The article reviews the progress in the development of discharge-pumped soft X-ray lasers. Especially the results of the last decade proved that discharge created plasmas in capillaries are sufficiently uniform to allow for soft x-ray amplification. Amplification conditions and population inversion mechanisms are briefly reviewed. Then the activities in individual fields are summarized with emphasis on the gas filled capillaries which obey electron-collisional excitation pumping. Namely these capillaries can work as an efficient, table-top, high average power soft X-ray lasers capable to produce millijoule-level laser pulses at a repetition rate of several Hz, with a corresponding spectral brightness. Finally, some of tested applications are also briefly mentioned.
{"title":"Principles and present state of capillary-discharge-pumped soft x-ray lasers","authors":"K. Kolacek","doi":"10.1117/12.537111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.537111","url":null,"abstract":"The article reviews the progress in the development of discharge-pumped soft X-ray lasers. Especially the results of the last decade proved that discharge created plasmas in capillaries are sufficiently uniform to allow for soft x-ray amplification. Amplification conditions and population inversion mechanisms are briefly reviewed. Then the activities in individual fields are summarized with emphasis on the gas filled capillaries which obey electron-collisional excitation pumping. Namely these capillaries can work as an efficient, table-top, high average power soft X-ray lasers capable to produce millijoule-level laser pulses at a repetition rate of several Hz, with a corresponding spectral brightness. Finally, some of tested applications are also briefly mentioned.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128481494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Jungwirth, K. Rohlena, J. Ullschmied, A. Cejnarova, L. Juha, M. Kozlová, B. Králiková, J. Krása, E. Krousky, P. Kubát, L. Laska, K. Mašek, T. Mocek, M. Pfeifer, A. Prag, O. Renner, B. Rus, P. Severová, J. Skála, P. Straka, H. Turčičova
The PALS multi-user laser facility has been offering the beam time to the groups of both domestic and foreign rsearchers since September 2000. During the past two years of operation of its terawatt iodine laser system, a number of technical innovations and new diagnostic options were implemented, the most important of which are described in the paper. A brief survey of the current PALS research program is also given. Laser plasma sources of x-radiation and of highly stripped ions represent the two main lines followed. Recent highlights include the development and application of a highly coherent double-pass XUV laser based on Ne-like zinc. The reported studies of material response to the XUV pulses are mainly motivated by a potential use of the observed ablation phenomena e.g. in nanotechnology, while the x-ray contact microscopy permitted to image living biological objects with a resolution comparable to that of the electron microscopy. The PALS laser system is now in a routine operation, which opens the way to its new upgrades. The progress reached with the key ones -- application of elements of adaptive optics, replacement the original iodine oscillator by a solid-state based one, and, most important, implementation of the optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) technique -- is also reported.
{"title":"Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS): results and upgrades","authors":"K. Jungwirth, K. Rohlena, J. Ullschmied, A. Cejnarova, L. Juha, M. Kozlová, B. Králiková, J. Krása, E. Krousky, P. Kubát, L. Laska, K. Mašek, T. Mocek, M. Pfeifer, A. Prag, O. Renner, B. Rus, P. Severová, J. Skála, P. Straka, H. Turčičova","doi":"10.1117/12.537385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.537385","url":null,"abstract":"The PALS multi-user laser facility has been offering the beam time to the groups of both domestic and foreign rsearchers since September 2000. During the past two years of operation of its terawatt iodine laser system, a number of technical innovations and new diagnostic options were implemented, the most important of which are described in the paper. A brief survey of the current PALS research program is also given. Laser plasma sources of x-radiation and of highly stripped ions represent the two main lines followed. Recent highlights include the development and application of a highly coherent double-pass XUV laser based on Ne-like zinc. The reported studies of material response to the XUV pulses are mainly motivated by a potential use of the observed ablation phenomena e.g. in nanotechnology, while the x-ray contact microscopy permitted to image living biological objects with a resolution comparable to that of the electron microscopy. The PALS laser system is now in a routine operation, which opens the way to its new upgrades. The progress reached with the key ones -- application of elements of adaptive optics, replacement the original iodine oscillator by a solid-state based one, and, most important, implementation of the optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) technique -- is also reported.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126858017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bugrov, Igor N. Burdonskiy, Ildar K. Fasakhov, Valeriy V. Gavrilov, A. Goltsov, A. I. Gromov, V. N. Kondrashov, N. G. Kovalskiy, S. F. Medovshchikov, V. G. Nikolaevskiy, V. M. Petryakov, Evgeniy V. Zhuzhukalo
The new results obtained in experiments on the "Mishen" facility with laser-irradiated low-density porous media are presented and discussed. The variety of optical and X-ray diagnostic methods was used to characterize physical processes in laser-irradiated (λ = 1.054 μm, τ = 3 ns, I = 1013 - 1014 W/cm2) plane porous samples of different microstructure and chemical composition; an average density was varied in the range from 1 mg/cm3 to 20 mg/cm3. The features of laser light absorption and scattering as well as the efficiency of energy transport through porous layer to solid-density foil installed at the target rear-side were studied in dependence on the incidence angle of laser beam, average density, thickness and structure of irradiated porous layer. The plasma formation and energy transport processes are found to differ significantly in laser-irradiated low-density matter of different microstructure (chaotic fibrous structure agar, quasi-regular cellular polystyrene foam). The expansion of high-Z plasma was studied in experiments with porous layers deposited on the surface of plane high-Z targets. Desirable suppression of X-ray emitting plasma motion by porous material was obtained.
{"title":"Laser-plasma interaction in experiments with low-density volume-structured media on the Mishen facility","authors":"A. Bugrov, Igor N. Burdonskiy, Ildar K. Fasakhov, Valeriy V. Gavrilov, A. Goltsov, A. I. Gromov, V. N. Kondrashov, N. G. Kovalskiy, S. F. Medovshchikov, V. G. Nikolaevskiy, V. M. Petryakov, Evgeniy V. Zhuzhukalo","doi":"10.1117/12.533845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.533845","url":null,"abstract":"The new results obtained in experiments on the \"Mishen\" facility with laser-irradiated low-density porous media are presented and discussed. The variety of optical and X-ray diagnostic methods was used to characterize physical processes in laser-irradiated (λ = 1.054 μm, τ = 3 ns, I = 1013 - 1014 W/cm2) plane porous samples of different microstructure and chemical composition; an average density was varied in the range from 1 mg/cm3 to 20 mg/cm3. The features of laser light absorption and scattering as well as the efficiency of energy transport through porous layer to solid-density foil installed at the target rear-side were studied in dependence on the incidence angle of laser beam, average density, thickness and structure of irradiated porous layer. The plasma formation and energy transport processes are found to differ significantly in laser-irradiated low-density matter of different microstructure (chaotic fibrous structure agar, quasi-regular cellular polystyrene foam). The expansion of high-Z plasma was studied in experiments with porous layers deposited on the surface of plane high-Z targets. Desirable suppression of X-ray emitting plasma motion by porous material was obtained.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121118082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Limpouch, S. Gus'kov, A. I. Gromov, M. Kalal, A. Kasperczuk, V. N. Kondrashov, E. Krouský, B. Králiková, K. Mašek, T. Pisarczyk, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, V. Rozanov, J. Skála, J. Ullschmied
Interactions of PALS iodine laser beam with low density porous targets and porous targets with Al foil attached to the rear side were studied using multi-frame interferometry and shadowgraphy. Electron density profiles at the front and the rear side of the targets were reconstructed from interferograms. Velocities of Al-foils accelerated by the pressure of the heated porous material were established from shadowgrams. A good symmetry and absence of local perturbations were observed both in the rear side plasmas of porous targets and in the shape of the accelerated Al-foils. Measured rear side velocities are in a good agreement with the presented theory of laser interactions with porous materials.
{"title":"Thin foil acceleration by the pressure of laser-produced plasma of porous matter","authors":"J. Limpouch, S. Gus'kov, A. I. Gromov, M. Kalal, A. Kasperczuk, V. N. Kondrashov, E. Krouský, B. Králiková, K. Mašek, T. Pisarczyk, M. Pfeifer, K. Rohlena, V. Rozanov, J. Skála, J. Ullschmied","doi":"10.1117/12.536485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.536485","url":null,"abstract":"Interactions of PALS iodine laser beam with low density porous targets and porous targets with Al foil attached to the rear side were studied using multi-frame interferometry and shadowgraphy. Electron density profiles at the front and the rear side of the targets were reconstructed from interferograms. Velocities of Al-foils accelerated by the pressure of the heated porous material were established from shadowgrams. A good symmetry and absence of local perturbations were observed both in the rear side plasmas of porous targets and in the shape of the accelerated Al-foils. Measured rear side velocities are in a good agreement with the presented theory of laser interactions with porous materials.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116258802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The photodissociation of H2+ by an intense laser pulse is investigated by solving the close coupled equations without discretezation. The photodissociation spectra are calculated under the condition mimicking the experiment done by Sanding et al. and fairly good agreement obtained. The influence of the uncertainty in the relative phases of initial states is found to lead to somewhat of smoothing of the spectra depending on the laser intensity and pulse width. It is also found that Raman type transitions via intermediate dissociation continuum play an important role in determining photodissociation spectra. This effect leads to population increase of lower vibrational states and deforms spectral profile. The dissociation from the lower vibrational states due to bond softening cannot be good enough. The calculated results of the photodissociation spectra are presented in three-dimensional plot by introducing the field intensity as an extra axis. This is helpful for clearly understanding the dependence of photodissociation dynamics on the laser parameters.
{"title":"Accurate treatment of photodissociation of H2+ in strong laser field","authors":"A. Kondorskiy, H. Nakamura, L. Presnyakov","doi":"10.1117/12.536875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.536875","url":null,"abstract":"The photodissociation of H2+ by an intense laser pulse is investigated by solving the close coupled equations without discretezation. The photodissociation spectra are calculated under the condition mimicking the experiment done by Sanding et al. and fairly good agreement obtained. The influence of the uncertainty in the relative phases of initial states is found to lead to somewhat of smoothing of the spectra depending on the laser intensity and pulse width. It is also found that Raman type transitions via intermediate dissociation continuum play an important role in determining photodissociation spectra. This effect leads to population increase of lower vibrational states and deforms spectral profile. The dissociation from the lower vibrational states due to bond softening cannot be good enough. The calculated results of the photodissociation spectra are presented in three-dimensional plot by introducing the field intensity as an extra axis. This is helpful for clearly understanding the dependence of photodissociation dynamics on the laser parameters.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130185775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Significant progress has been made in recent years using lasers for electron acceleration to high energies in plasmas. The main idea of such laser-plasma schemes is based on an opportunity to use the lasers for generation a large amplitude regular plasma wave with strong longitudinal electric field and relativistic phase velocity, which is capable of acceleration injected electrons. The great interest to these accelerators is due to their ability to sustain extremely large acceleration gradients (<100 GeV/m) essentially exceeding the acceleration gradients of conventional radio-frequency linear accelerators (>100 MeV/m). At the first stage, the main attention was attracted to plasma beat wave accelerator scheme (PBWA) where two-frequency laser radiation was used to create a plasma wave. With development of chirped pulse amplification (CPA) and powerful laser systems, the new methods for excitation of large amplitude relativistic plasma waves appear as the laser wake-field accelerator (LWFA) and self-modulated laser wake-field accelerator (SM-LWFA). This report is intended to give a brief overview of up to date results obtained for different schemes of laser-plasma based accelerators. The problems and plans of future investigations are also discussed.
{"title":"Electron acceleration by means of short powerful laser pulses: a brief review of the modern state","authors":"L. Gorbunov","doi":"10.1117/12.536799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.536799","url":null,"abstract":"Significant progress has been made in recent years using lasers for electron acceleration to high energies in plasmas. The main idea of such laser-plasma schemes is based on an opportunity to use the lasers for generation a large amplitude regular plasma wave with strong longitudinal electric field and relativistic phase velocity, which is capable of acceleration injected electrons. The great interest to these accelerators is due to their ability to sustain extremely large acceleration gradients (<100 GeV/m) essentially exceeding the acceleration gradients of conventional radio-frequency linear accelerators (>100 MeV/m). At the first stage, the main attention was attracted to plasma beat wave accelerator scheme (PBWA) where two-frequency laser radiation was used to create a plasma wave. With development of chirped pulse amplification (CPA) and powerful laser systems, the new methods for excitation of large amplitude relativistic plasma waves appear as the laser wake-field accelerator (LWFA) and self-modulated laser wake-field accelerator (SM-LWFA). This report is intended to give a brief overview of up to date results obtained for different schemes of laser-plasma based accelerators. The problems and plans of future investigations are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"36 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130811025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kolacek, J. Schmidt, V. Bohacek, M. Ripa, O. Frolov, P. Vrba, A. Rupasov, A. S. Shikanov
The capillary experiment CAPEX was reconstructed to approach conditions suitable for creation of population inversion in Ne-like Ar. The reconstruction consisted in substitution of a ceramics capillary for former plastic one, in remarkable reduction of the pre-ionization current, and in change of Ar filling and pumping geometry. The soft X-ray spectroscopic measurements prior to and after this reconstruction are described. It is shown that the reconstruction resulted in appearance (under certain conditions) of the strong spectral line at the wavelength of laser transition (46.9 nm) that dominates the spectrum even at exposition 50 ns.
{"title":"Spectroscopic study of the fast gas-filled-capillary discharge","authors":"K. Kolacek, J. Schmidt, V. Bohacek, M. Ripa, O. Frolov, P. Vrba, A. Rupasov, A. S. Shikanov","doi":"10.1117/12.537290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.537290","url":null,"abstract":"The capillary experiment CAPEX was reconstructed to approach conditions suitable for creation of population inversion in Ne-like Ar. The reconstruction consisted in substitution of a ceramics capillary for former plastic one, in remarkable reduction of the pre-ionization current, and in change of Ar filling and pumping geometry. The soft X-ray spectroscopic measurements prior to and after this reconstruction are described. It is shown that the reconstruction resulted in appearance (under certain conditions) of the strong spectral line at the wavelength of laser transition (46.9 nm) that dominates the spectrum even at exposition 50 ns.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122077938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Bychenkov, S. G. Bochkarev, W. Rozmus, O. Batishchev, J. Martinell, T. Soboleva
Quasi-self-similar solutions to the stationary electron Fokker-Planck equation in diffusive approximation have been found in inhomogeneous plasma. These solutions describe reduction in the number of bulk electrons and formation of the suprathermal tail. The characteristics of the stationary electron distributions have been treated in terms of the collisionality parameter, the ratio of the electron stoping rage to the plasma gradient scale length. The dependencies of the electron distribution functions on density profile has been studied. Fokker-Plank simulations performed demonstrate good agreement with a theory.
{"title":"Nonthermal tails of the electron distribution functions with nonlocal transport","authors":"V. Bychenkov, S. G. Bochkarev, W. Rozmus, O. Batishchev, J. Martinell, T. Soboleva","doi":"10.1117/12.536948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.536948","url":null,"abstract":"Quasi-self-similar solutions to the stationary electron Fokker-Planck equation in diffusive approximation have been found in inhomogeneous plasma. These solutions describe reduction in the number of bulk electrons and formation of the suprathermal tail. The characteristics of the stationary electron distributions have been treated in terms of the collisionality parameter, the ratio of the electron stoping rage to the plasma gradient scale length. The dependencies of the electron distribution functions on density profile has been studied. Fokker-Plank simulations performed demonstrate good agreement with a theory.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"56 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116918032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Oades, M. Stevenson, G. Slark, R. Kauffman, L. Suter, Michael C. Miller, M. Schneider, P. Springer, D. Hinkel, B. Thomas
Recent experiments at the HELEN laser at AWE have focused on investigations into the performance of a series of scaled NOVA halfraum targets. These were varied from scale 1 to scale 0.1, and used a single beam at 0.53 μm to irradiate the target. The aim of these experiments was to investigate performance limitations for higher temperature small hohlraums. Target diagnostics included time-resolved X-ray power measurements, full aperture measurements of stimulated Raman and Brillouin backscatter, and time-integrated soft and hard X-ray spectrographs. Analyses of the results from this campaign are presented with particular emphasis on the conditions present in the smallest scale targets, including comparison with calculated performance.
{"title":"Hohlraum scaling experiments with 2ω light","authors":"K. Oades, M. Stevenson, G. Slark, R. Kauffman, L. Suter, Michael C. Miller, M. Schneider, P. Springer, D. Hinkel, B. Thomas","doi":"10.1117/12.536747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.536747","url":null,"abstract":"Recent experiments at the HELEN laser at AWE have focused on investigations into the performance of a series of scaled NOVA halfraum targets. These were varied from scale 1 to scale 0.1, and used a single beam at 0.53 μm to irradiate the target. The aim of these experiments was to investigate performance limitations for higher temperature small hohlraums. Target diagnostics included time-resolved X-ray power measurements, full aperture measurements of stimulated Raman and Brillouin backscatter, and time-integrated soft and hard X-ray spectrographs. Analyses of the results from this campaign are presented with particular emphasis on the conditions present in the smallest scale targets, including comparison with calculated performance.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"246 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132552215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taking into account the Coulomb potential comes to a non-Keldysh mechanism of the ejection of photoelectrons from H-like atoms and ions. This new mechanism is responsible for a change of the ionization exponent in comparison with its value predicted by Keldysh's type theory. The analytic treatment of this new phenomenon is presented.
{"title":"Analytic solution of the Schrodinger equation for H-like ions in strong laser fields treating the Coulomb potential exactly: the change of the ionization exponent beyond Keldysh-type theories","authors":"S. Gordienko, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn","doi":"10.1117/12.536881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.536881","url":null,"abstract":"Taking into account the Coulomb potential comes to a non-Keldysh mechanism of the ejection of photoelectrons from H-like atoms and ions. This new mechanism is responsible for a change of the ionization exponent in comparison with its value predicted by Keldysh's type theory. The analytic treatment of this new phenomenon is presented.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134301761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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