Since the Kyoto Protocol, black carbon and other non-gaseous short lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) have played little role in global climate policy making. Over the past ten years, however, there has been an increasing recognition in the climate science literature of their importance for the global climate. Nevertheless, international climate policy making in practice continues to ignore the critical scientific and policy importance of the short lifetimes of these climate pollutants. This includes not only the physical particles but also the gas methane which - with its atmospheric lifetime of 12 years - is also a SLCP. The eventual necessary inclusion of SLCPs will require some major changes in the architecture of global climate policy making. The recent scientific literature, for example, concludes that the standard climate metric of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) cannot validly be calculated for SLCPs (including methane). If the incorporation of SLCPs therefore means that there can be no valid CO2e for key climate pollutants, this will require some basic changes in the methods of formulating and implementing global climate policy.
{"title":"Black Carbon and Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs): How SLCPs are Altering Our Understanding of the Global Climate System - And How This Will Require the Abandonment of the Standard Climate Metric CO2e","authors":"R. Nelson, Patrick O’Rourke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3202394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3202394","url":null,"abstract":"Since the Kyoto Protocol, black carbon and other non-gaseous short lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) have played little role in global climate policy making. Over the past ten years, however, there has been an increasing recognition in the climate science literature of their importance for the global climate. Nevertheless, international climate policy making in practice continues to ignore the critical scientific and policy importance of the short lifetimes of these climate pollutants. This includes not only the physical particles but also the gas methane which - with its atmospheric lifetime of 12 years - is also a SLCP. The eventual necessary inclusion of SLCPs will require some major changes in the architecture of global climate policy making. The recent scientific literature, for example, concludes that the standard climate metric of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) cannot validly be calculated for SLCPs (including methane). If the incorporation of SLCPs therefore means that there can be no valid CO2e for key climate pollutants, this will require some basic changes in the methods of formulating and implementing global climate policy.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116520499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Swamp forests are considered as the late succession stage of a freshwater marsh ecosystem and it is the rarest wetland type in Sri Lanka, rich in biodiversity thus providing a number of ecosystem services. The Walauwewatta Wathurana has been identified as the most dynamic fresh water ecosystem in Sri Lanka. These rare forest ecosystems have been subjected to degradation over the past decades due to various reasons especially anthropogenic activities. A study was conducted to explore the magnitude of these impacts caused by anthropogenic activities. A household survey was conducted using a structured questioner and Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRA) and discussions were made to gather information from the people living close by the swamp. Data analysis based on both quantitative and qualitative techniques. It was revealed that, a large number of activities carried out in the surrounding area of the forest by the neighboring communities directly or indirectly were related to their livelihoods as well as for their daily household needs. The richness of the species and the abundance have decreased over the past two decades due to the unsustainable fishing activities, contamination of agro-chemicals as well as chemical effluents of rubber based industries, sand mining, bamboo and rattan industries located around the forest area. Therefore the Wathurana fresh water swamp forest has been subjected to degradation due to anthropogenic activities. Conservation strategies should be implemented to strengthen the sustainability of the ecosystem services provided by this freshwater swamp forest. KEYWORDS: Anthropogenic Activities, Degradation, Ecosystem, Fresh Water Swamp Forest, Impact
{"title":"The Impact of Anthropogenic Intervention on the Walauwewaththa Wathurana Fresh Water Swamp Forest in Sri Lanka","authors":"S. Siriwardana, P. Sangasumana","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3450030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3450030","url":null,"abstract":"Swamp forests are considered as the late succession stage of a freshwater marsh ecosystem and it is the rarest wetland type in Sri Lanka, rich in biodiversity thus providing a number of ecosystem services. The Walauwewatta Wathurana has been identified as the most dynamic fresh water ecosystem in Sri Lanka. These rare forest ecosystems have been subjected to degradation over the past decades due to various reasons especially anthropogenic activities. A study was conducted to explore the magnitude of these impacts caused by anthropogenic activities. A household survey was conducted using a structured questioner and Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRA) and discussions were made to gather information from the people living close by the swamp. Data analysis based on both quantitative and qualitative techniques. It was revealed that, a large number of activities carried out in the surrounding area of the forest by the neighboring communities directly or indirectly were related to their livelihoods as well as for their daily household needs. The richness of the species and the abundance have decreased over the past two decades due to the unsustainable fishing activities, contamination of agro-chemicals as well as chemical effluents of rubber based industries, sand mining, bamboo and rattan industries located around the forest area. Therefore the Wathurana fresh water swamp forest has been subjected to degradation due to anthropogenic activities. Conservation strategies should be implemented to strengthen the sustainability of the ecosystem services provided by this freshwater swamp forest. KEYWORDS: Anthropogenic Activities, Degradation, Ecosystem, Fresh Water Swamp Forest, Impact","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131140907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plastic waste has been known as the most unsolved environmental problem in this world. Instead of what have been expected, the amount of plastic waste is increasing significantly in years. Nowadays, 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic waste is produced and if present trends continue, there will be 12 billion metric tons of plastic in landfills by 2050. Due to the fact, an effective and environmental friendly solution is urgently needed. The ability of Ideonella sakaiensis bacteria to consume polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the main material of plastic, in only 6 weeks becomes a great potential to solve this problem. These bacteria need to consume PET for their metabolism and they can produce safety secretes from it as well. Nevertheless, the habitat of these bacteria is very limited. With technology of genetic engineering, the genes of Ideonella sakaiensis can be modified with Azotobacter sp.’s genes that make them survive in areas that usually have much plastic waste, such as soil and water. This combination is expected to optimize the ability of Ideonella sakaiensis as it breaks down the limitation of where the bacteria can survive. As a result, the problem of plastic waste can be solved effectively without damaging the environment and automatically form a sustainability in nature and life.
{"title":"Genetic Engineered Ideonella Sakaiensis Bacteria: A Solution of the Legendary Plastic Waste Problem","authors":"Galuh Widyastuti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3194556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3194556","url":null,"abstract":"Plastic waste has been known as the most unsolved environmental problem in this world. Instead of what have been expected, the amount of plastic waste is increasing significantly in years. Nowadays, 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic waste is produced and if present trends continue, there will be 12 billion metric tons of plastic in landfills by 2050. Due to the fact, an effective and environmental friendly solution is urgently needed. The ability of Ideonella sakaiensis bacteria to consume polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the main material of plastic, in only 6 weeks becomes a great potential to solve this problem. These bacteria need to consume PET for their metabolism and they can produce safety secretes from it as well. Nevertheless, the habitat of these bacteria is very limited. With technology of genetic engineering, the genes of Ideonella sakaiensis can be modified with Azotobacter sp.’s genes that make them survive in areas that usually have much plastic waste, such as soil and water. This combination is expected to optimize the ability of Ideonella sakaiensis as it breaks down the limitation of where the bacteria can survive. As a result, the problem of plastic waste can be solved effectively without damaging the environment and automatically form a sustainability in nature and life.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130552718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since causal paths are important for all sciences, my package 'generalCorr' provides sophisticated R functions using four orders of stochastic dominance and generalized partial correlation coefficients. A new test (in Version 1.0.3) replaces Hausman-Wu medieval-style diagnosis of endogeneity relying on showing that a dubious cure (instrumental variables) works. An updated weighted index summarizes causal path results from three criteria: (Cr1) lower absolute gradients, (Cr2) lower absolute residuals, both quantified by stochastic dominance of four orders, and (Cr3) from goodness of fit. We illustrate with air-pollution data and causal strength of six variables driving 'excess bond premium,' a good predictor of US recessions.
{"title":"Causal Paths and Exogeneity Tests in Generalcorr Package for Air Pollution and Monetary Policy","authors":"H. Vinod","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2982128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2982128","url":null,"abstract":"Since causal paths are important for all sciences, my package 'generalCorr' provides sophisticated R functions using four orders of stochastic dominance and generalized partial correlation coefficients. A new test (in Version 1.0.3) replaces Hausman-Wu medieval-style diagnosis of endogeneity relying on showing that a dubious cure (instrumental variables) works. An updated weighted index summarizes causal path results from three criteria: (Cr1) lower absolute gradients, (Cr2) lower absolute residuals, both quantified by stochastic dominance of four orders, and (Cr3) from goodness of fit. We illustrate with air-pollution data and causal strength of six variables driving 'excess bond premium,' a good predictor of US recessions.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126885183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates a problem of optimal growth with resource exhaustibility and pollution externality, based on a unified framework that explicitly considers augmentable man-made capital, exhaustible resource reserves, and accumulative environmental pollutants as three stock variables for optimal control analysis. Characterizations of the social optimum show that for any given man-made capital and resource reserves, resource extraction flows generated in optimal growth with both resource exhaustibility and pollution externality are smaller than those with only resource exhaustibility, and taking account of pollution externality resulting from resource extraction reduces the growth rate of consumption if man-made capital and natural resources are complements in final goods production. Existence, uniqueness and comparative statics of the steady state are analyzed. Conditions for transitional dynamics stability of optimal growth with resource exhaustibility and pollution externality are established. Expositions are made on whether allocations in a market equilibrium are consistent with the social optimum outcomes.
{"title":"Optimal Growth with Resource Exhaustibility and Pollution Externality","authors":"W. Jin, A. Woodland","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2943858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2943858","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates a problem of optimal growth with resource exhaustibility and pollution externality, based on a unified framework that explicitly considers augmentable man-made capital, exhaustible resource reserves, and accumulative environmental pollutants as three stock variables for optimal control analysis. Characterizations of the social optimum show that for any given man-made capital and resource reserves, resource extraction flows generated in optimal growth with both resource exhaustibility and pollution externality are smaller than those with only resource exhaustibility, and taking account of pollution externality resulting from resource extraction reduces the growth rate of consumption if man-made capital and natural resources are complements in final goods production. Existence, uniqueness and comparative statics of the steady state are analyzed. Conditions for transitional dynamics stability of optimal growth with resource exhaustibility and pollution externality are established. Expositions are made on whether allocations in a market equilibrium are consistent with the social optimum outcomes.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131065568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While there is a large body of literature on the negative health effects of air pollution, there is much less written about its effects on cognitive performance for the whole population. This paper studies the effects of contemporaneous and cumulative exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance based on a nationally representative survey in China. By merging a longitudinal sample at the individual level with local air-quality data according to the exact dates and counties of interviews, we find that contemporaneous and cumulative exposure to air pollution impedes both verbal and math scores of survey subjects. Interestingly, the negative effect is stronger for men than for women. Specifically, the gender difference is more salient among the old and less educated in both verbal and math tests.
{"title":"Smog in Our Brains: Gender Differences in the Impact of Exposure to Air Pollution on Cognitive Performance in China","authors":"Xi Chen, X. Zhang, Xin Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2940618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2940618","url":null,"abstract":"While there is a large body of literature on the negative health effects of air pollution, there is much less written about its effects on cognitive performance for the whole population. This paper studies the effects of contemporaneous and cumulative exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance based on a nationally representative survey in China. By merging a longitudinal sample at the individual level with local air-quality data according to the exact dates and counties of interviews, we find that contemporaneous and cumulative exposure to air pollution impedes both verbal and math scores of survey subjects. Interestingly, the negative effect is stronger for men than for women. Specifically, the gender difference is more salient among the old and less educated in both verbal and math tests.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126352270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oates and Schwab (1988) consider an economy with mobil capital and jurisdictions that suffer from local pollution. They show that welfare-maximizing jurisdictions implement the first-best, if they take prices as given and have at their disposal a capital tax and an environmental standard. Petchey (2015) claims that the efficiency result of Oates and Schwab can be extended to a large price-influencing jurisdiction. In the present note we show that the concept of Pareto efficiency cannot be applied in Petchey’s model. Next, we expand his model by a second jurisdiction and prove that Petchey’s claim is false, i.e. we show that the allocation implemented by a large price-influencing jurisdiction that sets an environmental standard and a capital tax fails to be (Pareto) efficient.
{"title":"Petchey's (2015) Extension of Oates & Schwab's (1988) Efficiency Result Revisited","authors":"T. Eichner, R. Pethig","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2921077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2921077","url":null,"abstract":"Oates and Schwab (1988) consider an economy with mobil capital and jurisdictions that suffer from local pollution. They show that welfare-maximizing jurisdictions implement the first-best, if they take prices as given and have at their disposal a capital tax and an environmental standard. Petchey (2015) claims that the efficiency result of Oates and Schwab can be extended to a large price-influencing jurisdiction. In the present note we show that the concept of Pareto efficiency cannot be applied in Petchey’s model. Next, we expand his model by a second jurisdiction and prove that Petchey’s claim is false, i.e. we show that the allocation implemented by a large price-influencing jurisdiction that sets an environmental standard and a capital tax fails to be (Pareto) efficient.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126600138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A “war on science” has been extensively described in academic literature and press reports, but the descriptions tend to be historical and journalistic narratives. Using examples drawn from available literature, we develop concise classification schemes to document methods of direct and indirect suppression of science in government and of methods of resistance and counter-attack. Recent anti-science policies in Canada and the U.S. and more recent reversals of these policies are compared to identify the role that political systems and political culture may play in implementing, encouraging, or impeding “war on science” policies and practices. The comparison allows speculation as to likely policies of the newly elected Trump administration in the U.S. based on Trump’s position statements and presidential appointments. Future pathways in the development of scientific resistance are also speculatively described.
{"title":"Whistleblowing, the War on Science, and the Impending Trump Administration: Methods of Assault and Defense in an Accelerating Conflict","authors":"G. Rainey, Jane G. Rainey","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2903997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2903997","url":null,"abstract":"A “war on science” has been extensively described in academic literature and press reports, but the descriptions tend to be historical and journalistic narratives. Using examples drawn from available literature, we develop concise classification schemes to document methods of direct and indirect suppression of science in government and of methods of resistance and counter-attack. Recent anti-science policies in Canada and the U.S. and more recent reversals of these policies are compared to identify the role that political systems and political culture may play in implementing, encouraging, or impeding “war on science” policies and practices. The comparison allows speculation as to likely policies of the newly elected Trump administration in the U.S. based on Trump’s position statements and presidential appointments. Future pathways in the development of scientific resistance are also speculatively described.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120994555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper examines the effectiveness of command-and-control policies in the presence of incomplete and overlapping regulations. We study how recent bans on phosphate in household dishwasher detergent affect pollution loads to waterways, costs at wastewater treatment facilities, and consumer behavior. We show that the effectiveness of the bans in reducing effluent depends critically on regulations at receiving treatment facilities. As cost minimizers, facilities with an emissions standard on phosphorus face no incentive to deviate from the standard. We show that bans have weak effects on effluent, especially in the most polluted waterways. We also use an early, isolated ban in Spokane, Washington to study the effect of the bans on consumers. We find that this ban shifted approximately 40% of dishwasher detergent sales from Spokane to bordering counties until a state-wide ban was implemented. Using these estimates, we find that the welfare loss to consumers from recent bans is likely greater than the cost-savings to treatment plants.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Incomplete and Overlapping Pollution Regulation: Evidence from Bans on Phosphate in Automatic Dishwasher Detergent","authors":"A. Cohen, David A Keiser","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2905906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2905906","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the effectiveness of command-and-control policies in the presence of incomplete and overlapping regulations. We study how recent bans on phosphate in household dishwasher detergent affect pollution loads to waterways, costs at wastewater treatment facilities, and consumer behavior. We show that the effectiveness of the bans in reducing effluent depends critically on regulations at receiving treatment facilities. As cost minimizers, facilities with an emissions standard on phosphorus face no incentive to deviate from the standard. We show that bans have weak effects on effluent, especially in the most polluted waterways. We also use an early, isolated ban in Spokane, Washington to study the effect of the bans on consumers. We find that this ban shifted approximately 40% of dishwasher detergent sales from Spokane to bordering counties until a state-wide ban was implemented. Using these estimates, we find that the welfare loss to consumers from recent bans is likely greater than the cost-savings to treatment plants.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128137617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. These vessels are specially designed to provide services to oil and gas operations, such as anchor handling, supply and subsea operations. They have multiple engines and advanced dynamic positioning systems to ensure that they can perform their duties with high reliability at nearly any sea state. Combined with high safety requirements, this has resulted in general operational patterns with vessels running multiple combustion engines even at calm water conditions. For emissions, low engine loads yield high emissions of exhaust gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and aerosols such as black carbon (BC), due to less favorable combustion conditions. The high span for these vessels between low loads and high, and their great need for potential power at short notice, motivate our examination of hybrid setups with electric: the vessel segment should be more favorable than many. We find that combining batteries with combustion engines reduces local pollution and climate impact, while the economics with current battery cost and fuel prices is good enough for new vessels, but not good enough for retrofits.
{"title":"Batteries in Offshore Support Vessels - Pollution, Climate Impact and Economics","authors":"H. Lindstad, G. Eskeland, A. Rialland","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2882009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2882009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. These vessels are specially designed to provide services to oil and gas operations, such as anchor handling, supply and subsea operations. They have multiple engines and advanced dynamic positioning systems to ensure that they can perform their duties with high reliability at nearly any sea state. Combined with high safety requirements, this has resulted in general operational patterns with vessels running multiple combustion engines even at calm water conditions. For emissions, low engine loads yield high emissions of exhaust gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and aerosols such as black carbon (BC), due to less favorable combustion conditions. The high span for these vessels between low loads and high, and their great need for potential power at short notice, motivate our examination of hybrid setups with electric: the vessel segment should be more favorable than many. We find that combining batteries with combustion engines reduces local pollution and climate impact, while the economics with current battery cost and fuel prices is good enough for new vessels, but not good enough for retrofits.","PeriodicalId":340493,"journal":{"name":"Pollution eJournal","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123635184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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