Pub Date : 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104246
Nicolas Fuchs-Lynch , Mauricio De Leo , Pulkit Garg , Shuozhi Xu , Nathan A. Mara , Irene J. Beyerlein
Two-phase nanolaminates are well-renowned for achieving extraordinarily high strengths but at the sacrifice of reduced toughness and strain to failure. Recently ”thick” interfaces, or so called 3D interfaces, in Cu/Nb nanolaminates were experimentally shown to improve both of these mechanical properties. In this work, we study the effect of 3D interfaces in the hexagonal close packed (HCP)/body centered cubic (BCC) Ti/Nb nanolaminate system. Nanoindentation hardness testing suggests increased strength with the introduction of a 3D Ti–Nb interface and a positive size effect with increases in 3D interface thickness from 5 nm to 20 nm. To understand this effect from a single dislocation perspective, we present a phase-field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) model for multi-phase HCP/BCC systems. We employ the model to simulate stress-driven transfer of single dislocations across 3D Ti/Nb interfaces of various thicknesses. Our results show that the critical stress for slip transfer increases with the thickness of the interface. This positive size effect is stronger for transfer from basal or prismatic dislocations in the Ti layer to 110 dislocations in the Nb layer than the reverse. For this Ti/Nb system, a critical thickness of 2 nm is identified at which the asymmetry in slip transfer is minimized. This work showcases 3D interfaces as a beneficial microstructure modification to strengthen as well as reduce anisotropy in nanocrystalline materials containing HCP phases.
{"title":"3D interface size effects on slip transfer in Ti/Nb nanolaminates","authors":"Nicolas Fuchs-Lynch , Mauricio De Leo , Pulkit Garg , Shuozhi Xu , Nathan A. Mara , Irene J. Beyerlein","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-phase nanolaminates are well-renowned for achieving extraordinarily high strengths but at the sacrifice of reduced toughness and strain to failure. Recently ”thick” interfaces, or so called 3D interfaces, in Cu/Nb nanolaminates were experimentally shown to improve both of these mechanical properties. In this work, we study the effect of 3D interfaces in the hexagonal close packed (HCP)/body centered cubic (BCC) Ti/Nb nanolaminate system. Nanoindentation hardness testing suggests increased strength with the introduction of a 3D Ti–Nb interface and a positive size effect with increases in 3D interface thickness from 5 nm to 20 nm. To understand this effect from a single dislocation perspective, we present a phase-field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) model for multi-phase HCP/BCC systems. We employ the model to simulate stress-driven transfer of single dislocations across 3D Ti/Nb interfaces of various thicknesses. Our results show that the critical stress for slip transfer increases with the thickness of the interface. This positive size effect is stronger for transfer from basal or prismatic dislocations in the Ti layer to 110<span><math><mrow><mo>〈</mo><mn>111</mn><mo>〉</mo></mrow></math></span> dislocations in the Nb layer than the reverse. For this Ti/Nb system, a critical thickness of 2 nm is identified at which the asymmetry in slip transfer is minimized. This work showcases 3D interfaces as a beneficial microstructure modification to strengthen as well as reduce anisotropy in nanocrystalline materials containing HCP phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 104246"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104247
Xuejian Yang , Mingyang Jiao , Zhijia Liu , Hui Zhao , Yan Peng , Lu Wu , Yu Wu , Rongjian Pan , Baodong Shi
During practical forming processing, strong anisotropic mechanical behavior of dual phase (DP) steels is usually detected due to texture, which further determines subsequent processing optimization with loading paths changing. In order to clarify the underlying deformation mechanisms of DP steels under multi-axial loading, the mechanical response of DP780 under different biaxial loading paths was examined in detail. More precisely, anisotropic behavior of DP780 in complete “σxx-σyy” space was investigated through mechanical testing, microstructure characterization, and crystal plasticity computation based on dislocation density. In particular, biaxial compression test of thin plate is realized by using specifically designed fixture, and consequently yield loci in complete “σxx-σyy” space is detected experimentally. It is found that stronger anisotropy is observed under biaxial loading compared with that under uniaxial loading at macro scale, and biaxial Bauschinger effect is detected with biaxial preloading. At the micro scale, the texture evolution is affected directly by loading paths, and the compression load contributes more to the texture evolution. The distribution of the Taylor Factor under different biaxial loading paths reveals the impact of tension and compression on the main activated slip systems (MASS). Under biaxial tension and biaxial compression loading, the MASS of DP780 is the {112} slip system. Under combined biaxial tension and compression loading, the MASS is the {110} slip system. Using crystal plasticity, the evolution of dislocation density under different biaxial loading is captured. The relationship between the biaxial Bauschinger effect and MASS is clarified. It is found that the dislocation multiplication of the {112} slip system is more affected by changes in loading path than the {110} slip system. And during the subsequent loading process, the {110} slip system transform to {112} by preloading. Additionally, the relationship between the alteration of the MASS and the evolution of texture, as well as the resulting macroscopic anisotropic behavior has been elucidated.
{"title":"Mechanical responses and microstructure evolution of DP780 in complete σxx-σyy space: Experiments and crystal plasticity characterization","authors":"Xuejian Yang , Mingyang Jiao , Zhijia Liu , Hui Zhao , Yan Peng , Lu Wu , Yu Wu , Rongjian Pan , Baodong Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During practical forming processing, strong anisotropic mechanical behavior of dual phase (DP) steels is usually detected due to texture, which further determines subsequent processing optimization with loading paths changing. In order to clarify the underlying deformation mechanisms of DP steels under multi-axial loading, the mechanical response of DP780 under different biaxial loading paths was examined in detail. More precisely, anisotropic behavior of DP780 in complete “σ<sub>xx</sub>-σ<sub>yy</sub>” space was investigated through mechanical testing, microstructure characterization, and crystal plasticity computation based on dislocation density. In particular, biaxial compression test of thin plate is realized by using specifically designed fixture, and consequently yield loci in complete “σ<sub>xx</sub>-σ<sub>yy</sub>” space is detected experimentally. It is found that stronger anisotropy is observed under biaxial loading compared with that under uniaxial loading at macro scale, and biaxial Bauschinger effect is detected with biaxial preloading. At the micro scale, the texture evolution is affected directly by loading paths, and the compression load contributes more to the texture evolution. The distribution of the Taylor Factor under different biaxial loading paths reveals the impact of tension and compression on the main activated slip systems (MASS). Under biaxial tension and biaxial compression loading, the MASS of DP780 is the {112} slip system. Under combined biaxial tension and compression loading, the MASS is the {110} slip system. Using crystal plasticity, the evolution of dislocation density under different biaxial loading is captured. The relationship between the biaxial Bauschinger effect and MASS is clarified. It is found that the dislocation multiplication of the {112} slip system is more affected by changes in loading path than the {110} slip system. And during the subsequent loading process, the {110} slip system transform to {112} by preloading. Additionally, the relationship between the alteration of the MASS and the evolution of texture, as well as the resulting macroscopic anisotropic behavior has been elucidated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 104247"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104248
Shiqi Guo , Siliang Yan , Liang Huang , Kezhuo Liu , Changmin Li
Primary hot working, represented by multi-directional hot forging and annealing, is a crucial step in microstructure control and plays a decisive role in the ultimate performance of ultra-high strength titanium alloy components. However, the interaction mechanisms of multiple physical processes comprising work hardening, dynamic recovery, dynamic recrystallization and grain fragmentation under complex thermo-mechanical routes are not yet well known, which greatly limits the process optimization and control of primary hot working process. In order to accurately predict the macro-micro behaviors of coarse-grained titanium alloys during multi-directional hot deformation and annealing processes, a strain-path dependent unified constitutive model was established comprehensively considering the intragranular coarse grain subdivision (ICGS) caused by ribbon and transgranular subdivided continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), as well as the boundary-based coarse grain subdivision (BCGS) composed of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) coupled with boundary expand CDRX, and the interaction of various mechanisms under dislocation configuration. Through the combination of large deformation framework and viscoplastic theory, the influence of thermo-mechanical loading path and strain rate on grain refinement efficiency was elucidated. In the present model, the cumulative effects of loading direction changes on the degree of grain fragmentation were well identified by defining a new geometric parameter, viz. the loading axis rotation angle of the passes. The ICGS mechanism was introduced to the grain evolution model for the first time, by establishing a quatitative correlation between shear strain and the volume fraction of grain internal subdivision. In this way, the through-process precision prediction of the refinement degree of characteristic regions under multi-directional deformation paths was finally realized by combining BCGS and ICGS mechanisms, and the evolution of mechanical behaviors and internal variables in the alternating multi-directional hot deformation with heat preservation were simulated. The predictive results of the model were consistent with experiments of the titanium alloy with an average error of 4.93% and the refinement degrees of coarse-grained structures under different strain rates, temperatures and cumulative multi-directional large strains were well captured. Moreover, the applicable grain size range of the present constitutive model within a wide strain range was extended to 4 orders of magnitude (from micrometer to centimeter), and the effectiveness of the model in identifying complex multi-directional loading, multiple annealing and the heredity of internal variables during primary hot deformation were validated.
{"title":"A strain-path dependent unified constitutive model of titanium alloy coupling coarse grain subdivision and recrystallization: Application to multi-directional hot deformation","authors":"Shiqi Guo , Siliang Yan , Liang Huang , Kezhuo Liu , Changmin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Primary hot working, represented by multi-directional hot forging and annealing, is a crucial step in microstructure control and plays a decisive role in the ultimate performance of ultra-high strength titanium alloy components. However, the interaction mechanisms of multiple physical processes comprising work hardening, dynamic recovery, dynamic recrystallization and grain fragmentation under complex thermo-mechanical routes are not yet well known, which greatly limits the process optimization and control of primary hot working process. In order to accurately predict the macro-micro behaviors of coarse-grained titanium alloys during multi-directional hot deformation and annealing processes, a strain-path dependent unified constitutive model was established comprehensively considering the intragranular coarse grain subdivision (ICGS) caused by ribbon and transgranular subdivided continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), as well as the boundary-based coarse grain subdivision (BCGS) composed of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) coupled with boundary expand CDRX, and the interaction of various mechanisms under dislocation configuration. Through the combination of large deformation framework and viscoplastic theory, the influence of thermo-mechanical loading path and strain rate on grain refinement efficiency was elucidated. In the present model, the cumulative effects of loading direction changes on the degree of grain fragmentation were well identified by defining a new geometric parameter, viz. the loading axis rotation angle of the passes. The ICGS mechanism was introduced to the grain evolution model for the first time, by establishing a quatitative correlation between shear strain and the volume fraction of grain internal subdivision. In this way, the through-process precision prediction of the refinement degree of characteristic regions under multi-directional deformation paths was finally realized by combining BCGS and ICGS mechanisms, and the evolution of mechanical behaviors and internal variables in the alternating multi-directional hot deformation with heat preservation were simulated. The predictive results of the model were consistent with experiments of the titanium alloy with an average error of 4.93% and the refinement degrees of coarse-grained structures under different strain rates, temperatures and cumulative multi-directional large strains were well captured. Moreover, the applicable grain size range of the present constitutive model within a wide strain range was extended to 4 orders of magnitude (from micrometer to centimeter), and the effectiveness of the model in identifying complex multi-directional loading, multiple annealing and the heredity of internal variables during primary hot deformation were validated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 104248"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104245
Xianbing Zhang , Shubin Wang , Jie Wang , Xinyu Xu , Song Lu , Binbin He
Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) and medium-entropy alloys (RMEAs) are potential candidates for high-temperature applications; dislocations play crucial roles in the plastic deformation of these alloys at both room and elevated temperatures. However, there is a significant deficiency in the understanding of their temperature-dependent microstructure-mechanical property correlations at low temperatures, which is crucial for evaluating their performance and ensuring service safety under variable-temperature extreme conditions. This study investigated the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of a non-equiatomic Ti48.9Zr32.0Nb12.6Ta6.5 RMEA at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Tensile testing revealed intriguing temperature-dependent behaviors: as the temperature decreased, yield strength increased, while uniform elongation (UE) followed an abnormal U-shaped trend. The RMEA exhibited good UE at 293 K (10.9 %), but UE dropped sharply to 185 K (2.2 %). However, UE peaked at 77 K (17.2 %) along with the highest ultimate tensile strength. These indicated a transition in the deformation mechanisms. Microstructural analysis showed that considerable strain hardening at 293 K was owing to abundant dislocation interactions as well as {112}<111> twins. At 185 K, strain hardening weakened due to suppressed dislocation activity, whereas kinking prevented the ductile-to-brittle transition despite limited UE. The strong strain hardening and enhanced UE at 77 K were attributed to the twinning-induced plasticity effect from {332}<113> deformation twins. In conclusion, this study highlights the anomalous temperature-dependent mechanical behavior of this RMEA and the corresponding evolution of deformation mechanisms. The findings provide key insights into the alloy design and optimizing the performance of RHEAs/RMEAs for applications in cryogenic and variable-temperature environments.
{"title":"Unique transitions in uniform elongation and deformation mechanisms of a refractory medium-entropy alloy at cryogenic temperatures","authors":"Xianbing Zhang , Shubin Wang , Jie Wang , Xinyu Xu , Song Lu , Binbin He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) and medium-entropy alloys (RMEAs) are potential candidates for high-temperature applications; dislocations play crucial roles in the plastic deformation of these alloys at both room and elevated temperatures. However, there is a significant deficiency in the understanding of their temperature-dependent microstructure-mechanical property correlations at low temperatures, which is crucial for evaluating their performance and ensuring service safety under variable-temperature extreme conditions. This study investigated the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of a non-equiatomic Ti<sub>48.9</sub>Zr<sub>32.0</sub>Nb<sub>12.6</sub>Ta<sub>6.5</sub> RMEA at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Tensile testing revealed intriguing temperature-dependent behaviors: as the temperature decreased, yield strength increased, while uniform elongation (<em>UE</em>) followed an abnormal U-shaped trend. The RMEA exhibited good <em>UE</em> at 293 K (10.9 %), but <em>UE</em> dropped sharply to 185 K (2.2 %). However, <em>UE</em> peaked at 77 K (17.2 %) along with the highest ultimate tensile strength. These indicated a transition in the deformation mechanisms. Microstructural analysis showed that considerable strain hardening at 293 K was owing to abundant dislocation interactions as well as {112}<111> twins. At 185 K, strain hardening weakened due to suppressed dislocation activity, whereas kinking prevented the ductile-to-brittle transition despite limited <em>UE</em>. The strong strain hardening and enhanced <em>UE</em> at 77 K were attributed to the twinning-induced plasticity effect from {332}<113> deformation twins. In conclusion, this study highlights the anomalous temperature-dependent mechanical behavior of this RMEA and the corresponding evolution of deformation mechanisms. The findings provide key insights into the alloy design and optimizing the performance of RHEAs/RMEAs for applications in cryogenic and variable-temperature environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 104245"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104189
Towhid Faraji , Missam Irani , Grzegorz Korpala , Christoph Ostwald , Ansgar Hatscher , Ulrich Prahl
This study comprehensively investigates the kinetics of bainitic ferrite transformation in steel alloys by integrating experimental results, finite element analysis, and thermodynamic modeling. Using a dilatometer and Gleeble tests, empirical data were acquired to calibrate the Bhadeshia and Hensel-Spittel models, forming the basis for subsequent finite element simulations. Owing to the high importance of temperature in bainite transformation, the accuracy of the predicted temperature fields was validated precisely against experimental measurements, confirming the reliability of the methodology. A modified Bhadeshia model was proposed incorporating the influence of the applied shear stress on the activation energy, thereby emphasizing the temperature-dependent coefficient. The electron backscatter diffraction results validate the finite element model, and further exploration reveals the implications for fracture patterns and density changes due to bainitic transformation. This study contributes to a nuanced understanding of bainitic ferrite kinetics, offering valuable insights for alloy design and optimization under various thermomechanical conditions, and paving the way for advanced research on phase transformation kinetics and material behavior.
{"title":"Modeling the influence of bainite transformation on the flow behavior of steel using a macroscale finite element analysis","authors":"Towhid Faraji , Missam Irani , Grzegorz Korpala , Christoph Ostwald , Ansgar Hatscher , Ulrich Prahl","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study comprehensively investigates the kinetics of bainitic ferrite transformation in steel alloys by integrating experimental results, finite element analysis, and thermodynamic modeling. Using a dilatometer and Gleeble tests, empirical data were acquired to calibrate the Bhadeshia and Hensel-Spittel models, forming the basis for subsequent finite element simulations. Owing to the high importance of temperature in bainite transformation, the accuracy of the predicted temperature fields was validated precisely against experimental measurements, confirming the reliability of the methodology. A modified Bhadeshia model was proposed incorporating the influence of the applied shear stress on the activation energy, thereby emphasizing the temperature-dependent <span><math><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow><mi>stre</mi><mi>ss</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> coefficient. The electron backscatter diffraction results validate the finite element model, and further exploration reveals the implications for fracture patterns and density changes due to bainitic transformation. This study contributes to a nuanced understanding of bainitic ferrite kinetics, offering valuable insights for alloy design and optimization under various thermomechanical conditions, and paving the way for advanced research on phase transformation kinetics and material behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 104189"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142735520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104198
C.S. Hyun , J. Singh , M. Panchal , M.S. Kim , A. Komissarov , K.S. Shin , S.-H. Choi
In the present study, the deformation mechanisms in a pure Mg single crystal deformed under the Erichsen test were investigated. The specimens were deformed for different punch strokes under a given crystallographic orientation relationship with respect to the punch direction at room temperature (RT). The electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique was used for the microstructural study of the deformed specimens. The analysis showed that thin twin bands (TBs), consisting of several twin variants, were heterogeneously generated throughout the specimens. In particular, the specimen with the highest Erichsen Index (IE) value of 6.8 mm showed the most significant twinning activity throughout the thickness. The high stretch formability in the given crystallographic orientation is achieved due to the significant tensile twinning activity, which generates a favorable crystal orientation for the activation of basal slip under subsequent deformation. Furthermore, the crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) was used to elucidate the heterogeneity observed during the experimental analysis by studying the strain component generated, the relative activity of different deformation modes, and the accumulated volume fraction of different twinning variants.
{"title":"Deformation mechanisms in pure Mg single crystal under erichsen test: Experimental observations and crystal plasticity predictions","authors":"C.S. Hyun , J. Singh , M. Panchal , M.S. Kim , A. Komissarov , K.S. Shin , S.-H. Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, the deformation mechanisms in a pure Mg single crystal deformed under the Erichsen test were investigated. The specimens were deformed for different punch strokes under a given crystallographic orientation relationship with respect to the punch direction at room temperature (RT). The electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique was used for the microstructural study of the deformed specimens. The analysis showed that thin twin bands (TBs), consisting of several twin variants, were heterogeneously generated throughout the specimens. In particular, the specimen with the highest Erichsen Index (IE) value of 6.8 mm showed the most significant twinning activity throughout the thickness. The high stretch formability in the given crystallographic orientation is achieved due to the significant tensile twinning activity, which generates a favorable crystal orientation for the activation of basal slip under subsequent deformation. Furthermore, the crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) was used to elucidate the heterogeneity observed during the experimental analysis by studying the strain component generated, the relative activity of different deformation modes, and the accumulated volume fraction of different twinning variants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 104198"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104212
Young-Dae Shim , Changhyeon Kim , Jihun Kim , Dae-Hyun Yoon , WooHo Yang , Eun-Ho Lee
This study aims to develop a thermodynamic modeling framework for the electromagnetic-plastic deformation response coupled with circuit analysis. To accomplish this objective, we derived the thermodynamic balance laws for materials exposed to electromagnetic fields while undergoing plastic deformation. The balance laws serve as the foundation for refining the connection between the plastic deformation and electrical conductivity of materials. This study also modeled the relationship between dislocation density and Matthiessen's rule. The constitutive equations were subsequently implemented into a crystal plasticity model, thereby calibrating and validating the model. The derived modeling framework considers the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. The model was then transformed into a circuit model for a monitoring system by formulating equations to analyze the changes in material impedance resulting from the evolution of plastic deformation. This lays the groundwork for creating a monitoring system featuring a real-time prediction algorithm designed to assess material properties during manufacturing processes, thereby enhancing quality control and productivity. This monitoring system is used to monitor all materials in production lines of factories, where full-field measurement methods have limitations. Numerical simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the model and system performance. The results of these validation tests demonstrate that the model not only accurately predicts the relationship between electromagnetic fields and plastic deformation at the material level but also provides practical applicability within the realm of circuit theory, thus making it suitable for real-world system implementation.
{"title":"Integrated modeling framework for the interactions of plastic deformation, magnetic fields, and electrical circuits: Theory and applications to physics-informed real-time material monitoring","authors":"Young-Dae Shim , Changhyeon Kim , Jihun Kim , Dae-Hyun Yoon , WooHo Yang , Eun-Ho Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to develop a thermodynamic modeling framework for the electromagnetic-plastic deformation response coupled with circuit analysis. To accomplish this objective, we derived the thermodynamic balance laws for materials exposed to electromagnetic fields while undergoing plastic deformation. The balance laws serve as the foundation for refining the connection between the plastic deformation and electrical conductivity of materials. This study also modeled the relationship between dislocation density and Matthiessen's rule. The constitutive equations were subsequently implemented into a crystal plasticity model, thereby calibrating and validating the model. The derived modeling framework considers the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. The model was then transformed into a circuit model for a monitoring system by formulating equations to analyze the changes in material impedance resulting from the evolution of plastic deformation. This lays the groundwork for creating a monitoring system featuring a real-time prediction algorithm designed to assess material properties during manufacturing processes, thereby enhancing quality control and productivity. This monitoring system is used to monitor all materials in production lines of factories, where full-field measurement methods have limitations. Numerical simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the model and system performance. The results of these validation tests demonstrate that the model not only accurately predicts the relationship between electromagnetic fields and plastic deformation at the material level but also provides practical applicability within the realm of circuit theory, thus making it suitable for real-world system implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 104212"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104197
Hyunsung Choi , Jeong Whan Yoon
In this paper, a strain rate-dependent distortional hardening model is firstly proposed to describe strain rate-dependent material behaviors under linear and nonlinear strain paths changes in . The proposed model is formulated based on the simplified strain rate-independent distortional hardening model (Choi and Yoon, 2023). Any yield function could be used for the strain rate-dependent isotropic and anisotropic yielding. For the linear strain path, the strain rate-dependent isotropic hardening behavior could be explained by two state variables representing rate-dependent yielding and convergence rate of flow stress under monotonically increasing loading condition, respectively. For the nonlinear strain paths, the strain rate-dependent material behaviors such as Bauschinger effect, yield surface contraction, permanent softening, and nonlinear transient behavior could be described by modifying the evolution equations of the simplified strain rate-independent distortional hardening model with a logarithmic term of strain rate. For the verification purpose, it was used the strain-rate dependent tension-compression experiments of TRIP980 and TWIP980 (Joo et al., 2019). In addition, a high speed U-draw bending test was conducted with original and pre-strained specimens. The springback prediction in high speed U-draw bending test was performed by using strain rate-independent isotropic, strain rate-dependent isotropic-kinematic and distortional hardening models. It is identified that the proposed model showed the most accurate prediction for the pre-strained specimen where the possible bilinear and trilinear path change in is observed while it showed the same accuracy for the original specimen where main strain path change occur in forward-reverse manner ().
本文首先提出了一个应变率相关的变形硬化模型来描述材料在0≤θpathchange≤180°线性和非线性应变路径变化下的应变率相关变形硬化行为。提出的模型是基于简化的应变速率无关的扭曲硬化模型（Choi和Yoon， 2023）。任何屈服函数都可以用于应变率相关的各向同性和各向异性屈服。对于线性应变路径，应变速率相关的各向同性硬化行为可以用单调递增加载条件下流变应力收敛速率和屈服速率相关的两个状态变量来解释。对于非线性应变路径，材料的包辛格效应、屈服面收缩、永久软化和非线性瞬态行为等与应变速率相关的行为可以通过将应变速率无关的简化变形硬化模型的演化方程修改为应变速率的对数项来描述。为了验证目的，采用了TRIP980和TWIP980应变速率相关的拉压实验（Joo et al., 2019）。此外，还对原始和预应变试样进行了高速u形拉伸弯曲试验。采用应变速率无关的各向同性、应变速率相关的各向同性运动模型和变形硬化模型对高速u形弯曲试验的回弹进行了预测。我们发现，所提出的模型对预应变试样在0≤θpathchange≤180°时可能出现的双线性和三线性路径变化的预测最为准确，而对主应变路径以正反方向变化的原始试样（θpathchange=180°）的预测同样准确。
{"title":"A strain rate-dependent distortional hardening model for nonlinear strain paths","authors":"Hyunsung Choi , Jeong Whan Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a strain rate-dependent distortional hardening model is firstly proposed to describe strain rate-dependent material behaviors under linear and nonlinear strain paths changes in <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><msub><mi>θ</mi><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><msup><mrow><mn>180</mn></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>. The proposed model is formulated based on the simplified strain rate-independent distortional hardening model (<span><span>Choi and Yoon, 2023</span></span>). Any yield function could be used for the strain rate-dependent isotropic and anisotropic yielding. For the linear strain path, the strain rate-dependent isotropic hardening behavior could be explained by two state variables representing rate-dependent yielding and convergence rate of flow stress under monotonically increasing loading condition, respectively. For the nonlinear strain paths, the strain rate-dependent material behaviors such as Bauschinger effect, yield surface contraction, permanent softening, and nonlinear transient behavior could be described by modifying the evolution equations of the simplified strain rate-independent distortional hardening model with a logarithmic term of strain rate. For the verification purpose, it was used the strain-rate dependent tension-compression experiments of TRIP980 and TWIP980 (<span><span>Joo et al., 2019</span></span>). In addition, a high speed U-draw bending test was conducted with original and pre-strained specimens. The springback prediction in high speed U-draw bending test was performed by using strain rate-independent isotropic, strain rate-dependent isotropic-kinematic and distortional hardening models. It is identified that the proposed model showed the most accurate prediction for the pre-strained specimen where the possible bilinear and trilinear path change in <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><msub><mi>θ</mi><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><msup><mrow><mn>180</mn></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></math></span> is observed while it showed the same accuracy for the original specimen where main strain path change occur in forward-reverse manner (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mn>180</mn></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 104197"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142758194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104206
Yu Zhang , Danyang Li , Guowei Zhou , Luyang Tao , Zhuangzhuang Liu , Guohua Fan , Hao Wu
{10–12} twinning is an important deformation mechanism for hexagonal metals; however, its characteristically low critical stress and resulting high twin activity often lead to rapid strain localization and premature failure. Therefore, this study aims to strategically delay {10–12} twinning at the initial deformation stage to prevent the strain localization, and concurrently seeks to reactivate {10–12} twinning at the large deformation stage to facilitate continuous hardening. Guided by these dual objectives, we selected rolled titanium as the model material and designed the loading direction to minimize the Schmid factor of {10–12} twinning, and then introduced cryogenic temperatures as low as 77 K to apply GPa-grade stress, thereby enabling continuous strengthening until the reactivation of {10–12} twinning. Under these specified conditions, the rolled titanium exhibited markedly enhanced mechanical properties; the ultimate strength increased from 618 MPa to 1634 MPa, while the true strain was increased by approximately 0.15 when the temperature was reduced from 298 K to 77 K. More importantly, an unusual strain hardening behavior was experimentally observed at a true strain of 0.16, at which {10–12} twins started to behave as the predominant twinning mechanism. Quantitative analysis further indicated that the large majority of the strain hardening capacity was attributed to high-density {10–12} twins. The present study therefore highlighted the pivotal role of {10–12} twins and offers a novel viewpoint for designing and achieving distinctive mechanical properties through the manipulation of deformation twinning.
{"title":"Unusual hardening mediated by {10–12} twins of strongly textured titanium at cryogenic temperature","authors":"Yu Zhang , Danyang Li , Guowei Zhou , Luyang Tao , Zhuangzhuang Liu , Guohua Fan , Hao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>{10–12} twinning is an important deformation mechanism for hexagonal metals; however, its characteristically low critical stress and resulting high twin activity often lead to rapid strain localization and premature failure. Therefore, this study aims to strategically delay {10–12} twinning at the initial deformation stage to prevent the strain localization, and concurrently seeks to reactivate {10–12} twinning at the large deformation stage to facilitate continuous hardening. Guided by these dual objectives, we selected rolled titanium as the model material and designed the loading direction to minimize the Schmid factor of {10–12} twinning, and then introduced cryogenic temperatures as low as 77 K to apply GPa-grade stress, thereby enabling continuous strengthening until the reactivation of {10–12} twinning. Under these specified conditions, the rolled titanium exhibited markedly enhanced mechanical properties; the ultimate strength increased from 618 MPa to 1634 MPa, while the true strain was increased by approximately 0.15 when the temperature was reduced from 298 K to 77 K. More importantly, an unusual strain hardening behavior was experimentally observed at a true strain of 0.16, at which {10–12} twins started to behave as the predominant twinning mechanism. Quantitative analysis further indicated that the large majority of the strain hardening capacity was attributed to high-density {10–12} twins. The present study therefore highlighted the pivotal role of {10–12} twins and offers a novel viewpoint for designing and achieving distinctive mechanical properties through the manipulation of deformation twinning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 104206"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142793230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104186
Hojun Lim , Kaitlynn M. Fitzgerald , Timothy J. Ruggles , William G. Gilliland , Nicole K. Aragon , Jay D. Carroll
Crystal plasticity finite element (CP-FE) models are now extensively employed to investigate grain-scale deformation in crystalline materials. The fidelity of the model is derived from verification against experimental data; however, it is challenging to quantitatively compare regions of interest across different length scales using various experimental techniques. In this work, we compare CP-FE predictions of local and global mechanical responses to “Microstructural Clones” data, comprising multiple experimental datasets from microscopically identical quasi-2D crystal specimens. These multi-crystal specimens exhibit nearly identical grain morphologies, grain orientations, grain boundary characteristics, and similar dislocation arrangements. Such specimens enable multiple in-situ and ex-situ experiments on nominally identical samples, allowing for the control of several variables and the exploration of the impact of a single variable in a more scientifically rigorous manner. We use these clone experiments to compare texture evolution, surface strain fields, and failure behavior with CP-FE predictions. This procedure provides an objective and quantitative methodology to evaluate the agreement between the model and experimental data, and allows for the testing of various model parameters to improve the CP-FE model.
{"title":"Quantitative comparison between experiments and crystal plasticity simulations using microstructural clones","authors":"Hojun Lim , Kaitlynn M. Fitzgerald , Timothy J. Ruggles , William G. Gilliland , Nicole K. Aragon , Jay D. Carroll","doi":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijplas.2024.104186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crystal plasticity finite element (CP-FE) models are now extensively employed to investigate grain-scale deformation in crystalline materials. The fidelity of the model is derived from verification against experimental data; however, it is challenging to quantitatively compare regions of interest across different length scales using various experimental techniques. In this work, we compare CP-FE predictions of local and global mechanical responses to “Microstructural Clones” data, comprising multiple experimental datasets from microscopically identical quasi-2D crystal specimens. These multi-crystal specimens exhibit nearly identical grain morphologies, grain orientations, grain boundary characteristics, and similar dislocation arrangements. Such specimens enable multiple <em>in-situ</em> and <em>ex-situ</em> experiments on nominally identical samples, allowing for the control of several variables and the exploration of the impact of a single variable in a more scientifically rigorous manner. We use these clone experiments to compare texture evolution, surface strain fields, and failure behavior with CP-FE predictions. This procedure provides an objective and quantitative methodology to evaluate the agreement between the model and experimental data, and allows for the testing of various model parameters to improve the CP-FE model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":340,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plasticity","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 104186"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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