The remarkable growth of China relied largely on excessive natural resources consumption is not feasible anymore; facing predicaments of economy growth slowing down, structural problems, and environmental degradation, the mission ahead for China is to achieve long-term sustainable growth. In this study, allocation of financial resource in China between polluting and non-polluting enterprises is verified, and a general equilibrium model considering environment and financial sector is built, which shows that financial institutions can have great impact on the environment and long term growth by allocating financial resources, which largely determines the development of industries. After that, an empirical study is carried out using panel data of 30 provinces in China. The results show that allocation of financial resource had a significant negative influence over environment. Based on the findings, it is argued that finance, due to its power in resources allocation, is supposed to play a role in structural reform and environmental protection. Improving financial resource allocation, promoting green finance, and encouraging social and environmental responsibility of financial institutions are helpful measures in the coming economic reform.
{"title":"Financial Misallocation, Pollution, and Sustainable Growth: Theory and Evidence from China","authors":"Shu-hui Wen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2850216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2850216","url":null,"abstract":"The remarkable growth of China relied largely on excessive natural resources consumption is not feasible anymore; facing predicaments of economy growth slowing down, structural problems, and environmental degradation, the mission ahead for China is to achieve long-term sustainable growth. In this study, allocation of financial resource in China between polluting and non-polluting enterprises is verified, and a general equilibrium model considering environment and financial sector is built, which shows that financial institutions can have great impact on the environment and long term growth by allocating financial resources, which largely determines the development of industries. After that, an empirical study is carried out using panel data of 30 provinces in China. The results show that allocation of financial resource had a significant negative influence over environment. Based on the findings, it is argued that finance, due to its power in resources allocation, is supposed to play a role in structural reform and environmental protection. Improving financial resource allocation, promoting green finance, and encouraging social and environmental responsibility of financial institutions are helpful measures in the coming economic reform.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130463267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This Article is focused on the criminal liability of an industry with regard to environmental pollution. An industry is important in order to provide daily needs of growing population. It is corporated for the purpose of producing the goods in this process the waste of the products are thrown by the industry in the form of solid, gas, and liquid without any process this causes industrial pollution to curb this India has a various laws but they are not sufficient to the need, this research is focused on the that why law should not be stringent by Imposing criminal liability on the owner because of his negligence towards his compliance of law and this is the remedial type of research which intended to provide alternate solution for industrial pollution.
{"title":"Criminal Liability of an Owner, Member and Employees in Industrial Pollution Cases","authors":"A. Jachak, Y. Patil","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2848755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2848755","url":null,"abstract":"This Article is focused on the criminal liability of an industry with regard to environmental pollution. An industry is important in order to provide daily needs of growing population. It is corporated for the purpose of producing the goods in this process the waste of the products are thrown by the industry in the form of solid, gas, and liquid without any process this causes industrial pollution to curb this India has a various laws but they are not sufficient to the need, this research is focused on the that why law should not be stringent by Imposing criminal liability on the owner because of his negligence towards his compliance of law and this is the remedial type of research which intended to provide alternate solution for industrial pollution.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131102662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruchi Vangani, D. Saxena, Nicolas Gerber, D. Mavalankar, Joachim von Braun
The ever-growing population of India, along with the increasing competition for water for productive uses in different sectors – especially irrigated agriculture and related local water systems and drainage – poses a challenge in an effort to improve water quality and sanitation. In rural and peri-urban settings, where agriculture is one of the main sources of livelihood, the type of water use in irrigated agriculture has complex interactions with drinking water and sanitation. In particular, the multi-purpose character of irrigation and drainage infrastructure creates several interlinks between water, sanitation (WATSAN) and agriculture and there is a competition for water quantity between domestic water use and irrigated agriculture. This study looks at the determinants of the microbiological quality of stored drinking water among households residing in areas where communities use different types of irrigation water. The study used multiple tube fermentation method ‘Most Probable Number (MPN) technique, a WHO recommended technique, to identify thermotolerant fecal coliforms and E. coli in water in the laboratory (WHO 1993). Overall, we found that the microbiological water quality was poor. The stored water generally had very high levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination, 80% of the households had water in storage that could not be considered potable as per the World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and 73% of the households were using a contaminated water source. The quality of household storage water was largely unaffected by the major household socioeconomic characteristics, such as wealth, education level or social status. Households using surface water for irrigation had poor drinking water quality, even after controlling for hygiene, behavioral and community variables. Drinking water quality was positively impacted by proper storage and water treatment practices, such as reverse osmosis. Hygiene and sanitation indicators had mixed impacts on the quality of drinking water, and the impacts were largely driven by hygiene behavior rather than infrastructures. Community open defaecation and high village-household density deteriorates household storage water quality.
{"title":"Impact of Different Irrigation Systems on Water Quality in Peri-Urban Areas of Gujarat, India","authors":"Ruchi Vangani, D. Saxena, Nicolas Gerber, D. Mavalankar, Joachim von Braun","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2816782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2816782","url":null,"abstract":"The ever-growing population of India, along with the increasing competition for water for productive uses in different sectors – especially irrigated agriculture and related local water systems and drainage – poses a challenge in an effort to improve water quality and sanitation. In rural and peri-urban settings, where agriculture is one of the main sources of livelihood, the type of water use in irrigated agriculture has complex interactions with drinking water and sanitation. In particular, the multi-purpose character of irrigation and drainage infrastructure creates several interlinks between water, sanitation (WATSAN) and agriculture and there is a competition for water quantity between domestic water use and irrigated agriculture. This study looks at the determinants of the microbiological quality of stored drinking water among households residing in areas where communities use different types of irrigation water. The study used multiple tube fermentation method ‘Most Probable Number (MPN) technique, a WHO recommended technique, to identify thermotolerant fecal coliforms and E. coli in water in the laboratory (WHO 1993). Overall, we found that the microbiological water quality was poor. The stored water generally had very high levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination, 80% of the households had water in storage that could not be considered potable as per the World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and 73% of the households were using a contaminated water source. The quality of household storage water was largely unaffected by the major household socioeconomic characteristics, such as wealth, education level or social status. Households using surface water for irrigation had poor drinking water quality, even after controlling for hygiene, behavioral and community variables. Drinking water quality was positively impacted by proper storage and water treatment practices, such as reverse osmosis. Hygiene and sanitation indicators had mixed impacts on the quality of drinking water, and the impacts were largely driven by hygiene behavior rather than infrastructures. Community open defaecation and high village-household density deteriorates household storage water quality.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129008697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a set of stylized facts on the relation between information and communications technology (ICT) use, firm performance, and competition. Taking advantage of a novel firm-level data set on information and communications technology for Mexico, the study finds that firms facing higher competition appear to have more incentives to increase their use of information and communications technology. Accordingly, although there is indeed a positive relation between information and communications technology use and firm performance, this effect is greater for firms that face higher competition pressures, which is consistent with the theoretical predictions of the trade-induced technical change hypothesis.
{"title":"Population Density and Urban Air Quality","authors":"Rainald Borck, Philipp Schrauth","doi":"10.1093/WBER/LHW023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBER/LHW023","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a set of stylized facts on the relation between information and communications technology (ICT) use, firm performance, and competition. Taking advantage of a novel firm-level data set on information and communications technology for Mexico, the study finds that firms facing higher competition appear to have more incentives to increase their use of information and communications technology. Accordingly, although there is indeed a positive relation between information and communications technology use and firm performance, this effect is greater for firms that face higher competition pressures, which is consistent with the theoretical predictions of the trade-induced technical change hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122235032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A city park has been built from the organic urban settlement in the Cikapundung River, Bandung, Indonesia. While the aim for the development is the revitalization of the river for being unhealthy from the waste coming from the settlement. A study on how Indonesian people, in general, treating water source, like river, lake, and ocean is revisited. Throwing waste into the river has actually become paradox with the collective mental understanding about water among Indonesians. Two scenarios of agent-based simulation is presented, to see the dynamics of organic settlement and life of the city park after being opened for public. The simulation is delivered upon the imagery of landscape taken from the satellite and drone. While experience for presented problems gives insights, the computational social laboratory also awaits for further theoretical explorations and endeavors to sharpen good policymaking.
{"title":"Agent-Based Model for River-Side Land-Living: Portrait of Bandung Indonesian Cikapundung Park Case Study","authors":"Hokky Situngkir","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2774265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2774265","url":null,"abstract":"A city park has been built from the organic urban settlement in the Cikapundung River, Bandung, Indonesia. While the aim for the development is the revitalization of the river for being unhealthy from the waste coming from the settlement. A study on how Indonesian people, in general, treating water source, like river, lake, and ocean is revisited. Throwing waste into the river has actually become paradox with the collective mental understanding about water among Indonesians. Two scenarios of agent-based simulation is presented, to see the dynamics of organic settlement and life of the city park after being opened for public. The simulation is delivered upon the imagery of landscape taken from the satellite and drone. While experience for presented problems gives insights, the computational social laboratory also awaits for further theoretical explorations and endeavors to sharpen good policymaking.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123989128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitrates in drinking water, which may come from nitrogen fertilizers applied to crops, are a potential health risk. This report evaluates the potential benefits of reducing human exposure to nitrates in the drinking water supply. In a survey, respondents were asked a series of questions about their willingness to pay for a hypothetical water filter, which would reduce their risk of nitrate exposure. If nitrates in the respondent's drinking water were to exceed the EPA minimum safety standard, they would be willing to pay $45 to $60, per household, per month, to reduce nitrates in their drinking water to the minimum safety standard. There are 2.9 million households in the four regions studied (White River area of Indiana, Central Nebraska, Lower Susquehanna, and Mid-Columbia Basin in Washington). If all households potentially at risk were protected from excessive nitrates in drinking water the estimated benefits would be $350 million.
{"title":"The Benefits of Safer Drinking Water: The Value of Nitrate Reduction","authors":"S. Crutchfield, J. Cooper, D. Hellerstein","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.34025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.34025","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrates in drinking water, which may come from nitrogen fertilizers applied to crops, are a potential health risk. This report evaluates the potential benefits of reducing human exposure to nitrates in the drinking water supply. In a survey, respondents were asked a series of questions about their willingness to pay for a hypothetical water filter, which would reduce their risk of nitrate exposure. If nitrates in the respondent's drinking water were to exceed the EPA minimum safety standard, they would be willing to pay $45 to $60, per household, per month, to reduce nitrates in their drinking water to the minimum safety standard. There are 2.9 million households in the four regions studied (White River area of Indiana, Central Nebraska, Lower Susquehanna, and Mid-Columbia Basin in Washington). If all households potentially at risk were protected from excessive nitrates in drinking water the estimated benefits would be $350 million.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121550990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hiroyuki Takeshima, R. Adhikari, Basu Dev Kaphle, Sabnam Shivakoti, Anjani Kumar
Although overall chemical fertilizer use has grown steadily in Nepal in the past two decades, much of that growth has occurred in the Terai agroecological belt while use has stagnated in the Hills and the Mountains regions. Differences in chemical fertilizer use intensity between the Terai and the latter regions are typically pronounced among medium-to-large-size farmers. Using three rounds of the Nepal Living Standards Survey as well as secondary data, we examine the determinants of inorganic fertilizer (urea and DAP) use, as well as the marginal income returns from fertilizer use at the farm-household level. Similarities in soil and climate between farm locale and Agriculture Research Station locale seem to increase demand for fertilizer — even after controlling for distance to those stations. Most important, demand for chemical fertilizer is affected by the real fertilizer price (particularly since the 2003 NLSS survey), but the price response is relatively weaker in the Hills and Mountains, suggesting that returns to fertilizer may be generally low in those regions, and that reducing fertilizer price through subsidies on fertilizer or transportation may not substantially increase fertilizer use. This is confirmed by assessment of the returns to chemical fertilizer use estimated through generalized propensity score matching and ordinary propensity score matching. The findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of fertilizer subsidies as an instrument for stimulating chemical fertilizer use in Nepal, particularly among medium-to-large-scale farmers in the Hills, and point toward alternative measures like increased research and development into technologies that raise overall returns to chemical fertilizer.
{"title":"Determinants of Chemical Fertilizer Use in Nepal: Insights Based on Price Responsiveness and Income Effects","authors":"Hiroyuki Takeshima, R. Adhikari, Basu Dev Kaphle, Sabnam Shivakoti, Anjani Kumar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2740540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2740540","url":null,"abstract":"Although overall chemical fertilizer use has grown steadily in Nepal in the past two decades, much of that growth has occurred in the Terai agroecological belt while use has stagnated in the Hills and the Mountains regions. Differences in chemical fertilizer use intensity between the Terai and the latter regions are typically pronounced among medium-to-large-size farmers. Using three rounds of the Nepal Living Standards Survey as well as secondary data, we examine the determinants of inorganic fertilizer (urea and DAP) use, as well as the marginal income returns from fertilizer use at the farm-household level. Similarities in soil and climate between farm locale and Agriculture Research Station locale seem to increase demand for fertilizer — even after controlling for distance to those stations. Most important, demand for chemical fertilizer is affected by the real fertilizer price (particularly since the 2003 NLSS survey), but the price response is relatively weaker in the Hills and Mountains, suggesting that returns to fertilizer may be generally low in those regions, and that reducing fertilizer price through subsidies on fertilizer or transportation may not substantially increase fertilizer use. This is confirmed by assessment of the returns to chemical fertilizer use estimated through generalized propensity score matching and ordinary propensity score matching. The findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of fertilizer subsidies as an instrument for stimulating chemical fertilizer use in Nepal, particularly among medium-to-large-scale farmers in the Hills, and point toward alternative measures like increased research and development into technologies that raise overall returns to chemical fertilizer.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124415929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public controversy concerning public and environmental health risk issues and community access to the decision-making process surrounds brownfields redevelopment in the United States. Brownfields redevelopment is a smart growth urban policy program initiative mainly intended to revitalize blighted urban cores and produce beneficial outcomes that ultimately enhance citizens’ quality of life. Traditionally, brownfields projects successes have been highlighted mainly from developers and municipal authorities’ perspectives and exclude “grass roots” peoples’ perspectives. One hundred and twenty nine citizens residing near three redevelopment projects in three municipalities, responses were analyzed from a survey conducted to determine the relationship between their perspectives of access to the decision-making processes and project acceptance. Statistical results revealed differences in respondents’ a) perception of access to the decision-making process; b) their acceptance of the projects. Mostly, respondents did not feel empowered in the decision-making processes. This affected their support of the outcomes. Interviews with local public officials revealed differing perspectives of success from those of the citizens.
{"title":"Citizens’ Perspectives of Access to the Decision-Making Process as a Factor in Acceptance of Brownfields Redevelopment Projects in Passaic County New Jersey","authors":"S. Letang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2717862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2717862","url":null,"abstract":"Public controversy concerning public and environmental health risk issues and community access to the decision-making process surrounds brownfields redevelopment in the United States. Brownfields redevelopment is a smart growth urban policy program initiative mainly intended to revitalize blighted urban cores and produce beneficial outcomes that ultimately enhance citizens’ quality of life. Traditionally, brownfields projects successes have been highlighted mainly from developers and municipal authorities’ perspectives and exclude “grass roots” peoples’ perspectives. One hundred and twenty nine citizens residing near three redevelopment projects in three municipalities, responses were analyzed from a survey conducted to determine the relationship between their perspectives of access to the decision-making processes and project acceptance. Statistical results revealed differences in respondents’ a) perception of access to the decision-making process; b) their acceptance of the projects. Mostly, respondents did not feel empowered in the decision-making processes. This affected their support of the outcomes. Interviews with local public officials revealed differing perspectives of success from those of the citizens.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128708698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine how competition affects toxic industrial releases, using five years of data from thousands of facilities across hundreds of industries. Our main result indicates that competition reduces toxic releases at the facility level. On average, each percentage-point reduction in the Herfindahl Index (HHI) results in a nearly two-percent reduction in a facility׳s toxic releases. At the same time, we find no evidence that competition increases aggregate pollution. Further analysis sheds some light on the mechanisms through which firms reduce pollution releases due to increased competition. In particular, we find suggestive evidence that this relationship is due to both reduced output and increases in abatement. We find no evidence that our result is driven by: consumer aversion to pollution, regulations changing with competition, or technologies introduced by new firms. Taken together, our results indicate that competition may be good, at least for public health in areas near polluting facilities, and fail to provide support for the hypothesis that competition leads to more socially undesirable behavior.
{"title":"The Effect of Competition on Toxic Pollution Releases","authors":"Daniel H. Simon, Jeffrey T. Prince","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2456732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2456732","url":null,"abstract":"We examine how competition affects toxic industrial releases, using five years of data from thousands of facilities across hundreds of industries. Our main result indicates that competition reduces toxic releases at the facility level. On average, each percentage-point reduction in the Herfindahl Index (HHI) results in a nearly two-percent reduction in a facility׳s toxic releases. At the same time, we find no evidence that competition increases aggregate pollution. Further analysis sheds some light on the mechanisms through which firms reduce pollution releases due to increased competition. In particular, we find suggestive evidence that this relationship is due to both reduced output and increases in abatement. We find no evidence that our result is driven by: consumer aversion to pollution, regulations changing with competition, or technologies introduced by new firms. Taken together, our results indicate that competition may be good, at least for public health in areas near polluting facilities, and fail to provide support for the hypothesis that competition leads to more socially undesirable behavior.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"252 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133752822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a (second stage) hedonic housing model, this paper identifies an inverse demand function for air quality in Bogota, the fourth most polluted city in Latin America (annual average of PM10 52 mg/m3). We use precipitation and distance to monitoring stations as instruments for pollution. We found that the monthly benefits of compliance with the U.S Environmental Pollution Agency standard (50 mg/m3 – annual average), and the far more stringent World Health Organization standard (20 mg/m3 – annual average) are U$7.12 and U$72.91per household respectively. Accordingly, these values represent about 1% and 8% of the average household income.
{"title":"The Demand for Air Quality: A Case Study in Bogotá, Colombia","authors":"Fernando Carriazo, J. Gómez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2695110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2695110","url":null,"abstract":"Using a (second stage) hedonic housing model, this paper identifies an inverse demand function for air quality in Bogota, the fourth most polluted city in Latin America (annual average of PM10 52 mg/m3). We use precipitation and distance to monitoring stations as instruments for pollution. We found that the monthly benefits of compliance with the U.S Environmental Pollution Agency standard (50 mg/m3 – annual average), and the far more stringent World Health Organization standard (20 mg/m3 – annual average) are U$7.12 and U$72.91per household respectively. Accordingly, these values represent about 1% and 8% of the average household income.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128427401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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