Open Ceramics最新文献_第2页

Tailoring Ce distribution via precursor engineering in spray pyrolyzed Ce-doped bioactive glass: Insights into bioactivity, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial characteristics in vitro 通过前体工程在喷雾热解Ce掺杂生物活性玻璃中调整Ce分布：对生物活性、细胞毒性和体外抗菌特性的见解

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100903

Sudharshan PG, Yu-Hsiang Chen, Yu-Jen Chou

Bioactive glass (BG) has gained attention for its biocompatible, non-toxic nature in addressing bone defects. One of the limitations is the absence of antibacterial characteristics, which could be addressed through the incorporation of Ce, as it is known to exhibit antibacterial properties. In this study, BG specimens doped with 10 mol% of Ce with three Ce precursors were synthesized via the spray pyrolysis to control the distribution of Ce. Employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the specimens were analyzed on their phase characteristics, particle morphology, inner structure, and elemental distribution. The results demonstrated that both undoped and Ce-doped possess a smooth spherical morphology. Meanwhile, the cross-sectional samples revealed CeN-treated and CeAN-treated specimens led to homogeneous Ce distributions, whereas CeA-treated BG resulted in pronounced Ce segregation on the surface. These differences are attributed to precursor-specific dissolution and migration behavior during synthesis. These distinct Ce distributions influenced their bioactivity, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial characteristics, with CeA-treated specimens demonstrating the highest antibacterial efficiency (94.5 ± 1.32%) against Escherichia coli, and the highest cell viability (105.31 ± 2.78) as compared to the CeN and CeAN-treated specimens.

生物活性玻璃（BG）因其具有生物相容性和无毒性而受到关注。其中一个限制是缺乏抗菌特性，这可以通过掺入Ce来解决，因为已知Ce具有抗菌特性。为了控制Ce的分布，本研究采用喷雾热解法制备了掺量为10 mol% Ce的BG样品和三种Ce前驱体。采用x射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对样品的物相特征、颗粒形貌、内部结构和元素分布进行了分析。结果表明，未掺杂和掺铈均具有光滑的球形形貌。同时，横断面样品显示，cen处理和cean处理的样品表面Ce分布均匀，而cea处理的BG表面Ce偏析明显。这些差异归因于合成过程中前体特异性溶解和迁移行为。这些不同的Ce分布影响了它们的生物活性、细胞毒性和抗菌特性，与CeN和cean处理的样品相比，cea处理的样品对大肠杆菌的抗菌效率最高（94.5±1.32%），细胞活力最高（105.31±2.78）。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of the rheological behavior of polycaprolactone-borosilicate hybrid compositions on the electrospinning fibers' performance 聚己内酯-硼硅酸盐杂化组合物流变行为对静电纺丝纤维性能的影响

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100904

Soraia A.R. Coelho , Rodrigo Moreno , Maria Helena Vaz Fernandes , José Carlos Almeida

The successful electrospinning of hybrid sol-gel organic-inorganic fibers is challenging, as it relies on the viscosity and temporal stability of the precursor solution. In sol-gel, ongoing hydrolysis-condensation reactions continuously modify rheology, thereby influencing fiber diameter and morphology. To address this, two distinct sol-gel protocols (P1 and P2) were developed by varying water, acid, solvent, and concentration levels to tune crosslinking kinetics. The protocols exhibited different stability profiles and processing windows, resulting in class I hybrids with tailored morphologies. P1 provided a longer 6-hour processing window, yielding porous membranes with larger fibers (∼500 nm), while P2 produced denser membranes with smaller fibers (∼100 nm) within a 2-hour window. These findings demonstrate that adjusting sol-gel chemistry offers a powerful approach to control crosslinking degree and membrane morphology within the same hybrid system. This tunability expands the potential of these membranes for diverse tissue engineering applications, including scaffolds designed to match the distinct structural requirements.

成功的静电纺丝混合溶胶-凝胶有机-无机纤维具有挑战性，因为它依赖于前驱体溶液的粘度和时间稳定性。在溶胶-凝胶中，持续进行的水解-缩合反应不断地改变流变性，从而影响纤维的直径和形态。为了解决这个问题，通过改变水、酸、溶剂和浓度水平来调整交联动力学，开发了两种不同的溶胶-凝胶方案（P1和P2）。这些方案具有不同的稳定性概况和处理窗口，从而产生具有定制形态的I类杂交种。P1提供了更长的6小时加工窗口，产生了具有较大纤维（~ 500 nm）的多孔膜，而P2在2小时窗口内产生了具有较小纤维（~ 100 nm）的致密膜。这些发现表明，调节溶胶-凝胶化学为控制同一杂化体系内的交联度和膜形态提供了一种强有力的方法。这种可调节性扩大了这些膜在各种组织工程应用中的潜力，包括为满足不同结构要求而设计的支架。

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引用次数: 0

Utilization of recycled fired clay brick as a supplement in an acidic environment to create geopolymer materials based on volcanic ash 利用回收的烧制粘土砖作为补充，在酸性环境中创造基于火山灰的地聚合物材料

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100902

Gabriel A. Tchamabo , Hamed I. Riyap , Aimard M.N. Moudio , Charles Banenzoué , Daniel. J.D. Dina

This work aimed to assess how recycled fired clay brick affects the physical, microstructural and compressive strengths of volcanic ash based geopolymer materials made in an acidic environment. The volcanic ash was substituted with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt. % of recycled fired clay brick powder. A phosphoric acid solution with a molarity of 10 M is utilised as hardener. When the amount of recycled fired clay brick is increased from 0 to 40 wt. %, the compressive strengths of the geopolymer materials rise from 23.19 to 62.22 MPa, water absorption and porosity decrease from 7.73 to 5.96 % and from 13.66 to 11.61 %, respectively. The compact and dense microstructures can be observed on the micrographies of the acid-based geopolymer materials. It can be concluded that incorporation of recycled bricks into volcanic ash improves cohesion between the two aluminosilicate sources in the presence of phosphoric acid, resulting in higher compressive strength of acid-based geopolymers.

这项工作旨在评估再生烧制粘土砖如何影响酸性环境下火山灰基地聚合物材料的物理、微观结构和抗压强度。用0、10、20、30和40 wt %的再生烧制粘土砖粉代替火山灰。使用摩尔浓度为10 M的磷酸溶液作为硬化剂。当再生烧制粘土砖的掺量从0 wt. %增加到40 wt. %时，地聚合物材料的抗压强度从23.19 MPa增加到62.22 MPa，吸水率和孔隙率分别从7.73%和13.66%降低到5.96%和11.61%。在酸基地聚合物材料的显微照片上可以观察到致密的微观结构。由此可以得出结论，在磷酸存在的情况下，将再生砖掺入火山灰中可以改善两种铝硅酸盐源之间的粘聚性，从而提高酸基地聚合物的抗压强度。

引用次数: 0

Synthesis of different morphologies of ZnO using different types of organic modifiers for the enhancement of catalytic activity 采用不同类型的有机改性剂合成不同形貌的ZnO以增强催化活性

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100901

Md. Atikur Rahman , Tasnimul Quader Tazim , Samiur Rahman , Md. Tanvir Hossain , Muhammad Shahriar Bashar , Dipa Islam , Samina Ahmed , Md. Sahadat Hossain

This study investigates the effect of different organic modifiers, such as urea, ethylene glycol, a urea–ethylene glycol mixture, citric acid, and ammonium hydroxide, on the morphology and characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via the hydrothermal method. Structural and optical characterizations were conducted utilizing XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and UV–Vis spectroscopy, demonstrating that the incorporation of these modifiers not only regulated particle size and morphology but also modified crystallinity and associated crystallographic attributes. Different morphologies such as, nanosheets (thickness ∼110 nm) with urea, spherical nanoparticles (∼90 nm) with ethylene glycol, nanosheets with surface imperfections (∼41 nm) with urea-ethylene glycol mixture, flower-like structures with citric acid, and nanorods (∼640 nm) with ammonium hydroxide, were produced. The crystallite sizes determined using the Scherrer equation range between 21.38 nm to 47.17 nm. The photocatalytic activity of the modified ZnO nanoparticles, evaluated from their degradation percentages, ranged from a minimum of 58.92% to a maximum of 94.80%. The findings emphasize the importance of organic modifiers in modifying the morphology, crystallinity, and photocatalytic effectiveness of ZnO nanoparticles, providing useful insights for creating new photocatalysts with excellent performance.

本研究考察了尿素、乙二醇、尿素-乙二醇混合物、柠檬酸和氢氧化铵等不同有机改性剂对水热法制备ZnO纳米粒子形貌和性能的影响。利用XRD， FTIR， FESEM和UV-Vis光谱进行了结构和光学表征，表明这些改性剂的加入不仅可以调节颗粒大小和形貌，还可以改变结晶度和相关的晶体学属性。不同的形貌，如尿素纳米片（厚度~ 110 nm），乙二醇球形纳米颗粒（~ 90 nm），尿素-乙二醇混合物的表面缺陷纳米片（~ 41 nm），柠檬酸的花状结构和氢氧化铵的纳米棒（~ 640 nm），生产出来。利用Scherrer方程确定的晶体尺寸范围在21.38 ~ 47.17 nm之间。改性ZnO纳米粒子的光催化活性从最小的58.92%到最大的94.80%不等。该研究结果强调了有机改性剂在改变ZnO纳米颗粒的形貌、结晶度和光催化效能方面的重要性，为开发具有优异性能的新型光催化剂提供了有用的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Strategies for optimized microstructure evolution during sintering 烧结过程微观结构演化优化策略

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100900

Friedrich Raether, Gerhard Seifert

A novel integrated microstructure model on sintering (IMS) was recently introduced. It deals with solid state sintering processes and includes grain boundary and surface diffusion as well as grain growth. To obtain a realistic simulation, the model combines four established approaches: 1. analytical sintering equations, 2. an ideal sintering model for interface energy minimization, 3. a Monte Carlo model for atomic diffusion processes and 4. a model for particle rearrangement. Compared to a previous version the IMS algorithm has been significantly improved and extended. Among other things, grain growth can now be simulated under realistic conditions and particle rotations are considered. The model is presented in detail. Simulation results allow conclusions on practical strategies to improve homogeneity and reduce grain growth during sintering.

介绍了一种新的烧结综合微观结构模型（IMS）。它处理固态烧结过程，包括晶界和表面扩散以及晶粒生长。为了获得真实的仿真，该模型结合了四种已建立的方法：1。解析烧结方程，2。界面能量最小化的理想烧结模型；3 .原子扩散过程的蒙特卡罗模型；粒子重排模型。与以前的版本相比，IMS算法得到了显著的改进和扩展。除其他外，现在可以在现实条件下模拟晶粒生长，并考虑颗粒旋转。详细介绍了该模型。模拟结果得出了改善烧结均匀性和减少晶粒生长的实用策略。

引用次数: 0

UV-assisted drop casting of photocurable ceramic suspensions: The role of venting and organic additives in dense zirconia beads manufacturing 光固化陶瓷悬浮液的紫外辅助滴铸：排气和有机添加剂在致密氧化锆珠制造中的作用

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100899

Blanka Seredynska, Karolina Korycka, Radoslaw Zurowski, Pawel Falkowski

UV-assisted drop casting is an effective technique for shaping ceramic beads; however, venting ceramic suspensions remains a critical factor in achieving well-densified structures. This study investigates optimal venting strategies for manufacturing zirconia beads. Four systems were evaluated, differing in the presence of an anti-foaming agent and additional vacuum venting. The viscosity of the suspensions was studied, and then ceramic beads were obtained by the UV-assisted drop casting method. The sintered beads were then analyzed for their sphericity, size distribution, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness and cross-sectional porosity. In addition, the microstructure of the series that was found to be the best was analyzed in detail. As a result of the study, a mixing and venting procedure was selected that minimizes defects and produces zirconia beads with good mechanical properties and uniform morphology.

紫外辅助滴铸是一种有效的陶瓷珠形成型技术；然而，排气陶瓷悬浮液仍然是实现良好致密结构的关键因素。本研究探讨了制造氧化锆珠的最佳排气策略。四种系统进行了评估，不同的是，存在消泡剂和额外的真空排气。对悬浮液的粘度进行了研究，然后采用紫外辅助滴铸法制备了陶瓷微珠。然后对烧结球的球度、尺寸分布、维氏硬度、断裂韧性和截面孔隙率进行了分析。此外，还对优选的系列进行了详细的微观组织分析。作为研究的结果，选择了混合和排气工艺，以最大限度地减少缺陷，并生产出具有良好力学性能和均匀形貌的氧化锆珠。

引用次数: 0

A bone-like structure of alginate-hydroxyapatite 3D printed by laser-induced forward transfer 用激光诱导正向转移3D打印海藻酸羟基磷灰石的骨状结构

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100898

M. Canillas , J. Navarro , A. Saiz , M.A. Rodríguez , M. Morales , S. Lauzurica , C. Molpeceres

Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) is a widely used laser-based technique intended to print materials without modifying their properties. One of the main advantages of this transfer technique is that, properly setting the laser parameters and the structure of the donor substrate, materials with different rheology and even physical state can be printed, ranging from low viscosity newtonian fluids to solid state materials. On the other hand, Blister-Assisted Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (BA-LIFT) is a variant of the standard LIFT, wherein a polyimide layer is interposed between the donor substrate and the material to be printed. This configuration eliminates direct laser-material interaction, thereby mitigating photothermal degradation and, in particular in the case of bioinks containing living cells, preserving cell viability. In addition, as nozzle free technologies both avoid clogging problems when ceramic particles are added in the formulation. In this study, we optimized key parameters for the fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds composed of alginate and tri-calcium phosphate (ALG–TCP) composites using BA-LIFT. The aim was to engineer bone-mimetic constructs capable of acting as extracellular matrices that support cell adhesion and proliferation. The formulation and curing process were tailored and studied to enhance crosslinking efficiency, improving overall biocompatibility while preserving the mechanical stability in the final structure, and minimizing aggressive conditions during the curing process, allowing good cell viability in case of use the formulation to design an ink within embedded living cells. This study demonstrates that a 0.1 M CaCl₂ solution is sufficient to induced effective gelation. Furthermore, the inclusion of TCP particles (20% wt) enhanced the gelation efficiency (75–95%) via surface-mediated release of Ca²⁺ ions.

激光诱导正向转移（LIFT）是一种广泛使用的基于激光的技术，旨在打印材料而不改变其特性。这种转移技术的主要优点之一是，适当设置激光参数和供体衬底的结构，可以打印从低粘度牛顿流体到固体材料等具有不同流变甚至物理状态的材料。另一方面，泡罩辅助激光诱导正向转移（BA-LIFT）是标准LIFT的一种变体，其中聚酰亚胺层被插入到供体衬底和待打印材料之间。这种结构消除了激光与材料的直接相互作用，从而减轻了光热降解，特别是在含有活细胞的生物墨水的情况下，保持了细胞的活力。此外，由于无喷嘴技术都避免堵塞问题时，陶瓷颗粒添加到配方。在本研究中，我们优化了BA-LIFT法制备海藻酸盐与磷酸三钙（ALG-TCP）复合材料三维支架的关键参数。目的是设计能够作为细胞外基质支持细胞粘附和增殖的骨模拟结构。对配方和固化工艺进行了量身定制和研究，以提高交联效率，提高整体生物相容性，同时保持最终结构的机械稳定性，并最大限度地减少固化过程中的侵蚀条件，从而在使用配方设计嵌入活细胞内的墨水时具有良好的细胞活力。本研究表明，0.1 M的氯化钙溶液足以诱导有效凝胶化。此外，TCP颗粒（20% wt）通过表面介导的Ca2+离子释放提高了凝胶效率（75-95%）。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of granite wastes addition on porcelain rheological and technological properties for design jewellery and accessories production by direct ink writing 花岗石废料添加对直接墨写工艺生产设计首饰及配件用瓷器流变性及工艺性能的影响

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100897

Matteo Mor, Alex Sangiorgi, Sonia Conte, Guia Guarini, Chiara Zanelli, Chiara Molinari

Additive manufacturing technologies have reshaped the fashion factory, giving to designer infinite creative possibility. Unlike traditional manufacturing methods, only the material necessary to build-up the object is employed, reducing waste production and improving sustainability. Direct Ink Writing (DIW) is the primary technique used for jewellery and accessories production, enabling the production of high-resolution ceramic products allowing to ink customization. Furthermore, wastes valorisation has become a cross-sector hot topic, to reduce raw materials costs and landfill volumes. The ceramic factory has been at the forefront for years of both resource efficiency and the circular economy. The possibility of ennobling waste in high artistic value creations is certainly a challenge of the contemporary world. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility to produce waste based ceramic objects starting from eco-friendly inks formulation. For this purpose, two mining scraps were selected. The results obtained show an effective possibility of using waste materials. Starting from a commercial porcelain mixture, different amounts of granite waste were added (from 5 to 30 % w/w). Additionally, water and glycerol were used to optimize the formulations, and the achieved inks were rheologically characterized. Samples were shaped by DIW technology, dried and fired at 1220 °C. The obtained materials and samples were characterized by hot stage microscopy, SEM microscopy, colorimetry, XRD analysis and flexural strength to evaluate the influence of the different components on the final properties. The obtained results show an effective possibility of using waste materials for DIW inks formulation and printing.

增材制造技术重塑了时尚工厂，赋予设计师无限的创作可能性。与传统的制造方法不同，它只使用建造物体所需的材料，减少了废物的产生，提高了可持续性。直接墨水书写（DIW）是用于珠宝和配饰生产的主要技术，可以生产高分辨率的陶瓷产品，允许墨水定制。此外，废物增值已成为一个跨部门的热门话题，以减少原材料成本和填埋量。多年来，陶瓷厂一直走在资源效率和循环经济的前沿。在高艺术价值的创作中使浪费变得高贵的可能性当然是当代世界的一个挑战。本研究的目的是探讨从环保油墨配方开始生产基于废物的陶瓷物体的可能性。为此，选择了两种采矿废料。所得结果表明，利用废弃物是可行的。从商业瓷器混合物开始，加入不同数量的花岗岩废料（从5%到30% w/w）。此外，用水和甘油对配方进行优化，并对得到的油墨进行了流变学表征。样品通过DIW技术成型，干燥并在1220°C下烧制。采用热段显微镜、SEM显微镜、比色法、XRD分析和抗弯强度等方法对所得材料和样品进行表征，评价不同组分对最终性能的影响。研究结果表明，利用废旧材料制备DIW油墨和印刷是可行的。

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引用次数: 0

Simultaneous effect of cassava peels content and temperature of low cost ceramics membranes 木薯皮含量和温度对低成本陶瓷膜的同时影响

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100896

Ibrahim Cherif Mountapbeme , Amadou Pountouenchi , Emma Augustine Julienne Ndzana , Mouhamed Mouafon , Yacouba Mfomboum Kouotou , Saliou Njuhou , Jacques Richard Mache , Gisèle Laure Lecomte-Nana , Dayirou Njoya

In order to evaluate the joint influence of cassava peel waste and temperature on the properties of a ceramic membrane, two kaolinitic clays named EB and KG from Ebebda and Koutaba respectively, were mixed with cassava peel (CP) collected in the Bangourain locality. The raw materials were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, differential thermal and gravimetric analyses, particle size analysis and specific surfaces area. The substrates were sintered at 900 and 1100 °C and characterized by XRD, SEM, firing shrinkage, mass loss, water absorption, porosity, bulk density and flexural strength. The addition of cassava peel between 4 and 14 % contributes to an increase in shrinkage, mass loss, water absorption and porosity at all firing temperatures. This increase reduces flexural strength and bulk density. At 900 °C, the membranes contain quartz, hematite and anatase as crystalline phases, while at 1100 °C, mullite, quartz, hematite and rutile are observed. Cassava peel has no influence on the formation of these crystalline phases, while temperature plays a key role in their formation and crystallinity. The addition of CP powder has a significant influence on membrane microstructure.

为了研究木薯皮废弃物和温度对陶瓷膜性能的共同影响，将分别来自Ebebda和Koutaba的两种高岭石粘土EB和KG与Bangourain地区收集的木薯皮（CP）混合。采用x射线荧光光谱、差热分析和重量分析、粒度分析和比表面积分析对原料进行了表征。采用XRD、SEM、烧成收缩率、质量损失率、吸水率、孔隙率、容重、抗弯强度等指标对基体进行了表征。在所有烧制温度下，木薯皮添加量在4%到14%之间有助于增加收缩率、质量损失、吸水率和孔隙率。这种增加降低了弯曲强度和体积密度。在900℃时，膜的晶相为石英、赤铁矿和锐钛矿，而在1100℃时，膜的晶相为莫来石、石英、赤铁矿和金红石。木薯皮对这些结晶相的形成没有影响，而温度对它们的形成和结晶度起着关键作用。CP粉的加入对膜的微观结构有显著的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Microstructural and sorption properties evolution on leached geopolymers for strontium decontamination 浸出地聚合物对锶净化的微观结构和吸附特性演变

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics

Pub Date : 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100895

Alexis Varon , Alban Gossard , Yves Barré , Yannick Coppel , Arnaud Poulesquen

Geopolymers are promising materials to be used as strontium adsorbent in fixed-bed processes for nuclear wastewater decontamination. Nevertheless, geopolymer formulation parameters – SiO₂/M

_{2}

O, H

_{2}

O/M

_{2}

O molar ratios – influence microstructure and strontium sorption property evolution under water leaching. Increasing the SiO₂/M

_{2}

O ratio increases the geopolymer’s compressive strength (16 MPa to 35 MPa) and reduces silicon leaching in water (1.31 mmol.g⁻¹ to 0.26 mmol.g⁻¹). This resistance to leaching results from a silicon-richer structure, reinforcing hydrolysis resistance. An increase in H

_{2}

O/M

_{2}

O ratio reduces the material’s strength (59 MPa to 28 MPa), and increases leaching due to greater porosity. Then, water leaching lowers sorption properties of the geopolymers by releasing Al

^{I V}

, which are exchange sites for cations. Nonetheless, the composition with the lowest Al

^{I V}

concentration achieved the highest distribution coefficient (K

_{D}

) and fastest kinetics. This highlights the critical role of the silicon environment for optimal cation trapping, outmatch the total concentration of Al

^{I V}

sites.

地聚合物是一种很有前途的锶吸附剂，可用于核废水的固定床净化。然而，地聚合物配方参数- SiO2/M2O， H2O/M2O摩尔比-影响水浸下的微观结构和锶吸附性能演变。提高SiO2/M2O比可提高地聚合物的抗压强度（16 MPa ~ 35 MPa），降低硅在水中的浸出（1.31 mmol）。G−1 ~ 0.26 mmol.g−1)。这种抗浸出性来自于富含硅的结构，增强了抗水解性。H2O/M2O比的增加降低了材料的强度（59 MPa至28 MPa），并且由于孔隙率的增加而增加了浸出。然后，水浸通过释放AlIV降低地聚合物的吸附性能，AlIV是阳离子的交换位点。然而，最低AlIV浓度的组合物具有最高的分配系数（KD）和最快的动力学。这突出了硅环境对最佳阳离子捕获的关键作用，超过了AlIV位点的总浓度。

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引用次数: 0