Pub Date : 2008-04-28DOI: 10.1080/10507050802096778
L. Cai, Mimi Li, B. Knutson
ABSTRACT This article presents a meta-review of 30 academic articles that have been published about China's outbound tourism market. The articles have been categorized into three research streams: market overview, destination specific from secondary data, and destination specific from primary consumer data. Implications for future research are included.
{"title":"Research on China Outbound Market: A Meta-Review","authors":"L. Cai, Mimi Li, B. Knutson","doi":"10.1080/10507050802096778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050802096778","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents a meta-review of 30 academic articles that have been published about China's outbound tourism market. The articles have been categorized into three research streams: market overview, destination specific from secondary data, and destination specific from primary consumer data. Implications for future research are included.","PeriodicalId":341174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126517531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-28DOI: 10.1080/10507050802097164
B. Pan, Xiang Li, Lixuan Zhang, Wayne W. Smith
ABSTRACT The Internet is one of the major information sources for trip planning. However, sometimes it can be difficult to use, especially for planning a trip to a novel destination with a different culture. Using mixed methods which comprise process tracing, think-aloud protocol, and clickstream analysis, this research explores the usability problems and barriers when American college students are planning trips to China online. The results illustrate that American students had a frustrating planning experience. While some of the problems are technical or functional in nature, more than half of the problems encountered were due to cultural barriers. As the dominant information portal most American students used, Google.com induces bias in travel information space and is not a suitable tool for trip planning to China.
{"title":"An Exploratory Study on the Satisfaction and Barriers of Online Trip Planning to China: American College Students' Experience","authors":"B. Pan, Xiang Li, Lixuan Zhang, Wayne W. Smith","doi":"10.1080/10507050802097164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050802097164","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Internet is one of the major information sources for trip planning. However, sometimes it can be difficult to use, especially for planning a trip to a novel destination with a different culture. Using mixed methods which comprise process tracing, think-aloud protocol, and clickstream analysis, this research explores the usability problems and barriers when American college students are planning trips to China online. The results illustrate that American students had a frustrating planning experience. While some of the problems are technical or functional in nature, more than half of the problems encountered were due to cultural barriers. As the dominant information portal most American students used, Google.com induces bias in travel information space and is not a suitable tool for trip planning to China.","PeriodicalId":341174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing","volume":"106 1-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121015653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-28DOI: 10.1080/10507050802096836
Misty M. Johanson
ABSTRACT It is essential for U.S. travel industry leaders to learn more about the characteristics and needs of the Mainland Chinese visitor as these travelers have high expectations for the quality of the tourist product and services. This empirical study profiles 351 Mainland Chinese tourists traveling to the United States uncovering their travel habits, preferences, satisfaction levels, motivations, and what will retain the traveler for future visits, as well as identifying why the traveler would not return to the destination. Results suggest that industry leaders focus on ways to reduce or eliminate travel barriers as many new competitive travel opportunities become available to the Mainland Chinese traveler. Marketing implications are detailed and analyzed.
{"title":"The Outbound Mainland China Market to the United States: Uncovering Motivations for Future Travel to Hawaii","authors":"Misty M. Johanson","doi":"10.1080/10507050802096836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050802096836","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is essential for U.S. travel industry leaders to learn more about the characteristics and needs of the Mainland Chinese visitor as these travelers have high expectations for the quality of the tourist product and services. This empirical study profiles 351 Mainland Chinese tourists traveling to the United States uncovering their travel habits, preferences, satisfaction levels, motivations, and what will retain the traveler for future visits, as well as identifying why the traveler would not return to the destination. Results suggest that industry leaders focus on ways to reduce or eliminate travel barriers as many new competitive travel opportunities become available to the Mainland Chinese traveler. Marketing implications are detailed and analyzed.","PeriodicalId":341174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122050471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-28DOI: 10.1080/10507050802096737
B. Knutson, L. Cai, Mimi Li
What was planned as a special thematic issue on Asia’s hospitality and tourism marketing has resulted in a fine collection of nine articles on the Chinese consumers. The wisdom of contributors and reviewers alike is strong recognition that, while an emerging market only a few years ago, Chinese tourism–its outbound market in particular–is becoming a major driving force of change in the global marketplace. Today’s outbound annual demand from China is more than 30 million person trips, as compared to less than six million only 10 years ago. Today’s outbound departures are 80 percent financed by personal funds, while 10 years ago it was less than 50 percent. The global tourism marketplace will continue to witness growing consumer demand brought about by an evolving economic and social structure. However, the world has yet to be prepared for it. Ideological, psychological, social, and cultural barriers remain on the part of hosting communities to accept and embrace the Chinese tourists, albeit their governments and businesses are eager to roll out welcoming mats. Yet, how much do international tourism organizations know about their Chinese guests and consumers? Even if they think they do, the source of their information can be ideologically biased and historically dated. Outside China, informed literature about the Chinese consumers, scholarly and
{"title":"EDITORIAL AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS","authors":"B. Knutson, L. Cai, Mimi Li","doi":"10.1080/10507050802096737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050802096737","url":null,"abstract":"What was planned as a special thematic issue on Asia’s hospitality and tourism marketing has resulted in a fine collection of nine articles on the Chinese consumers. The wisdom of contributors and reviewers alike is strong recognition that, while an emerging market only a few years ago, Chinese tourism–its outbound market in particular–is becoming a major driving force of change in the global marketplace. Today’s outbound annual demand from China is more than 30 million person trips, as compared to less than six million only 10 years ago. Today’s outbound departures are 80 percent financed by personal funds, while 10 years ago it was less than 50 percent. The global tourism marketplace will continue to witness growing consumer demand brought about by an evolving economic and social structure. However, the world has yet to be prepared for it. Ideological, psychological, social, and cultural barriers remain on the part of hosting communities to accept and embrace the Chinese tourists, albeit their governments and businesses are eager to roll out welcoming mats. Yet, how much do international tourism organizations know about their Chinese guests and consumers? Even if they think they do, the source of their information can be ideologically biased and historically dated. Outside China, informed literature about the Chinese consumers, scholarly and","PeriodicalId":341174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128568915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-28DOI: 10.1080/10507050802096885
Ivy. Chow, P. Murphy
ABSTRACT A major new market in international tourism is the rapidly expanding Chinese tour group segment. To better serve this market more analysis of its particular cultural traits and preferences will be needed. This study examines the travel activity preferences of Chinese outbound tourists for overseas destinations, using Australia as an example. The results showed while this sample's travel activity preferences generally support industry and expert opinions, some differences in travel activity preferences were found, and it was noted that the Chinese market should not be treated as a single homogeneous entity.
{"title":"Travel Activity Preferences of Chinese Outbound Tourists for Overseas Destinations","authors":"Ivy. Chow, P. Murphy","doi":"10.1080/10507050802096885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050802096885","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A major new market in international tourism is the rapidly expanding Chinese tour group segment. To better serve this market more analysis of its particular cultural traits and preferences will be needed. This study examines the travel activity preferences of Chinese outbound tourists for overseas destinations, using Australia as an example. The results showed while this sample's travel activity preferences generally support industry and expert opinions, some differences in travel activity preferences were found, and it was noted that the Chinese market should not be treated as a single homogeneous entity.","PeriodicalId":341174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing","volume":"15 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126190551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-28DOI: 10.1080/10507050802096984
Anna Kwek, Young-sook Lee
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the notion of “intra-cultural variance” among Chinese tourists/leisure markets. The concept of “intra-cultural variance” in tourism and leisure studies has been under-researched to date, often being located under the umbrella of “cross-cultural” research (Kim & Prideaux, 2005; Tai & Tam, 1996; Tse, Belk & Zhou, 1989). In order to demonstrate the relevance and significance of the “intra-cultural variance” concept in tourism/leisure marketing, particularly within the growing Chinese markets, this paper studied two Chinese markets: namely Mainland Chinese and Singaporean Chinese in Queensland, Australia. This study employed a qualitative approach, utilising tourists/leisure marketing materials in the respective markets. Based upon content and semiotics analyses of 323 marketing materials for Mainland Chinese market and 329 for the Singaporean Chinese market, this paper identifies current marketing themes in each group. It further elaborates comparative elements in the two markets, providing recommendations to the industry marketers. It is finally argued that the concept of “intra-cultural variance” in the Chinese markets has significant marketing implications and continuing research on the notion is essential.
{"title":"Intra-Cultural Variance of Chinese Tourists in Destination Image Project: Case of Queensland, Australia","authors":"Anna Kwek, Young-sook Lee","doi":"10.1080/10507050802096984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050802096984","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper investigates the notion of “intra-cultural variance” among Chinese tourists/leisure markets. The concept of “intra-cultural variance” in tourism and leisure studies has been under-researched to date, often being located under the umbrella of “cross-cultural” research (Kim & Prideaux, 2005; Tai & Tam, 1996; Tse, Belk & Zhou, 1989). In order to demonstrate the relevance and significance of the “intra-cultural variance” concept in tourism/leisure marketing, particularly within the growing Chinese markets, this paper studied two Chinese markets: namely Mainland Chinese and Singaporean Chinese in Queensland, Australia. This study employed a qualitative approach, utilising tourists/leisure marketing materials in the respective markets. Based upon content and semiotics analyses of 323 marketing materials for Mainland Chinese market and 329 for the Singaporean Chinese market, this paper identifies current marketing themes in each group. It further elaborates comparative elements in the two markets, providing recommendations to the industry marketers. It is finally argued that the concept of “intra-cultural variance” in the Chinese markets has significant marketing implications and continuing research on the notion is essential.","PeriodicalId":341174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128459335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-28DOI: 10.1080/10507050802097024
Dae-Young Kim, Sangwon Park
ABSTRACT The study aims at demonstrating cultural differences between Americans and Chinese in terms of customer's perceptions and satisfaction of crowded environments within the context of restaurant settings. It has been noted that culture has a substantial impact on customer affection and judgment, and crowding in service environments is a critical antecedent of customer satisfaction. Considering these main themes, this study examined how cultural differences play a role in predicting customer satisfaction within the crowded restaurant setting. With the use of customers from the two different cultures in an experimental study, participants' responses to similarly crowded environments in a restaurant were compared. It is revealed that customer perceptions of crowdedness negatively influence their satisfaction, but the relationships vary depending on customer's cultural background. Cultural differences also appear to be substantial in predicting customer satisfaction.
{"title":"Customers' Responses to Crowded Restaurant Environments: Cross-Cultural Differences Between American and Chinese","authors":"Dae-Young Kim, Sangwon Park","doi":"10.1080/10507050802097024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050802097024","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study aims at demonstrating cultural differences between Americans and Chinese in terms of customer's perceptions and satisfaction of crowded environments within the context of restaurant settings. It has been noted that culture has a substantial impact on customer affection and judgment, and crowding in service environments is a critical antecedent of customer satisfaction. Considering these main themes, this study examined how cultural differences play a role in predicting customer satisfaction within the crowded restaurant setting. With the use of customers from the two different cultures in an experimental study, participants' responses to similarly crowded environments in a restaurant were compared. It is revealed that customer perceptions of crowdedness negatively influence their satisfaction, but the relationships vary depending on customer's cultural background. Cultural differences also appear to be substantial in predicting customer satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":341174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125820412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-28DOI: 10.1080/10507050802097057
Clyde A. Warden, Stephen Chi-Tsun Huang, Judy F. Chen
ABSTRACT This research explores service failure-recovery strategies within the Chinese context in order to create a consumer-centered typology of failure types and expected roles of restaurant service providers in recovery attempts. Findings indicate that consumers classify recovery strategies into three categories of human intervention, monetary incentives, and no response. Any recovery attempt is far more beneficial than none. Human intervention is expected from the service provider when the failure is part of the core service product while monetary incentives are expected when the failure is peripheral to the core product. Although this finding confirms previous research from the West, culture is found to influence what the definitions of peripheral and core products are, with the Chinese cultural emphasis on collectivism influencing both failure seriousness ratings and expectations for recovery strategies. The importance of culture within the restaurant context is discussed. Implications for restaurant service providers are included.
{"title":"Restaurant Service Failure Recoveries: Role Expectations in a Chinese Cultural Setting","authors":"Clyde A. Warden, Stephen Chi-Tsun Huang, Judy F. Chen","doi":"10.1080/10507050802097057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050802097057","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research explores service failure-recovery strategies within the Chinese context in order to create a consumer-centered typology of failure types and expected roles of restaurant service providers in recovery attempts. Findings indicate that consumers classify recovery strategies into three categories of human intervention, monetary incentives, and no response. Any recovery attempt is far more beneficial than none. Human intervention is expected from the service provider when the failure is part of the core service product while monetary incentives are expected when the failure is peripheral to the core product. Although this finding confirms previous research from the West, culture is found to influence what the definitions of peripheral and core products are, with the Chinese cultural emphasis on collectivism influencing both failure seriousness ratings and expectations for recovery strategies. The importance of culture within the restaurant context is discussed. Implications for restaurant service providers are included.","PeriodicalId":341174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130782806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-28DOI: 10.1080/10507050802096935
Soojin Choi, Xinran Y. Lehto, A. Morrison
ABSTRACT This study examined Chinese tourists' information behaviors from multi-dimensional perspectives. The goal was to uncover outbound Chinese tourist information acquisition patterns and characteristics and thus provide meaningful implications for communication strategies for this emerging outbound market. Data were gathered in Macau through onsite personal interviews of Chinese visitors. By adopting a multidimensional approach, this research incorporated measures that take into consideration of where and when individuals access information during their vacation planning and how extensively they use each information source. The results indicated first-time Chinese tourists to Macau resorted to multiple information sources at various decision stages and that they can be classified into four segments by their information acquisition patterns: (1) minimal information seekers, (2) active seekers, (3) package travelers, and (4) independent travelers.
{"title":"Segmenting Chinese Visitors to Macau by Information Source Variables","authors":"Soojin Choi, Xinran Y. Lehto, A. Morrison","doi":"10.1080/10507050802096935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050802096935","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examined Chinese tourists' information behaviors from multi-dimensional perspectives. The goal was to uncover outbound Chinese tourist information acquisition patterns and characteristics and thus provide meaningful implications for communication strategies for this emerging outbound market. Data were gathered in Macau through onsite personal interviews of Chinese visitors. By adopting a multidimensional approach, this research incorporated measures that take into consideration of where and when individuals access information during their vacation planning and how extensively they use each information source. The results indicated first-time Chinese tourists to Macau resorted to multiple information sources at various decision stages and that they can be classified into four segments by their information acquisition patterns: (1) minimal information seekers, (2) active seekers, (3) package travelers, and (4) independent travelers.","PeriodicalId":341174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing","volume":"271 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123475639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-28DOI: 10.1080/10507050802096794
A. Mohsin
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to explore the attitude of the Mainland Chinese holidaymakers, their interest in the tourism and hospitality features of New Zealand, and the impact of socio-demographic variables on their travel motivation. The findings should assist the marketing strategies to promote tourism and hospitality product of New Zealand to the Mainland China. A survey questionnaire using Leisure Motivation Scale was designed originally in English, and then it was translated into Chinese Language (Mandarin) before being administered. The study was undertaken in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou–the top three Mainland Chinese cities with highest trend to travel abroad. The analysis involved descriptive statistics; independent sample t-test and ANOVA. The influence of five different demographic variables such as gender, educational level, income level, marital status and age are considered. Overall the study shows the significant features of the attitude of Chinese travellers and how demographic variables influence their attitude. The study explores sparsely researched specificities of influence of socio-demographic variables of Chinese holidaymakers in relation to tourism activities and features of New Zealand.
{"title":"Analysis of Chinese Travellers' Attitudes Toward Holidaying in New Zealand: The Impact of Socio-Demographic Variables","authors":"A. Mohsin","doi":"10.1080/10507050802096794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10507050802096794","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to explore the attitude of the Mainland Chinese holidaymakers, their interest in the tourism and hospitality features of New Zealand, and the impact of socio-demographic variables on their travel motivation. The findings should assist the marketing strategies to promote tourism and hospitality product of New Zealand to the Mainland China. A survey questionnaire using Leisure Motivation Scale was designed originally in English, and then it was translated into Chinese Language (Mandarin) before being administered. The study was undertaken in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou–the top three Mainland Chinese cities with highest trend to travel abroad. The analysis involved descriptive statistics; independent sample t-test and ANOVA. The influence of five different demographic variables such as gender, educational level, income level, marital status and age are considered. Overall the study shows the significant features of the attitude of Chinese travellers and how demographic variables influence their attitude. The study explores sparsely researched specificities of influence of socio-demographic variables of Chinese holidaymakers in relation to tourism activities and features of New Zealand.","PeriodicalId":341174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing","volume":"190 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122473059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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