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Dynamic strain ageing of L12-strengthened Ni-Co base high-entropy alloy and unraveling its deformation mechanisms in strain ageing process L12 强化镍钴基高熵合金的动态应变时效及其在应变时效过程中的变形机理解析
IF 9.4 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104151
Jinxiong Hou , Jie Gan , Tao Wang , Jianchao Han , Zhongkai Ren , Zhihua Wang , Junwei Qiao , Yong Zhang , Tao Yang
Dynamic strain ageing (DSA) of L12-strengthened Ni-Co base high-entropy alloy (HEA) was examined at temperatures varying from 20 to 600 °C with strain rates between 102 to 10–4 s-1. In normal DSA regimes, elevating temperature or lowering strain rate advances the DSA behavior, resulting in the lowered critical strain and raised amplitude of serrations. Based on strain-rate jump tests, the negative strain-rate sensitivity induced by DSA was observed at the elevated temperature regime, and high apparent activation volumes ranging from 97∼ 737b3 correspond to the strong obstacles effect from the precipitates and the additional pinning strengthening of solute atoms. Transmission electron microscopy evidence suggests that stacking faults prevailed at all testing temperatures, while the serration changes are the outcomes of their dynamic interactions with precipitates and condensed Cr, Co-rich solute cloud. Subsequently, in normal DSA regimes, activation energies required for the onset of type A, a mixture of type A and type A + C, and a mixture of type A + B and type C serrations are 30.6, 65.8, and 101.1 kJ/mol determined by strain ageing model at strain rates of 10–2, 10–3, and 10–4 s-1, respectively. Lastly, a two-time parameter-based Cottrell-Bilby strain aging kinetic model that considers the solute-dislocation interaction in a pipe diffusion manner is applied to evaluate the DSA strengthening concerning strain, strain rate, and temperature.
在温度为 20 至 600 °C、应变速率为 10-2 至 10-4 s-1 的条件下,对 L12 强化镍钴基高熵合金(HEA)的动态应变时效(DSA)进行了研究。在正常的 DSA 状态下,升高温度或降低应变速率会推进 DSA 行为,导致临界应变降低和锯齿振幅增大。根据应变速率跃迁试验,在升高的温度条件下观察到了由 DSA 引起的负应变速率敏感性,97∼ 737b3b3 的高表观活化体积与沉淀物的强障碍效应和溶质原子的额外针刺强化相对应。透射电子显微镜证据表明,堆叠断层在所有测试温度下都普遍存在,而锯齿状变化则是它们与沉淀物和凝结的富含铬、钴的溶质云动态相互作用的结果。随后,在应变速率为 10-2、10-3 和 10-4 s-1 时,通过应变时效模型确定了在正常 DSA 状态下,A 型锯齿、A 型和 A + C 型混合锯齿以及 A + B 型和 C 型混合锯齿发生所需的活化能分别为 30.6、65.8 和 101.1 kJ/mol。最后,应用基于两次参数的 Cottrell-Bilby 应变老化动力学模型来评估 DSA 在应变、应变速率和温度方面的强化,该模型考虑了溶质-位错相互作用的管道扩散方式。
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引用次数: 0
Heterogeneous phase deformation in a dual-phase tungsten alloy mediated by the tungsten/matrix interface: Insights from compression experiments and crystal plasticity modeling 钨/基体界面介导的双相钨合金中的异相变形:压缩实验和晶体塑性模型的启示
IF 9.4 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104156
Zuosheng Li , Lei Zhang , Bob Svendsen , Quanyi Xue , Sai Tang , Yunzhu Ma , Wensheng Liu
Tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) is a typical multiphase alloy material consisting of hard tungsten (W) and soft matrix (γ) phases. When loaded, the two phases deform quite differently due to the large difference in their mechanical properties. At present, our understanding of phase deformation and behavior in the multiphase context is relatively poor compared to the single phase case. Such insight is necessary, however, for the design of multiphase alloys having optimal phase microstructure and corresponding material behavior. By combining mechanical testing and crystal plasticity modeling, the relationship between phase microstructure and multiphase alloy deformation behavior is systematically investigated in this work. The results demonstrate that deformation in the W and γ phases is quite different and related to the contrast in material properties between the two phases. Deformation heterogeneity in the multiphase alloy is characterized by the strain gradient near/across the W/γ interface and differences in phase deformation states in relation to the contrast in phase material properties and phase volume fraction. It is found that dislocation pile-up and twinning are the main mechanisms mediating heterogeneous deformation in the region around W/γ interfaces. Based on this insight, a novel design strategy for multiphase alloys is proposed based on optimization of the contrast in phase mechanical properties and the phase volume fractions. This strategy can be employed to design new tungsten alloys and other multi-phase alloys.
钨重合金(WHA)是一种典型的多相合金材料,由硬钨相(W)和软基体相(γ)组成。加载时,由于两相的机械性能差异很大,因此它们的变形也大不相同。目前,与单相情况相比,我们对多相情况下的相变形和行为的了解相对较少。然而,要设计出具有最佳相微观结构和相应材料行为的多相合金,这种深入了解是必不可少的。本研究结合机械测试和晶体塑性模型,系统地研究了相微观结构与多相合金变形行为之间的关系。结果表明,W 相和γ 相的变形存在很大差异,这与两相的材料特性对比有关。多相合金的变形异质性表现为 W/γ 界面附近/交叉处的应变梯度,以及与相材料特性和相体积分数对比相关的相变形状态差异。研究发现,位错堆积和孪生是介导 W/γ 界面附近区域异质变形的主要机制。基于这一认识,我们提出了一种基于相机械性能对比和相体积分数优化的新型多相合金设计策略。该策略可用于设计新型钨合金和其他多相合金。
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引用次数: 0
A generalized, computationally versatile plasticity model framework - Part II: Theory and verification focusing on shear anisotropy 通用、可计算的塑性模型框架--第二部分:以剪切各向异性为重点的理论与验证
IF 9.4 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104158
Yong Hou , Junying Min , Hyung-Rim Lee , Jinjin Ha , Namsu Park , Myoung-Gyu Lee
Shear-dominated deformation (SHDD) is pivotal in sheet metal forming; however, comprehensive modeling of plastic anisotropy in SHDD, specifically shear anisotropy considering both yield stress and plastic flow, has been inadequately addressed in existing literature. In this work, a generalized constitutive framework is introduced on the basis of stress triaxiality-dependent state variable to accurately emulate plastic anisotropy and the physics-based shear constraint in SHDD. The framework is capable to seamlessly integrate with existing yield criteria, preserving computational efficiency and versatility. Notably, the yield function, anisotropic parameters, and their optimization or analytical determination for the non-shear deformation state remain unaltered. When integrated with the Hill48 yield function, featuring either one or two anisotropic parameters within the generalized constitutive framework, precise characterization of yield strength and plastic flow in SHDD is achieved. The applicability of the framework extends to various anisotropic yield functions such as the widely employed Yld2k-2d and the sixth-order polynomial (Poly6) function as a class of associated flow rule-based yield functions, and one non-quadratic yield function for non-associated flow rule scenarios. Experimental validation with two engineering sheet metals, high-strength dual-phase steel DP980 and high-strength aluminum alloy AA7075-T6, was conducted. Comparative analyses with several recently proposed yield criteria, especially Poly6–18p, highlighted the efficiency of the proposed constitutive framework. Furthermore, this study explores intrinsic shear constraints, particularly the absence of through-thickness strains under in-plane shear stress. Additionally, it offers an enhanced description of plastic anisotropy in shear yield stress within the general framework, providing valuable insights into the complexities of SHDD.
剪切主导变形(SHDD)在金属板材成型中至关重要;然而,现有文献并未充分考虑 SHDD 中塑性各向异性的综合建模,特别是同时考虑屈服应力和塑性流动的剪切各向异性。本研究在应力三轴依赖性状态变量的基础上引入了一个广义的构成框架,以精确模拟 SHDD 中的塑性各向异性和基于物理的剪切约束。该框架能够与现有的屈服准则无缝集成,保持了计算效率和通用性。值得注意的是,屈服函数、各向异性参数以及它们在非剪切变形状态下的优化或分析确定均保持不变。当与 Hill48 屈服函数(在广义构造框架内具有一个或两个各向异性参数)集成时,可实现 SHDD 屈服强度和塑性流动的精确表征。该框架的适用性扩展到各种各向异性屈服函数,如广泛使用的 Yld2k-2d 和六阶多项式(Poly6)函数,作为一类基于关联流动规则的屈服函数,以及一种用于非关联流动规则情况的非二次屈服函数。使用两种工程金属板材(高强度双相钢 DP980 和高强度铝合金 AA7075-T6)进行了实验验证。与最近提出的几种屈服标准(尤其是 Poly6-18p)的对比分析凸显了所提出的构成框架的效率。此外,本研究还探讨了固有的剪切约束,特别是在面内剪切应力下没有穿透厚度的应变。此外,它还在一般框架内增强了对剪切屈服应力塑性各向异性的描述,为了解 SHDD 的复杂性提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Atomistic simulation of chemical short-range order on the irradiation resistance of HfNbTaTiZr high entropy alloy 原子模拟化学短程有序性对 HfNbTaTiZr 高熵合金耐辐照性的影响
IF 9.4 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104155
Yang Mo , Yanxiang Liang , Wei Guo , Yiming Tian , Qiang Wan
High entropy alloys (HEAs) have been considered as one of the potential structural material candidates for fourth-generation nuclear reactors and fusion reactors due to their excellent irradiation resistance. Current studies have shown that the chemical short-range order (CSRO) usually exists in HEAs, which has a significant effect on the mechanical properties and irradiation resistance of HEAs. Refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs), as a new class of HEAs have better mechanical properties at high temperatures than face-centered cubic (FCC) HEAs, and therefore have better prospects of application in the nuclear field. In this study, CSRO and its effect on the irradiation resistance of HfNbTaTiZr are analyzed via molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC). The primary cascade simulations, multi-cascade simulations and surface bombardment simulations are carried out to simulate the generation and accumulation of irradiation damage. The results of the primary cascade simulations and surface bombardment simulations of CSRO models show that the presence of CSRO induces cascade splitting into subcascades. The presence of subcascades reduces the thermal peak enhancement effect and thus lowers the recombination rate of Frenkel pairs (FPs) in the damage zone when FPs concentrations are low. However, the creation of subcascades increases the size of the damage zone caused by the cascade. Thus, when the concentrations of FPs are high, the larger area of damage zone allows more of the already existing FPs to be included, thus promoting their recombination, i.e., impedes their accumulation when concentrations are high. These subcascades lower the recombination of FPs at low FPs concentrations but inhibit their accumulation at high FPs concentrations. The presence of CSRO is also beneficial in inhibiting the growth of point defect clusters, which further improves the resistance of HfNbTaTiZr to dislocation generation. Furthermore, the presence of CSRO facilitates the irradiation-induced phase transition. But it is found that HfNbTaTiZr shows suppression of hexagonal close-packed (HCP) cluster growth. And the tendency to break down large HCP clusters into smaller ones is demonstrated in the CSRO model. From our calculations we also find that the irradiation-induced HCP atoms have a higher potential energy relative to the matrix. The potential energy difference between those energetic HCP atoms and the matrix can lead to generating a great number of insurmountable barriers pervading the matrix and largely suppressing the long-term mobility of FPs, thus limiting their aggregation and growth into clusters.
高熵合金(HEAs)因其优异的抗辐照性能,已被视为第四代核反应堆和聚变反应堆的潜在结构材料之一。目前的研究表明,高熵合金中通常存在化学短程有序(CSRO),这对高熵合金的机械性能和抗辐照性能有显著影响。难熔高熵合金(RHEAs)作为一类新型 HEAs,与面心立方(FCC)HEAs 相比,在高温下具有更好的机械性能,因此在核领域具有更好的应用前景。本研究通过分子动力学(MD)和蒙特卡罗(MC)分析了 CSRO 及其对 HfNbTaTiZr 抗辐照性的影响。通过一级级联模拟、多级级联模拟和表面轰击模拟来模拟辐照损伤的产生和累积。CSRO 模型的一级级联模拟和表面轰击模拟结果表明,CSRO 的存在会导致级联分裂成子级联。当 FPs 浓度较低时,子级联的存在会降低热峰值增强效应,从而降低损伤区中 Frenkel 对(FPs)的重组率。然而,子级联的产生会增加级联造成的损伤区的面积。因此,当 FPs 浓度较高时,较大的损伤区面积允许更多已经存在的 FPs 被包括在内,从而促进了它们的重组,即在浓度较高时阻碍了它们的积累。这些子级联降低了低浓度 FPs 时 FPs 的重组,但抑制了高浓度 FPs 时 FPs 的积累。CSRO 的存在还有利于抑制点缺陷簇的生长,从而进一步提高 HfNbTaTiZr 对位错产生的抵抗力。此外,CSRO 的存在还有利于辐照诱导的相变。但研究发现,HfNbTaTiZr 会抑制 HCP 簇的生长。在 CSRO 模型中,大的 HCP 簇有分解成小簇的趋势。通过计算我们还发现,辐照诱导的 HCP 原子相对于基体具有更高的势能。这些高能 HCP 原子与基体之间的势能差会导致在基体中产生大量不可逾越的壁垒,在很大程度上抑制了 FPs 的长期流动性,从而限制了它们聚集和生长成簇。
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引用次数: 0
Stress-induced failure transition in metallic glasses 金属玻璃中的应力诱发失效转变
IF 9.4 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104152
Lingyi Meng , Yuxin Zhang , Xiaochang Tang , Xiaohu Yao
As a novel and highly promising metal in the future application of weapons equipment and aerospace fields, metallic glasses (MGs) demonstrate intricate failure modes that encompass both the brittle and plastic characteristics when subjected to varying loading conditions. In this work, a set of Cu50Zr50 models subjected to a combined pure shear and equi-triaxial tension loading are simulated via molecular dynamics to investigate the impact of the stress state on the complex failure modes of MGs. The characteristic and critical moments when failure occurs are established under both the shear-band-induced shear failure and the micro-void-induced tensile fracture. The stress triaxiality is applied as a pivotal stress parameter that governs the transition from the shear failure mode to the tensile failure mode. The critical stress triaxiality of Cu50Zr50 MG is approximately in the range of (2.0, 3.0) when both the shear and tension failures simultaneously occur, resulting in the largest failure strain at various stress states. We subsequently obtain a nearly elliptical yield surface of the Cu50Zr50 MGs, in which the shear failure zone, tensile failure zone, and transition zone are clearly distinguished. The microstructural evolution of MGs during the failure transition is analyzed from the perspective of the specific short-range order. In contrast to the tensile deformation, icosahedral (quasi-icosahedral) clusters demonstrate a high level of shear resistance and remain stable in the shear-dominant deformations, which is confirmed as the structural origin of the stress state impacting the failure transition.
作为一种在未来武器装备和航空航天领域极具应用前景的新型金属,金属玻璃(MGs)在不同的加载条件下表现出复杂的失效模式,其中包括脆性和塑性两种特性。在这项工作中,我们通过分子动力学模拟了一组承受纯剪切和等三轴拉伸组合载荷的 Cu50Zr50 模型,以研究应力状态对 MGs 复杂失效模式的影响。在剪切带诱导的剪切破坏和微空洞诱导的拉伸断裂两种情况下,确定了破坏发生时的特征时刻和临界时刻。应力三轴度作为一个关键应力参数,用于控制从剪切破坏模式到拉伸破坏模式的过渡。Cu50Zr50 MG 的临界应力三轴度大约在(2.0,3.0)范围内,此时剪切和拉伸失效同时发生,从而在各种应力状态下产生最大的失效应变。我们随后得到了 Cu50Zr50 MG 的近似椭圆屈服面,其中剪切破坏区、拉伸破坏区和过渡区清晰可辨。从特定短程有序的角度分析了 MGs 在失效转变过程中的微观结构演变。与拉伸变形相反,二十面体(准二十面体)团簇表现出较高的抗剪能力,并在剪切主导变形中保持稳定,这被证实是影响失效转变的应力状态的结构起源。
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引用次数: 0
Structural softening mediated shear bands in high entropy alloys 高熵合金中结构软化介导的剪切带
IF 9.4 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104154
Tian-Wei Liu , Zhuo Pu , Zeng-Yu Yang , Xu-Ping Zhang , Gui-Ji Wang , Tong Li , Fu-Hua Cao , Shi-Teng Zhao , Yan Chen , Jian Wang , Lan-Hong Dai
Plastic flow localization is a fundamental and ubiquitous non-equilibrium phenomenon in metallic materials. Despite decades of extensive study, what derives its emergence remains elusive. Here, we tackle this problem in face-centered cubic (fcc) Cantor alloy by the newly developed ramp wave compression technique, which provides a unique quasi-isentropic loading path. By detailed microstructure characterizations, analytical estimation of temperature increment and large-scale atomistic simulations, we conclude that thermal softening is not a dominant driving force for shear band nucleation. Instead, nanotwinning triggers the initial transformation softening which is then accompanied with severe chemical fluctuations and the creation of low-angle dislocation boundaries (LADBs) associated with enhanced local dislocation slips in the adjacent regions. Such LADBs in turn lead to directional softening, acting as the catalytic mediating distortion between neighboring nanotwins. The interconnection between nanotwins and LADBs is thus regarded as structural origin of shear bands, whereas dynamic recrystallization only occurs later during shear band evolution, accelerating strain localization and thickening shear band. These findings shed new lights into fundamental understanding of shear banding and dynamic failure mechanisms in metallic materials.
塑性流动局部化是金属材料中普遍存在的一种基本非平衡现象。尽管经过数十年的广泛研究,但其产生的原因仍然难以捉摸。在此,我们采用新开发的斜坡波压缩技术,在面心立方(fcc)Cantor 合金中解决了这一问题,该技术提供了独特的准各向同性加载路径。通过详细的微观结构表征、温度增量的分析估算和大规模原子模拟,我们得出结论:热软化并不是剪切带形成的先决条件。相反,纳米扭转引发了最初的转变软化,随后伴随着剧烈的化学波动和低角度位错边界(LADB)的产生,相邻区域的局部位错滑移增强。这种低角位错边界反过来又会导致定向软化,成为相邻纳米晶丝之间变形的催化剂。因此,纳米晶簇和 LADB 之间的相互连接被视为剪切带的结构起源,而动态再结晶仅在剪切带演化过程的后期发生,从而加速了应变的定位和剪切带的增厚。这些发现为从根本上理解金属材料的剪切带和动态失效机制提供了新的思路。
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引用次数: 0
Modified crystal plasticity constitutive model considering tensorial properties of microstructural evolution and creep life prediction model for Ni-based single crystal superalloy with film cooling hole 考虑微结构演变张量特性的修正晶体塑性结构模型和带膜冷却孔的镍基单晶超合金蠕变寿命预测模型
IF 9.4 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104150
Ping Wang , Zhixun Wen , Meng Li , Guangxian Lu , Hao Cheng , Pengfei He , Zhufeng Yue
Accurate assessment of the creep life of film cooling hole structures is critical for long-life design and safe operation of aero engines and gas turbines. Firstly, through the high temperature creep experiment of nickel-based single crystal superalloy with film cooling hole, the microstructure evolution process under multiaxial stress state around film hole is characterized. Then, considering the directional effect of rafting structure and the influence of multiaxial stress, a fourth-order tensor is used to describe the evolution of γ phase width, and the microstructure evolution model accounting for multi-axial stress states is established. The microstructure evolution is coupled into the crystal plasticity constitutive model by Orowan stress. Meanwhile, based on continuous damage mechanics, a new multiaxial damage evolution law is established by introducing a multiaxial ductility factor into the constitutive model. The improved crystal plasticity constitutive model can effectively predict the microstructural evolution under multiaxial stress conditions. Furthermore, the combination of the modified crystal plasticity constitutive model and the critical distance method considering stress gradients is used for life prediction of film cooling hole structures. The prediction results show the effectiveness and necessity of considering the microstructure evolution in the life prediction.
准确评估薄膜冷却孔结构的蠕变寿命对于航空发动机和燃气轮机的长寿命设计和安全运行至关重要。首先,通过带薄膜冷却孔的镍基单晶超合金的高温蠕变实验,表征了薄膜孔周围多轴应力状态下的微观结构演变过程。然后,考虑到筏式结构的方向性效应和多轴应力的影响,采用四阶张量描述了γ 相宽的演化过程,建立了考虑多轴应力状态的微结构演化模型。通过 Orowan 应力将微结构演化耦合到晶体塑性组成模型中。同时,基于连续损伤力学,通过在构成模型中引入多轴延性因子,建立了新的多轴损伤演化规律。改进后的晶体塑性组成模型能有效预测多轴应力条件下的微结构演变。此外,还将改进的晶体塑性构成模型与考虑应力梯度的临界距离法相结合,用于薄膜冷却孔结构的寿命预测。预测结果表明了在寿命预测中考虑微结构演变的有效性和必要性。
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引用次数: 0
3D strain heterogeneity and fracture studied by X-ray tomography and crystal plasticity in an aluminium alloy 通过 X 射线断层扫描和晶体塑性研究铝合金中的三维应变异质性和断裂情况
IF 9.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104146
Maryse Gille, Henry Proudhon, Jette Oddershede, Romain Quey, Thilo F. Morgeneyer
Strong correlations between measured strain fields and crystal plasticity finite element (CP-FE) predictions based on the real microstructure are found for a plane strain tensile specimen made of 6016 T4 aluminium alloy. This is achieved using multimodal X-ray lab tomography giving access to both the initial grain structure and the strain evolution. The real microstructure of the central region of interest (ROI) of the undeformed specimen is obtained non destructively using lab-based diffraction contrast tomography (DCT) and meshing. An in situ tensile test, using absorption contrast tomography (ACT) is then performed for twelve loading increments up to fracture. Taking advantage of the plane strain condition, the evolution of the internal strain field is measured by two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) in the material bulk using the natural speckle provided by intermetallic particles. Early strain heterogeneities in the form of slanted bands, that are spatially stable over time, are revealed and the fracture path – determined from the post mortem scan – is found to coincide with the bands exhibiting maximum strain. CP-FE simulations are performed on the meshed microstructure of the specimen acquired by DCT and are compared with image correlation measurements. The measured strain fields are well described by 3D CP-FE predictions, whilst it is shown that neither a macroscopic anisotropic plasticity model nor a CP-FE simulation with random grain orientations could reproduce the measurements.
在 6016 T4 铝合金平面应变拉伸试样中,发现测量应变场与基于真实微观结构的晶体塑性有限元(CP-FE)预测之间存在很强的相关性。这是通过多模态 X 射线实验室层析技术实现的,该技术可获得初始晶粒结构和应变演变。利用基于实验室的衍射对比断层扫描(DCT)和网格划分技术,非破坏性地获得了未变形试样中心感兴趣区(ROI)的真实微观结构。然后,利用吸收对比层析成像技术(ACT)进行原位拉伸测试,加载 12 个增量,直至断裂。利用平面应变条件,通过二维数字图像相关技术(DIC),利用金属间颗粒提供的自然斑点,测量材料体内部应变场的演变。结果表明,早期的应变异质性以倾斜带的形式存在,且随着时间的推移在空间上保持稳定,根据死后扫描确定的断裂路径与表现出最大应变的应变带相吻合。通过 DCT 获取的试样网格微观结构进行了 CP-FE 模拟,并与图像相关测量结果进行了比较。三维 CP-FE 预测结果很好地描述了测得的应变场,同时表明宏观各向异性塑性模型和具有随机晶粒取向的 CP-FE 模拟都无法再现测量结果。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing the ductility and yield strength of 2.7Mn steel via two-step partitioning heat treatment 通过两步分区热处理提高 2.7Mn 钢的延展性和屈服强度
IF 9.4 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104148
Wenlu Yu , Lihe Qian , Chaozhang Wei , Kaifang Li , Yipeng Ding , Pengfei Yu , Zhixuan Jia , Fucheng Zhang , Jiangying Meng
Fresh martensite (FM) is often present in medium-Mn steels, especially when containing lower Mn content, due to the insufficient thermal stability of reverted austenite; this FM is brittle, largely deteriorating the ductility. In this paper, large ductility and high yield strength are achieved in an Al/Si-added medium-Mn steel containing 2.7Mn via a two-step partitioning heat treatment, i.e. intercritical annealing (IA) followed by low-temperature partitioning (LTP). We show that, during the IA, C and Mn atoms partition from the pre-quenched martensite to reverted austenite; Al addition reduces the size of reverted austenite and promotes C and Mn enrichment in the reverted austenite by decelerating its growth kinetics. This enables the reverted austenite more thermally stabilized, thereby reducing the amount of FM and increasing the amount and mechanical stability of retained austenite (RA) at room temperature. During the LTP, accompanied with the recovery of dislocations and the suppression of carbide precipitation by Al and Si, C atoms further partition from FM to RA, which enables the RA more mechanically stabilized and thereby sustains the high strain hardening to larger strains. Simultaneously, the FM becomes less hard and less brittle due to C atoms depletion and dislocations recovery, alleviating the stress/strain localization and favoring the uniform plastic deformation. Furthermore, the decrease in mobile dislocation density that is accompanied with the recovery of dislocations is believed to be mainly responsible for the enhanced yield strength of the steel. The present results indicate that the synergetic effects of the primary element partitioning (promoted by Al) during IA, which increases the thermal stability of reverted austenite, and the secondary element partitioning (enhanced by Al and Si) and as well dislocation recovery during LTP, which increases the mechanical stability of RA and the uniformity of plastic deformation, significantly enhance both the ductility and yield strength of medium-Mn steel with low Mn content.
由于还原奥氏体的热稳定性不足,新鲜马氏体(FM)经常出现在中锰钢中,尤其是在锰含量较低的情况下。本文通过两步分区热处理(即临界退火(IA)后的低温分区(LTP)),在含 2.7Mn 的 Al/Si-added 中锰钢中实现了高延展性和高屈服强度。我们的研究表明,在临界退火过程中,C 原子和 Mn 原子从预淬火马氏体分割到回复奥氏体;铝的加入减小了回复奥氏体的尺寸,并通过减慢其生长动力学促进了回复奥氏体中 C 原子和 Mn 原子的富集。这使得还原奥氏体的热稳定性更高,从而减少了调质奥氏体的数量,增加了室温下保留奥氏体(RA)的数量和机械稳定性。在 LTP 过程中,伴随着位错的恢复以及 Al 和 Si 对碳化物析出的抑制,C 原子进一步从 FM 向 RA 分裂,这使得 RA 的机械稳定性更高,从而使高应变硬化持续到更大的应变。同时,由于 C 原子耗尽和位错恢复,FM 的硬度和脆性降低,从而减轻了应力/应变局部化,有利于产生均匀的塑性变形。此外,伴随着位错恢复而出现的移动位错密度降低被认为是钢屈服强度提高的主要原因。本研究结果表明,IA 过程中的一次元素分区(由 Al 促进)和 LTP 过程中的二次元素分区(由 Al 和 Si 促进)以及位错恢复的协同效应,前者提高了还原奥氏体的热稳定性,后者提高了 RA 的机械稳定性和塑性变形的均匀性,从而显著提高了低锰含量中锰钢的韧性和屈服强度。
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引用次数: 0
Overcoming the strength and ductility trade-off in Ni-based alloy through tailoring of bimodal grain structures, hierarchical twins and coherent nanoprecipitates 通过定制双峰晶粒结构、分层孪晶和相干纳米沉淀物,克服镍基合金的强度和延展性权衡问题
IF 9.4 1区 材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104147
Yijie Ban , Liang Huang , Zhonghao Li , Yunzhang Li , Yi Zhang , Jie Pan
The longstanding strength-ductility trade-off has posed a significant challenge in materials science, limiting the potential applications of numerous structural materials. It is crucial to improve performance by adjusting microstructures to activate a synergistic effect of multiple strengthening/deformation mechanisms. In this study, we introduce a novel strategy to develop a multi-scale heterogeneous structure in a Ni-based alloy, characterized by a bimodal grain distribution with small grains containing high-density hierarchical twins (third-order), oversized grains devoid of twins. The combination of microstructural heterogeneity and deliberate twin distribution enables the alloy to exhibit specific strengthening and deformation mechanisms in different regions, enhancing the matrix and effectively distributing the stress and strain. Simultaneously, nanoscale L12 precipitates with an extremely low lattice mismatch (0.193 %) distributed across all grains, reducing the accumulation of elastic strain caused by dislocation movement and thereby preventing crack initiation at interfaces. The unique hindrance and accommodation of dislocations by this structure significantly enhance strength without sacrificing ductility, achieving a yield strength as high as 1498.6 MPa and a uniform elongation of 18 %. During tensile deformation, small grains with twins and oversized grains exhibit different abilities to absorb and constrain dislocations. Hierarchical twins facilitate interactions with dislocations in multiple directions. Various deformation mechanisms, including a high density of tiny stacking faults, Lomer-Cottrell locks, and short twins, are activated, particularly in the oversized grains, which promote increased dislocation multiplication and accumulation, contributing to the high strain hardening ability and excellent ductility. This study offers a novel paradigm and insights for designing ultra-strong and ductile alloys by managing multi-scale microstructural heterogeneities.
长期以来,强度与电导率之间的权衡一直是材料科学领域的重大挑战,限制了众多结构材料的潜在应用。通过调整微结构来激活多种强化/变形机制的协同效应,从而提高材料的性能至关重要。在本研究中,我们介绍了一种在镍基合金中开发多尺度异质结构的新策略,其特点是双峰晶粒分布,小晶粒含有高密度分层孪晶(三阶),大晶粒则没有孪晶。微观结构异质性和特意的孪晶分布相结合,使合金在不同区域表现出特定的强化和变形机制,增强了基体并有效地分散了应力和应变。同时,晶格失配度极低(0.193%)的纳米级 L12 沉淀分布在所有晶粒中,减少了位错运动引起的弹性应变积累,从而防止了界面处裂纹的产生。这种结构对位错的独特阻碍和容纳,在不牺牲延展性的情况下显著提高了强度,屈服强度高达 1498.6 兆帕,均匀伸长率为 18%。在拉伸变形过程中,具有孪晶的小晶粒和超大晶粒吸收和约束位错的能力各不相同。分层孪晶有利于与多个方向的位错相互作用。各种变形机制,包括高密度的微小堆叠断层、Lomer-Cottrell锁和短孪晶都被激活,尤其是在超大晶粒中,它们促进了位错的增殖和积累,从而促成了高应变硬化能力和优异的延展性。这项研究为通过管理多尺度微结构异质性来设计超强韧性合金提供了新的范例和见解。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Plasticity
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