P. Givord, Céline Grislain-Letrémy, Helene Naegele
This paper sets out to identify the impact of fuel prices on new car purchases, using exhaustive individual-level data of monthly registration of new private cars in France from 2003 to 2007. Detailed information on the car holder enables us to account for heterogeneous preferences across purchasers. We identify demand parameters through the large oil price fluctuations of this period. We find that the sensitivity of short-term demand with respect to fuel prices is generally low. Using these estimates, we assess the impact of a policy equalizing diesel and gasoline taxes, assuming that consumers react similarly to fuel price changes from tax and from oil price variations. Such a policy would slightly reduce the share of diesel in new cars purchases in the short-run (i.e. before supply side adjustments take place), without substantially changing the average fuel consumption or CO2 emission levels of new cars. Alternatively, a carbon tax (at 15 ¬/ton of CO2) could slightly decrease these emissions in the short-run.
{"title":"How Does Fuel Taxation Impact New Car Purchases? An Evaluation Using French Consumer-Level Data","authors":"P. Givord, Céline Grislain-Letrémy, Helene Naegele","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2533372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2533372","url":null,"abstract":"This paper sets out to identify the impact of fuel prices on new car purchases, using exhaustive individual-level data of monthly registration of new private cars in France from 2003 to 2007. Detailed information on the car holder enables us to account for heterogeneous preferences across purchasers. We identify demand parameters through the large oil price fluctuations of this period. We find that the sensitivity of short-term demand with respect to fuel prices is generally low. Using these estimates, we assess the impact of a policy equalizing diesel and gasoline taxes, assuming that consumers react similarly to fuel price changes from tax and from oil price variations. Such a policy would slightly reduce the share of diesel in new cars purchases in the short-run (i.e. before supply side adjustments take place), without substantially changing the average fuel consumption or CO2 emission levels of new cars. Alternatively, a carbon tax (at 15 ¬/ton of CO2) could slightly decrease these emissions in the short-run.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128414691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cognitive performance is critical to productivity in many occupations and potentially linked to pollution exposure. We evaluate this potentially important relationship by estimating the effect of pollution exposure on standardized test scores among Israeli high school high-stakes tests (2000-2002). Since students take multiple exams on multiple days in the same location after each grade, we can adopt a fixed effects strategy estimating models with city, school, and student fixed effects. We focus on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), which are considered to be two of the most dangerous forms of air pollution. We find that while PM2.5 and CO levels are only weakly correlated with each other, both exhibit a robust negative relationship with test scores. We also find that PM2.5, which is thought to be particularly damaging for asthmatics, has a larger negative impact on groups with higher rates of asthma. For CO, which affects neurological functioning, the effect is more homogenous across demographic groups. Furthermore, we find that exposure to either pollutant is associated with a significant decline in the probability of not receiving a Bagrut certificate, which is required for college entrance in Israel. The results suggest that the gain from improving air quality may be underestimated by a narrow focus on health impacts. Insofar as air pollution may lead to reduced cognitive performance, the consequences of pollution may be relevant for a variety of everyday activities that require mental acuity. Moreover, by temporarily lowering the productivity of human capital, high pollution levels lead to allocative inefficiency as students with lower human capital are assigned a higher rank than their more qualified peers. This may lead to inefficient allocation of workers across occupations, and possibly a less productive workforce.
{"title":"The Impact of Short Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution on Cognitive Performance and Human Capital Formation","authors":"A. Ebenstein, Victor Lavy, Sefi Roth","doi":"10.3386/W20648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W20648","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive performance is critical to productivity in many occupations and potentially linked to pollution exposure. We evaluate this potentially important relationship by estimating the effect of pollution exposure on standardized test scores among Israeli high school high-stakes tests (2000-2002). Since students take multiple exams on multiple days in the same location after each grade, we can adopt a fixed effects strategy estimating models with city, school, and student fixed effects. We focus on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), which are considered to be two of the most dangerous forms of air pollution. We find that while PM2.5 and CO levels are only weakly correlated with each other, both exhibit a robust negative relationship with test scores. We also find that PM2.5, which is thought to be particularly damaging for asthmatics, has a larger negative impact on groups with higher rates of asthma. For CO, which affects neurological functioning, the effect is more homogenous across demographic groups. Furthermore, we find that exposure to either pollutant is associated with a significant decline in the probability of not receiving a Bagrut certificate, which is required for college entrance in Israel. The results suggest that the gain from improving air quality may be underestimated by a narrow focus on health impacts. Insofar as air pollution may lead to reduced cognitive performance, the consequences of pollution may be relevant for a variety of everyday activities that require mental acuity. Moreover, by temporarily lowering the productivity of human capital, high pollution levels lead to allocative inefficiency as students with lower human capital are assigned a higher rank than their more qualified peers. This may lead to inefficient allocation of workers across occupations, and possibly a less productive workforce.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134142269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of environmental markets creates the potential for achieving environmental protection goals more efficiently than traditional regulation is capable of doing. Past experience with emissions trading programs and other forms of environmental markets that operate in conjunction with traditional regulatory programs, however, illustrates the risks that accompany reliance on market-based strategies. In particular, participants in environmental regulatory markets have in some instances manipulated them to enhance private gain while undercutting public environmental objectives. Using the wetlands mitigation component of the federal Clean Water Act’s dredge and fill permit program as an example, this essay recommends that market-based environmental programs incorporate five different types of safeguards to promote the accountability of both market participants and the agencies supervising the operation of those programs. Reliance on financial safeguards, verifiable performance standards, transparency and public participation safeguards, oversight mechanisms such as monitoring and inspections, and rule of law safeguards can preserve opportunities for efficient achievement of environmental protection goals while reducing the risk that markets will be used to subvert those goals.
{"title":"Regulatory Safeguards for Accountable Ecosystem Service Markets in Wetlands Development","authors":"Robert L. Glicksman","doi":"10.17161/1808.20261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.20261","url":null,"abstract":"The use of environmental markets creates the potential for achieving environmental protection goals more efficiently than traditional regulation is capable of doing. Past experience with emissions trading programs and other forms of environmental markets that operate in conjunction with traditional regulatory programs, however, illustrates the risks that accompany reliance on market-based strategies. In particular, participants in environmental regulatory markets have in some instances manipulated them to enhance private gain while undercutting public environmental objectives. Using the wetlands mitigation component of the federal Clean Water Act’s dredge and fill permit program as an example, this essay recommends that market-based environmental programs incorporate five different types of safeguards to promote the accountability of both market participants and the agencies supervising the operation of those programs. Reliance on financial safeguards, verifiable performance standards, transparency and public participation safeguards, oversight mechanisms such as monitoring and inspections, and rule of law safeguards can preserve opportunities for efficient achievement of environmental protection goals while reducing the risk that markets will be used to subvert those goals.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124656550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses panel regression model to analyze the relationship between fiscal decentralization and local environmental management based on data from 30 Chinese provinces for the period 2002 to 2010. We hypothesize that for China, enterprises account for the majority of local government tax revenue and, due to their mobility, exert leverage over local government decisions concerning environmental public goods. To correct this situation, China’s central government implemented an environmental accountability system that features two indexes, COD for water pollution and SO2 for air pollution, which are considered in evaluating local government officials’ job performance. We find that the degree of fiscal decentralization strongly correlates with local government accepting higher levels of pollution. This paper empirically verifies that local government officials are reacting to the accountability system as demonstrated by the modest increase of pollutants included in the accountability system in comparison to the drastic increase of excluded pollutants.
{"title":"Fiscal Decentralization, Environmental Accountability and the Provision of Environmental Public Goods in China: Evidence from 30 Provinces","authors":"H. Lan, C. Hart, Mei Yujia, Z. Kovacic","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2520956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2520956","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses panel regression model to analyze the relationship between fiscal decentralization and local environmental management based on data from 30 Chinese provinces for the period 2002 to 2010. We hypothesize that for China, enterprises account for the majority of local government tax revenue and, due to their mobility, exert leverage over local government decisions concerning environmental public goods. To correct this situation, China’s central government implemented an environmental accountability system that features two indexes, COD for water pollution and SO2 for air pollution, which are considered in evaluating local government officials’ job performance. We find that the degree of fiscal decentralization strongly correlates with local government accepting higher levels of pollution. This paper empirically verifies that local government officials are reacting to the accountability system as demonstrated by the modest increase of pollutants included in the accountability system in comparison to the drastic increase of excluded pollutants.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133849557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Salvi, Rajal Patel, Bignesh Thakur, K. Shah, D. Parmar
Gujarat is a state located in the North-West coast of India. It is known locally as Jewel of the West. It has an area of 196,204 km2 (75,755 sq mi) with a coastline of 1,650 km (about 990 mile). As per the Government notification of Gujarat State, an area of 457.92 km2 of MNP & S includes 148.92 km2 of 42 small and big Islands with coral reefs and mangrove forests and 309 km2 intertidal areas along the coast. Coastal area is the most dynamic and productive ecosystems, industry and tourism (Xiaojun, 2008). The physicochemical qualities of sea water are very important and critical for the health biodiversity existing in entire Gulf of Kachchh. The analysis of physico-chemical and plankton in the present study has achieved some important findings. The obtained results highlight that there is a pronounced variation in most of the water quality parameters with variation in season and geographical location.
{"title":"Assessment of Coastal Water Quality Parameters of Selected Areas of Marine National Park & Sanctuary (Okha, Sikka & Khijadiya)","authors":"H. Salvi, Rajal Patel, Bignesh Thakur, K. Shah, D. Parmar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2456093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2456093","url":null,"abstract":"Gujarat is a state located in the North-West coast of India. It is known locally as Jewel of the West. It has an area of 196,204 km2 (75,755 sq mi) with a coastline of 1,650 km (about 990 mile). As per the Government notification of Gujarat State, an area of 457.92 km2 of MNP & S includes 148.92 km2 of 42 small and big Islands with coral reefs and mangrove forests and 309 km2 intertidal areas along the coast. Coastal area is the most dynamic and productive ecosystems, industry and tourism (Xiaojun, 2008). The physicochemical qualities of sea water are very important and critical for the health biodiversity existing in entire Gulf of Kachchh. The analysis of physico-chemical and plankton in the present study has achieved some important findings. The obtained results highlight that there is a pronounced variation in most of the water quality parameters with variation in season and geographical location.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114153576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyse how market competition in a vertically differentiated polluting industry is affected by product variants that comply at different levels with "green" social norms. A green consumption behaviour is considered as a byword of good citizenship. Consumer preferences depend on a combination of hedonic quality and compliance with the norms. Assuming that the high hedonic quality variant complies less with the norms than the low hedonic quality one, we characterize the different equilibrium configurations, depending on the perceived intensity of such norms. Then, we focus on the role that institutions may have in using these norms to reduce pollution emissions.
{"title":"On the Effect of Social Norms to Reduce Pollution","authors":"A. Mantovani, Ornella Tarola, C. Vergari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2451089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2451089","url":null,"abstract":"We analyse how market competition in a vertically differentiated polluting industry is affected by product variants that comply at different levels with \"green\" social norms. A green consumption behaviour is considered as a byword of good citizenship. Consumer preferences depend on a combination of hedonic quality and compliance with the norms. Assuming that the high hedonic quality variant complies less with the norms than the low hedonic quality one, we characterize the different equilibrium configurations, depending on the perceived intensity of such norms. Then, we focus on the role that institutions may have in using these norms to reduce pollution emissions.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131197123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Brown, S. Corbet, Caroline McMullan (née Keown), Ruchira Sharma
INTRODUCTION This paper examines a number of US chemical industry incidents and their effect on equity prices of the incident company. Furthermore, this paper then examines the contagion effect of this incident on direct competitors. METHOD Event study methodology is used to assess the impact of chemical incidents on both incident and competitor companies. RESULTS This paper finds that the incident company experiences deeper negative abnormal returns as the number of injuries and fatalities as a result of the incident increases. The equity value of the competitor companies suffer substantial losses stemming from contagion effects when disasters that occur cause ten or more injuries and fatalities, but benefit from the incident through increasing equity value when the level of injury and fatality is minor. CONCLUSIONS Presence of contagion suggests collective action may reduce value destruction brought about by safety incidents that result in significant injury or loss of life. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This research can be used as a resource to promote and justify the cost of safety mechanisms within the chemical industry, as incidents have been shown to negatively affect the equity value of the not just the incident company, but also their direct competitors.
{"title":"Do Industrial Incidents in the Chemical Sector Create Equity Market Contagion?","authors":"G. Brown, S. Corbet, Caroline McMullan (née Keown), Ruchira Sharma","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2447629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2447629","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000This paper examines a number of US chemical industry incidents and their effect on equity prices of the incident company. Furthermore, this paper then examines the contagion effect of this incident on direct competitors.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHOD\u0000Event study methodology is used to assess the impact of chemical incidents on both incident and competitor companies.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000This paper finds that the incident company experiences deeper negative abnormal returns as the number of injuries and fatalities as a result of the incident increases. The equity value of the competitor companies suffer substantial losses stemming from contagion effects when disasters that occur cause ten or more injuries and fatalities, but benefit from the incident through increasing equity value when the level of injury and fatality is minor.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Presence of contagion suggests collective action may reduce value destruction brought about by safety incidents that result in significant injury or loss of life.\u0000\u0000\u0000PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS\u0000This research can be used as a resource to promote and justify the cost of safety mechanisms within the chemical industry, as incidents have been shown to negatively affect the equity value of the not just the incident company, but also their direct competitors.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122850991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A staggering amount of used oils (e.g., 1.4 billion gallons in the U.S.) are generated annually as part of our industrial lifestyle. These are harmful to the population and environment in the vicinity of the transport routes as well as the storage, treatment and disposal facilities. In this paper, we provide an analytical framework to simultaneously answer the following questions: Where should the used oil storage, treatment and disposal facilities be located? What are the most appropriate capacity levels for these facilities? Which routes should be used among the different echelons of facilities in the used oil collection network? Focusing on the hazardous ingredients of used oils that are airborne on release, we propose an environmental risk measure by incorporating the Gaussian plume model in the box model. We present a bi-objective model for the location-routing problem so as to minimize the total environmental risk and the total cost. We use a modified weighted goal programming approach, which proved to be computationally efficient through a wide range of tests. The application of the proposed analytical framework in Chongqing of Southwest China provided interesting managerial insights.
{"title":"A Bi-Objective Model for the Used Oil Location-Routing Problem","authors":"Jiahong Zhao, V. Verter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2460366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2460366","url":null,"abstract":"A staggering amount of used oils (e.g., 1.4 billion gallons in the U.S.) are generated annually as part of our industrial lifestyle. These are harmful to the population and environment in the vicinity of the transport routes as well as the storage, treatment and disposal facilities. In this paper, we provide an analytical framework to simultaneously answer the following questions: Where should the used oil storage, treatment and disposal facilities be located? What are the most appropriate capacity levels for these facilities? Which routes should be used among the different echelons of facilities in the used oil collection network? Focusing on the hazardous ingredients of used oils that are airborne on release, we propose an environmental risk measure by incorporating the Gaussian plume model in the box model. We present a bi-objective model for the location-routing problem so as to minimize the total environmental risk and the total cost. We use a modified weighted goal programming approach, which proved to be computationally efficient through a wide range of tests. The application of the proposed analytical framework in Chongqing of Southwest China provided interesting managerial insights.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128982097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Widespread public support exists for the provision of natural amenities, such as lakes, rivers or wetlands, and for efforts to preserve these from agricultural pollution. Agri-environmental policies contribute to these efforts by encouraging farmers to adopt environmentally friendly practices within the vicinity of these ecosystems. A spatially targeted agri-environmental policy promotes natural amenities and may thereby affect household location decisions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent of these impacts on the spatial urban structure. We extend a monocentric city model to include farmers’ responses to an agri-environmental policy. Our main findings are that the implementation of a spatially targeted agrienvironmental policy may lead to some additional urban development, which could conflict with the aim of the policy. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
{"title":"Spatial Targeting of Agri-Environmental Policy and Urban Development","authors":"T. Coisnon, W. Oueslati, J. Salanié","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2393831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2393831","url":null,"abstract":"Widespread public support exists for the provision of natural amenities, such as lakes, rivers or wetlands, and for efforts to preserve these from agricultural pollution. Agri-environmental policies contribute to these efforts by encouraging farmers to adopt environmentally friendly practices within the vicinity of these ecosystems. A spatially targeted agri-environmental policy promotes natural amenities and may thereby affect household location decisions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent of these impacts on the spatial urban structure. We extend a monocentric city model to include farmers’ responses to an agri-environmental policy. Our main findings are that the implementation of a spatially targeted agrienvironmental policy may lead to some additional urban development, which could conflict with the aim of the policy. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115442447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China is appraised to have the world's largest exploitable reserves of shale gas, although several legal, regulatory, environmental and investment-related issues will likely restrain its scope. China's capacity to successfully face these hurdles and produce commercial shale gas will have a crucial impact on the regional gas market and on China’s energy mix, as Beijing strives to decrease reliance on imported oil and coal, while attempting to meet growing energy demand and maintain a certain level of resource autonomy. The development of the unconventional natural gas extractive industry will also endow China with further negotiating power to obtain more advantageous prices from Russia and future liquefied natural gas (LNG) suppliers. This paper, adopting a comparative perspective, underlines the trends learned from unconventional fuel development in the United States, emphasizing their potential application to the Chinese context in light of recently signed production-sharing contracts between qualified foreign investors and China. The wide range of regulatory and enforcement problems in this matter are accrued by an extremely limited liberalization of gas prices, lack of technological development, and political hurdles curbing the opening of resource extraction to private investors. These issues are exacerbated by concerns related to the risk of water pollution deriving from mismanaged drilling and fracturing, absence of adequate regulation framework and industry standards, entailing consequences on social stability and environmental degradation.
{"title":"A Comparison between Shale Gas in China and Unconventional Fuel Development in the United States: Health, Water and Environmental Risks","authors":"P. Farah, Riccardo Tremolada","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2362774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2362774","url":null,"abstract":"China is appraised to have the world's largest exploitable reserves of shale gas, although several legal, regulatory, environmental and investment-related issues will likely restrain its scope. China's capacity to successfully face these hurdles and produce commercial shale gas will have a crucial impact on the regional gas market and on China’s energy mix, as Beijing strives to decrease reliance on imported oil and coal, while attempting to meet growing energy demand and maintain a certain level of resource autonomy. The development of the unconventional natural gas extractive industry will also endow China with further negotiating power to obtain more advantageous prices from Russia and future liquefied natural gas (LNG) suppliers. This paper, adopting a comparative perspective, underlines the trends learned from unconventional fuel development in the United States, emphasizing their potential application to the Chinese context in light of recently signed production-sharing contracts between qualified foreign investors and China. The wide range of regulatory and enforcement problems in this matter are accrued by an extremely limited liberalization of gas prices, lack of technological development, and political hurdles curbing the opening of resource extraction to private investors. These issues are exacerbated by concerns related to the risk of water pollution deriving from mismanaged drilling and fracturing, absence of adequate regulation framework and industry standards, entailing consequences on social stability and environmental degradation.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"27 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132285437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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