (55.5%) and clay (25.7%). The distribution of these sediments indicates that the silt portion represents the highest followed by clay and then sand. However, sand percentages are the highest in the northern zone of the reservoir where the River Tigris enters the reservoir and decreases gradually toward the dam site. In the meantime, silt percentage decreases toward the dam site while the finer fraction (i.e. clay) increases. Keywords.Mosul dam, reservoir sedimentation, sediment size distribution, sediment characteristics.
摩苏尔大坝是伊拉克最大的水利工程之一。它建于1986年，位于伊拉克北部的底格里斯河上。水库初始库容11.11 km2，水库水面面积380 km2，最大运行水位330 m a.s.l.， 1986年开始运行。从摩苏尔水库底部共采集了56个样本，覆盖了大部分库区。分析结果表明，样品主要由砾石(3.8%)、砂土(15%)、粉土(55.5%)和粘土(25.7%)组成。这些沉积物的分布表明，粉砂部分最高，其次是粘土，然后是砂。在底格里斯河入库的库区北部砂率最高，向坝址方向逐渐减少。与此同时，泥沙比例向坝址方向降低，而细粒粒(即粘土)增加。关键词。摩苏尔大坝，水库沉积，泥沙粒度分布，泥沙特征。
{"title":"Nature of the Distributed of the Bed Sediment within Mosul Dam Reservoir, Iraq","authors":"N. Al‐Ansari, Issa E. Issa, S. Knutsson","doi":"10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87336","url":null,"abstract":"Mosul Dam is one of the biggest hydraulic structures in Iraq. It was constructed in 1986 on the Tigris River in the north of Iraq. The initial storage capacity and water surface area of its reservoir reaches 11.11 km 3 and 380 km 2 respectively at the maximum operation level 330 m a.s.l. The dam was operated in 1986. A total of 56 samples were collected from the bottom of Mosul reservoir covering most of the reservoir area. The results of the analysis of these samples revealed that they were composed of gravel (3.8%), sand (15%), silt (55.5%) and clay (25.7%). The distribution of these sediments indicates that the silt portion represents the highest followed by clay and then sand. However, sand percentages are the highest in the northern zone of the reservoir where the River Tigris enters the reservoir and decreases gradually toward the dam site. In the meantime, silt percentage decreases toward the dam site while the finer fraction (i.e. clay) increases. Keywords.Mosul dam, reservoir sedimentation, sediment size distribution, sediment characteristics.","PeriodicalId":339890,"journal":{"name":"AL Rafdain Engineering Journal","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124714863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87313
K. A. Al-Mohseen, A. Towfeeq
The current paper aims to explore the capability of Artificial Neural Network models (ANN) to calculate the optimal operating policy of a single reservoir system (Al_Qaim reservoir on the Al_KhosarRiver). The ANN models proposed in this research were making use of the outcomes emerged from two Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) models suggested by previous study on the same reservoir system i.e. Explicit Stochastic Dynamic Programming and Implicit Stochastic Dynamic Programming. The two ANN models have been used to find pattern between inflow and initial storage of the system in one hand, and the release and the final storage of the system on other hand. It is found that the topology of the first model which adopted the attributes of the ESDP is 2-6-2, while that which was implemented the ISDP attributes has a 2-10-2ANN topology. The final results prevail that good agreement have been exist between the output (release) of the proposed ANN models and those obtained by the two (SDP) models with coefficients of determination0.934 and 0.803 respectively. Keywords: Artificial Neural Network , Dynamic Programming, Operation reservoir.
{"title":"Artificial Neural Network for Single Reservoir Operation","authors":"K. A. Al-Mohseen, A. Towfeeq","doi":"10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87313","url":null,"abstract":"The current paper aims to explore the capability of Artificial Neural Network models (ANN) to calculate the optimal operating policy of a single reservoir system (Al_Qaim reservoir on the Al_KhosarRiver). The ANN models proposed in this research were making use of the outcomes emerged from two Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) models suggested by previous study on the same reservoir system i.e. Explicit Stochastic Dynamic Programming and Implicit Stochastic Dynamic Programming. The two ANN models have been used to find pattern between inflow and initial storage of the system in one hand, and the release and the final storage of the system on other hand. It is found that the topology of the first model which adopted the attributes of the ESDP is 2-6-2, while that which was implemented the ISDP attributes has a 2-10-2ANN topology. The final results prevail that good agreement have been exist between the output (release) of the proposed ANN models and those obtained by the two (SDP) models with coefficients of determination0.934 and 0.803 respectively. Keywords: Artificial Neural Network , Dynamic Programming, Operation reservoir.","PeriodicalId":339890,"journal":{"name":"AL Rafdain Engineering Journal","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116104887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2014.87320
F. Amouri, Mohammed R. Almallah
In DC transmission, Stress inversion is a complex phenomena occurring in the cable insulation seriously hampering the design of HVDC cables. Radial variation of the temperature dependent DC conductivity, forces the stress inversion under certain conditions. A new proposed power cable with two insulation layers (XLPE and oil) with forced coolant oil has been analyzed under DC voltage to improve the performance of DC cables. The new proposed cooling method increase the ampacity of the cable, reducing space charge affection and reducing the radial temperature drop which is in turn causing less variation in DC stress distribution.
{"title":"Stress Distribution In Two Layers Of H.V.D.C Cable Insulation For Cooling Outer Conductor","authors":"F. Amouri, Mohammed R. Almallah","doi":"10.33899/rengj.2014.87320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2014.87320","url":null,"abstract":"In DC transmission, Stress inversion is a complex phenomena occurring in the cable insulation seriously hampering the design of HVDC cables. Radial variation of the temperature dependent DC conductivity, forces the stress inversion under certain conditions. A new proposed power cable with two insulation layers (XLPE and oil) with forced coolant oil has been analyzed under DC voltage to improve the performance of DC cables. The new proposed cooling method increase the ampacity of the cable, reducing space charge affection and reducing the radial temperature drop which is in turn causing less variation in DC stress distribution.","PeriodicalId":339890,"journal":{"name":"AL Rafdain Engineering Journal","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121761483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87324
M. Al-Somaidai, Noor Raad Saadallah Al-Hankawi
Many universities and organizations are considering the idea of migrating their data centers to cloud computing. Among the many cloud computing deployment models; the private cloud is the preferred one for such organizations since; it maintains their controllability and enhance security of their servers. Albeit, there are still some risks of attacks. One of these is the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) where a large amount of compromised hosts called botnet attacks a specific server causing its service degradation. A test bed for a private cloud computing network was built in the lab making use of Oracle VM Virtual Box as a virtualization environment. This test bed was subjected to a DDoS attack of the SYN-Flood type in multiple scenarios of bots percentage deployment. The same attack was carried out on an Opnet simulation model of the test bed. The results of the practical testbed and the simulation model confirm the devastating effects of such attacks as the botnet size increases.
许多大学和组织正在考虑将他们的数据中心迁移到云计算。在众多的云计算部署模型中;私有云是这类组织的首选，因为;它保持了它们的可控性，并增强了它们服务器的安全性。尽管如此，仍然存在一些被攻击的风险。其中之一是分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)，大量被称为僵尸网络的受损主机攻击特定服务器，导致其服务降级。利用Oracle VM Virtual Box作为虚拟化环境，在实验室搭建了私有云计算网络测试平台。该测试平台在多个机器人百分比部署场景中遭受了SYN-Flood类型的DDoS攻击。在试验台的Opnet仿真模型上进行了相同的攻击。实际测试平台和仿真模型的结果证实了这种攻击随着僵尸网络规模的增大而产生的破坏性影响。
{"title":"Practical Private Cloud Testbed for Studying The Effects of A Botnet Attack","authors":"M. Al-Somaidai, Noor Raad Saadallah Al-Hankawi","doi":"10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87324","url":null,"abstract":"Many universities and organizations are considering the idea of migrating their data centers to cloud computing. Among the many cloud computing deployment models; the private cloud is the preferred one for such organizations since; it maintains their controllability and enhance security of their servers. Albeit, there are still some risks of attacks. One of these is the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) where a large amount of compromised hosts called botnet attacks a specific server causing its service degradation. A test bed for a private cloud computing network was built in the lab making use of Oracle VM Virtual Box as a virtualization environment. This test bed was subjected to a DDoS attack of the SYN-Flood type in multiple scenarios of bots percentage deployment. The same attack was carried out on an Opnet simulation model of the test bed. The results of the practical testbed and the simulation model confirm the devastating effects of such attacks as the botnet size increases.","PeriodicalId":339890,"journal":{"name":"AL Rafdain Engineering Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128034834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-28DOI: 10.33899/RENGJ.2014.87315
K. Al-Ahmady, Zainab A. Znad
The Nalgonda method is one of the effective methods for fluoride removal, especially with low and medium initial fluoride concentrations. In this research, the ideal conditions were found through studying the factors that affect the fluoride removal efficiency (initial fluoride concentration, pH, alum dose, mixing time for flocculation and coagulation processes, and the sedimentation time). The research results proved that initial fluoride concentration does not significantly effect the efficiency.As the removal efficiency amounted to (88%) for the initial fluoride concentration of (3) mg/L.While the removal efficiency was equal to (86%) for an the initial fluoride concentration of (10) mg/L. pH value was proved to be effective, as the removal efficiency was equal to (85%) when the (pH) value is equal to (7), while the removal decreased to (72%) and (63%) when the (pH) values were equal to (4) and (9) respectively. Alum dose, time of mixing, and the time of sedimentation were also affecting on the removal efficiency. Best removal efficiency obtained at thetimesofmixing and flocculating equal to (1 min) and (5 min) respectively. Also it was found that it’s possible to get the same removal efficiency when increasing the period of rapid mixing to (3 min) and then directly move to the sedimentation process. Finally, the ideal sedimentation time has been set, best removal efficiency has been achieved a sedimentation time equal to (1 hour) and at the different measurement conditions. Keywords: Flouride removal, Drinking water, Nalgonda method, Flocculation, Sedimentation
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