Emissions from shipping are a significant driver of human-induced climate change. International action to date has not succeeded in setting those emissions on a sustainable trajectory. The International Maritime Organization has committed to implementing an effective, international approach to tackle international shipping’s contribution to climate change.
This paper considers international law principles, exploring whether and how these principles may provide a basis for the IMO to address those contributions. The polluter pays principle, which counsels that whoever produces pollution should cover the costs their pollution imposes on others, is a doctrine of international law that offers strong support for the IMO to adopt a market-based mechanism to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Other principles of international law provide that any market-based mechanism the IMO adopts should be consistent with international climate agreements, responsive to the different contributions that nations and companies have made to the climate problem, built on the best available science while resolving any uncertainties in favor of less risk to the environment, and respectful of universally-recognized rights—both individual and national—to equity, life, and fair treatment.
{"title":"Principles of International Law and the Adoption of a Market-Based Mechanism for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Shipping","authors":"Hillary Aidun, Daniel J. Metzger, M. Gerrard","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3807378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3807378","url":null,"abstract":"Emissions from shipping are a significant driver of human-induced climate change. International action to date has not succeeded in setting those emissions on a sustainable trajectory. The International Maritime Organization has committed to implementing an effective, international approach to tackle international shipping’s contribution to climate change.<br><br>This paper considers international law principles, exploring whether and how these principles may provide a basis for the IMO to address those contributions. The polluter pays principle, which counsels that whoever produces pollution should cover the costs their pollution imposes on others, is a doctrine of international law that offers strong support for the IMO to adopt a market-based mechanism to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Other principles of international law provide that any market-based mechanism the IMO adopts should be consistent with international climate agreements, responsive to the different contributions that nations and companies have made to the climate problem, built on the best available science while resolving any uncertainties in favor of less risk to the environment, and respectful of universally-recognized rights—both individual and national—to equity, life, and fair treatment.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121885555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-31DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2020.214432
O. Ivanenko, V. Radovenchyk, I. Radovenchyk
The object of research is the processes of obtaining magnetite particles by the method of chemical condensation with the aim of subsequent use in the conversion of carbon monoxide, which is formed during the combustion of carbon-containing materials in conditions of lack of oxygen or air. One of the most problematic areas for CO neutralization is significant volumes of gas emissions and the complexity of the process of its conversion. Therefore, among the methods existing today – thermal, adsorption, absorption, catalytic – the latter is most often used, as the most acceptable for such conditions. The introduction of catalytic methods is significantly hampered by the need to use noble metals in catalysts, which makes their application on an industrial scale too expensive. The development of cheap and efficient catalysts for the conversion of CO is today a priority line of research in this area.
In the course of research, catalysts based on Fe3O4 magnetite particles obtained by chemical condensation are used. The growth method, the freezing-thawing process, and changing the ratio of components in the initial solutions are used to regulate the properties of particles. The ability to control the properties of synthesized particles in a wide range makes magnetite promising for use as a catalyst.
A cheap, effective catalyst for detoxifying carbon monoxide is obtained. A feature of this material is its significant reserves in the earth's crust and the possibility of obtaining it from production waste. The use of waste iron-containing electrolytes and pickling solutions as raw materials will simultaneously solve the complex environmental problem of their neutralization. The ability to easily control the content of iron ions of different valences allows to obtain a catalyst with a predetermined efficiency. The inertness and stability of magnetite in the environment does not create problems with its disposal after use.
This ensures the production of a cheap, affordable and efficient catalyst for the conversion of CO to CO2 from production waste or natural material.
{"title":"Neutralization of Carbon Monoxide by Magnetite-Based Catalysts","authors":"O. Ivanenko, V. Radovenchyk, I. Radovenchyk","doi":"10.15587/2706-5448.2020.214432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2020.214432","url":null,"abstract":"The object of research is the processes of obtaining magnetite particles by the method of chemical condensation with the aim of subsequent use in the conversion of carbon monoxide, which is formed during the combustion of carbon-containing materials in conditions of lack of oxygen or air. One of the most problematic areas for CO neutralization is significant volumes of gas emissions and the complexity of the process of its conversion. Therefore, among the methods existing today – thermal, adsorption, absorption, catalytic – the latter is most often used, as the most acceptable for such conditions. The introduction of catalytic methods is significantly hampered by the need to use noble metals in catalysts, which makes their application on an industrial scale too expensive. The development of cheap and efficient catalysts for the conversion of CO is today a priority line of research in this area.<br><br>In the course of research, catalysts based on Fe3O4 magnetite particles obtained by chemical condensation are used. The growth method, the freezing-thawing process, and changing the ratio of components in the initial solutions are used to regulate the properties of particles. The ability to control the properties of synthesized particles in a wide range makes magnetite promising for use as a catalyst.<br><br>A cheap, effective catalyst for detoxifying carbon monoxide is obtained. A feature of this material is its significant reserves in the earth's crust and the possibility of obtaining it from production waste. The use of waste iron-containing electrolytes and pickling solutions as raw materials will simultaneously solve the complex environmental problem of their neutralization. The ability to easily control the content of iron ions of different valences allows to obtain a catalyst with a predetermined efficiency. The inertness and stability of magnetite in the environment does not create problems with its disposal after use.<br><br>This ensures the production of a cheap, affordable and efficient catalyst for the conversion of CO to CO2 from production waste or natural material.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127940898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Developing technologies to reduce the rate of increase of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from annual emissions of 8.6PgCyr-1 from energy, process industry, land-use conversion and soil cultivation is an important issue of the twenty-first century. Of the three options of reducing the global energy use, developing low or no-carbon fuel and sequestering emissions, this manuscript describes processes for carbon (CO2) sequestration and discusses abiotic and biotic technologies. Carbon sequestration implies transfer of atmospheric CO2 into other long-lived global pools including oceanic, pedologic, biotic and geological strata to reduce the net rate of increase in atmospheric CO2. Engineering techniques of CO2 injection in deep ocean, geological strata, old coal mines and oil wells, and saline aquifers along with mineral carbonation of CO2 constitute abiotic techniques. These techniques have a large potential of thousands of Pg, are expensive, have leakage risks and may be available for routine use by 2025 and beyond. In comparison, biotic techniques are natural and cost-effective processes, have numerous ancillary benefits, are immediately applicable but have finite sink capacity. Biotic and abiotic C sequestration options have specific nitches, are complementary, and have potential to mitigate the climate change risks.
{"title":"Carbon Sequestration","authors":"Ramamoorthy P","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3660506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3660506","url":null,"abstract":"Developing technologies to reduce the rate of increase of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from annual emissions of 8.6PgCyr-1 from energy, process industry, land-use conversion and soil cultivation is an important issue of the twenty-first century. Of the three options of reducing the global energy use, developing low or no-carbon fuel and sequestering emissions, this manuscript describes processes for carbon (CO2) sequestration and discusses abiotic and biotic technologies. Carbon sequestration implies transfer of atmospheric CO2 into other long-lived global pools including oceanic, pedologic, biotic and geological strata to reduce the net rate of increase in atmospheric CO2. Engineering techniques of CO2 injection in deep ocean, geological strata, old coal mines and oil wells, and saline aquifers along with mineral carbonation of CO2 constitute abiotic techniques. These techniques have a large potential of thousands of Pg, are expensive, have leakage risks and may be available for routine use by 2025 and beyond. In comparison, biotic techniques are natural and cost-effective processes, have numerous ancillary benefits, are immediately applicable but have finite sink capacity. Biotic and abiotic C sequestration options have specific nitches, are complementary, and have potential to mitigate the climate change risks.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"1972 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130067286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economic growth can affect land use change to release or sequester carbon, intensifying or mitigating the impact of other carbon emissions, and the functional form of that relationship is important to crafting policy responses. Data on land use and land cover change (LULCC) for 14 countries reveal an N- or M-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for LULCC carbon flux to/from the atmosphere in some nations, while others display very different relationships. Most nations studied show some variation of the inverted-U EKC. All but one nation display initial turning points ranging from $2,000 to $9,000 per capita GDP (2011 dollars), and half are now net negative carbon emitters with respect to LULCC. For the US, regression analysis of the LULCC EKC indicates a roughly M-shaped quartic EKC function, with local maxima at about $5,000 and $45,000 and a local minimum at about $30,000. Where N-shaped EKCs are observed, the carbon sequestration from increasing forest regrowth is transient, and may be followed by a phase in which rising aggregate emissions dominate slowing sequestration in maturing forests. An M-shaped EKC indicates a third turning point, representing a return to increased net carbon absorption.
{"title":"Carbon Sequestration and N- and M-Shaped Environmental Kuznets Curves: Evidence from International Land Use Change","authors":"Timothy Terrell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3461033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3461033","url":null,"abstract":"Economic growth can affect land use change to release or sequester carbon, intensifying or mitigating the impact of other carbon emissions, and the functional form of that relationship is important to crafting policy responses. Data on land use and land cover change (LULCC) for 14 countries reveal an N- or M-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for LULCC carbon flux to/from the atmosphere in some nations, while others display very different relationships. Most nations studied show some variation of the inverted-U EKC. All but one nation display initial turning points ranging from $2,000 to $9,000 per capita GDP (2011 dollars), and half are now net negative carbon emitters with respect to LULCC. For the US, regression analysis of the LULCC EKC indicates a roughly M-shaped quartic EKC function, with local maxima at about $5,000 and $45,000 and a local minimum at about $30,000. Where N-shaped EKCs are observed, the carbon sequestration from increasing forest regrowth is transient, and may be followed by a phase in which rising aggregate emissions dominate slowing sequestration in maturing forests. An M-shaped EKC indicates a third turning point, representing a return to increased net carbon absorption.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131665966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G . Lokesh Sai, I. Krishna, P. P.Tharunesh, B. Ganesh
In Earlier days PLASTIC was a revolutionary invention which brought many changes in industrial & daily activities. But now a days, it has become a major problem as it is increasing the landfills which is leading to more pollution because of its high degradation time and no proper disposable way which is affecting the environment. The global production of plastic has shown an increase from around 1.3 MT in 1950 to 300 MT in 2010 due to the introduction of plastic in various fields. Out of the total consumption of plastic,53 % constitute polyolefins which is a large hydrocarbon. Polyethene is most consumed one i.e. 33% of total due to this it is taken into consideration. To overcome this problem, we used Thermal Cracking i.e. Pyrolysis, it is a process which converts the large hydrocarbon chains in to small hydrocarbon chains by heating the plastic at high temperature (350 – 400℃) & the products obtained are fuel oil and non- condensable fractions. The fuel oil can be used for heating purposes and non-condensable fractions to reduce air pollution. Polythene, Polypropylene are used as they are pure hydro-carbons and burnt completely.
{"title":"Fuel Oil from Plastic Waste","authors":"G . Lokesh Sai, I. Krishna, P. P.Tharunesh, B. Ganesh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3710529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3710529","url":null,"abstract":"In Earlier days PLASTIC was a revolutionary invention which brought many changes in industrial & daily activities. But now a days, it has become a major problem as it is increasing the landfills which is leading to more pollution because of its high degradation time and no proper disposable way which is affecting the environment. The global production of plastic has shown an increase from around 1.3 MT in 1950 to 300 MT in 2010 due to the introduction of plastic in various fields. Out of the total consumption of plastic,53 % constitute polyolefins which is a large hydrocarbon. Polyethene is most consumed one i.e. 33% of total due to this it is taken into consideration. \u0000 \u0000To overcome this problem, we used Thermal Cracking i.e. Pyrolysis, it is a process which converts the large hydrocarbon chains in to small hydrocarbon chains by heating the plastic at high temperature (350 – 400℃) & the products obtained are fuel oil and non- condensable fractions. The fuel oil can be used for heating purposes and non-condensable fractions to reduce air pollution. Polythene, Polypropylene are used as they are pure hydro-carbons and burnt completely.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134123029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phytoaccumulative capacity for heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn and Cr) of mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia sp. Sonneratia alba) was evaluated on sediments collected along the riparian zone of mining-impacted river. Ni, Fe, Mn and Cr exceeded the probable effect level suggesting their potential adverse effects to aquatic organisms and ecosystem. Metal concentration in the sediments was in decreasing order of Fe>Cr>Ni>Mn>Zn. The potential for metal accumulation which was assessed using bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor was found to vary depending on metals, mangrove species and plant tissues. The tested metals highly accumulated in the roots except for Mn with higher uptake in the leaves. Highest BCF was recorded on Zn (0.7) in Avicennia sp. while metals with high mean level in sediments (4,244.1mg/kg Ni, 137,049.4mg/kg Fe and 13,985.9mg/kg dry weight Cr) registered lower BCF. Variations in metal uptake of the same species could be due to differences in metal bioavailability and sediment characteristics. Limited translocation of Cr in all species, Ni on S. alba, Fe in R. apiculata and Avicennia sp. suggests that they can potentially be used for remediation of Ni-Cr-Fe laden sediments particularly for phytostabilization. Enhancement of metal uptake by mangroves through increasing metal bioavailability should be explored in future studies.
{"title":"Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Sediments and Tissues of Rhizopora Apiculata, Sonneratia Alba and Avicennia Sp. In Alinsaog River, Zambales, Central Luzon, Philippines","authors":"Rowena R. Sazon, V. Migo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3489099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3489099","url":null,"abstract":"Phytoaccumulative capacity for heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn and Cr) of mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia sp. Sonneratia alba) was evaluated on sediments collected along the riparian zone of mining-impacted river. Ni, Fe, Mn and Cr exceeded the probable effect level suggesting their potential adverse effects to aquatic organisms and ecosystem. Metal concentration in the sediments was in decreasing order of Fe>Cr>Ni>Mn>Zn. The potential for metal accumulation which was assessed using bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor was found to vary depending on metals, mangrove species and plant tissues. The tested metals highly accumulated in the roots except for Mn with higher uptake in the leaves. Highest BCF was recorded on Zn (0.7) in Avicennia sp. while metals with high mean level in sediments (4,244.1mg/kg Ni, 137,049.4mg/kg Fe and 13,985.9mg/kg dry weight Cr) registered lower BCF. Variations in metal uptake of the same species could be due to differences in metal bioavailability and sediment characteristics. Limited translocation of Cr in all species, Ni on S. alba, Fe in R. apiculata and Avicennia sp. suggests that they can potentially be used for remediation of Ni-Cr-Fe laden sediments particularly for phytostabilization. Enhancement of metal uptake by mangroves through increasing metal bioavailability should be explored in future studies.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115752180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-08DOI: 10.18372/2306-1472.80.14275
V. Isaienko, A. Zaporozhets, K. Babikova, Dmytro Gulevets, S. Savchenko
The article analyzes the current state of methods and means of monitoring air pollution in Ukraine. The issues of the formation of pollutants during the combustion of various types of fuel (gaseous, liquid, solid) in large power plants are considered. The data about the largest sources of air pollution in Ukraine are given. The main disadvantages of the model of the spread of pollutants in the air, which is used as a base, are reflected. The current state of air pollution monitoring systems, both in Ukraine and in other countries, is investigated. The improvement of the existing air pollution monitoring system based on unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed.
{"title":"Review of Methods and Means of Monitoring the Air Pollution","authors":"V. Isaienko, A. Zaporozhets, K. Babikova, Dmytro Gulevets, S. Savchenko","doi":"10.18372/2306-1472.80.14275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18372/2306-1472.80.14275","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the current state of methods and means of monitoring air pollution in Ukraine. The issues of the formation of pollutants during the combustion of various types of fuel (gaseous, liquid, solid) in large power plants are considered. The data about the largest sources of air pollution in Ukraine are given. The main disadvantages of the model of the spread of pollutants in the air, which is used as a base, are reflected. The current state of air pollution monitoring systems, both in Ukraine and in other countries, is investigated. The improvement of the existing air pollution monitoring system based on unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134637825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
India is the fourth largest emitter of carbon-di-oxide after China, USA and the EU but India is the only country among the top emitters to have per capita energy consumption that is significantly lower than average world consumption. The contradiction between high CO2 emissions at the national level and low per person energy consumption at the individual level constitutes the unique energy policy challenge of India: India needs more energy but with less carbon.
{"title":"India's Energy Challenge: More Energy, Less Carbon","authors":"Lydia Powell, Akhilesh Sati","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3505784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3505784","url":null,"abstract":"India is the fourth largest emitter of carbon-di-oxide after China, USA and the EU but India is the only country among the top emitters to have per capita energy consumption that is significantly lower than average world consumption. The contradiction between high CO2 emissions at the national level and low per person energy consumption at the individual level constitutes the unique energy policy challenge of India: India needs more energy but with less carbon.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"339 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134152616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A variety of norms in international and domestic law imply that States have a general obligation to mitigate climate change (e.g. no-harm principle, obligation to protection human rights, public trust doctrine). Yet, a major methodological difficulty is faced when interpreting this general mitigation obligation: how to determine the requisite level of mitigation action? This article identifies and discusses various methods for the interpretation of States’ general mitigation obligation in light of domestic cases. On the one hand, a top-down approach seeks to determine a State’s requisite mitigation action in the light of a global objective on climate change mitigation and of effort-sharing criteria. On the other hand, bottom-up methods put emphasis on the demand for internal consistency, on the obligation for a State not to downplay its contribution to environmental impacts unfolding beyond its territory, and on various emerging transnational standards. The article argues that the top-down and bottom-up approaches enable a sound interpretation of States’ general mitigation obligations especially when these approaches are used in combination.
{"title":"Interpreting States’ General Obligations on Climate Change Mitigation: A Methodological Review","authors":"B. Mayer","doi":"10.1111/REEL.12285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/REEL.12285","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of norms in international and domestic law imply that States have a general obligation to mitigate climate change (e.g. no-harm principle, obligation to protection human rights, public trust doctrine). Yet, a major methodological difficulty is faced when interpreting this general mitigation obligation: how to determine the requisite level of mitigation action? This article identifies and discusses various methods for the interpretation of States’ general mitigation obligation in light of domestic cases. On the one hand, a top-down approach seeks to determine a State’s requisite mitigation action in the light of a global objective on climate change mitigation and of effort-sharing criteria. On the other hand, bottom-up methods put emphasis on the demand for internal consistency, on the obligation for a State not to downplay its contribution to environmental impacts unfolding beyond its territory, and on various emerging transnational standards. The article argues that the top-down and bottom-up approaches enable a sound interpretation of States’ general mitigation obligations especially when these approaches are used in combination.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133388729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the extent to which emissions limits on stack concentrations under the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive succeeded in mitigating local air pollutants from thermal power stations in the European Union. We take advantage of the discontinuities in regulation status to show that the emission performance standards led to sizeable declines in concentrations of SO2 , NOx, and particulate matter from the oldest fleet of combustion plants. We also find that the average response from the existing old plants was stronger than that from the relatively new existing fleet. Taking into account that new plants were not myopic in complying to the standards, we estimate the treatment effect close to the regulation discontinuity date – showing that more stringent performance standards were effective. Finally, those that opted-out were not more likely to retire than similar combustion plants that chose to comply with standards - some evidence of grandfathering-induced shutdown delays.
{"title":"Are Emission Performance Standards Effective in Pollution Control? Evidence from the EU's Large Combustion Plant Directive","authors":"P. Singhal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3297528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3297528","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the extent to which emissions limits on stack concentrations under the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive succeeded in mitigating local air pollutants from thermal power stations in the European Union. We take advantage of the discontinuities in regulation status to show that the emission performance standards led to sizeable declines in concentrations of SO2 , NOx, and particulate matter from the oldest fleet of combustion plants. We also find that the average response from the existing old plants was stronger than that from the relatively new existing fleet. Taking into account that new plants were not myopic in complying to the standards, we estimate the treatment effect close to the regulation discontinuity date – showing that more stringent performance standards were effective. Finally, those that opted-out were not more likely to retire than similar combustion plants that chose to comply with standards - some evidence of grandfathering-induced shutdown delays.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116076894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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