Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422730
J. Barreras, E. Schaltz, S. J. Andreasen, Tomasz Minko
Researchers and developers use battery models in order to predict the performance of batteries depending on external and internal conditions, such as temperature, C-rate, Depth-of-Discharge (DoD) or State-of-Health (SoH). Most battery models proposed in the literature require specific laboratory test for parameterization, therefore a great majority do not represent an appropriate and feasible solution. In this paper three easy-to-follow equivalent circuit modeling methods based only on information contained in a commercial Li-Ion cell manufacturer's datasheet are presented and validated at steady state, comparing simulation results and manufacturer's curves. Laboratory results are included in order to demonstrate the accuracy of parameters estimation. Results of each method are presented, compared and discussed for a Kokam SLPB 120216216 53Ah Li-Ion cell.
{"title":"Datasheet-based modeling of Li-Ion batteries","authors":"J. Barreras, E. Schaltz, S. J. Andreasen, Tomasz Minko","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422730","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers and developers use battery models in order to predict the performance of batteries depending on external and internal conditions, such as temperature, C-rate, Depth-of-Discharge (DoD) or State-of-Health (SoH). Most battery models proposed in the literature require specific laboratory test for parameterization, therefore a great majority do not represent an appropriate and feasible solution. In this paper three easy-to-follow equivalent circuit modeling methods based only on information contained in a commercial Li-Ion cell manufacturer's datasheet are presented and validated at steady state, comparing simulation results and manufacturer's curves. Laboratory results are included in order to demonstrate the accuracy of parameters estimation. Results of each method are presented, compared and discussed for a Kokam SLPB 120216216 53Ah Li-Ion cell.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129637425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422492
O. Yamazaki, S. Toda, I. Yasuoka, K. Kondo
A novel anti-slip control method to seek the peak point of the tangential force between wheel and rail is proposed in this paper. The validity is verified with Real Time Simulator to simulate the various commands/feedbacks to/from a traction inverter and an induction motor. The validity is also verified on the actual electric locomotive with 6 traction inverters and 6 induction motors that the maximum tangential force is obtained with the proposed method.
{"title":"The proposal of wheel slip control method with peak point search and the test result","authors":"O. Yamazaki, S. Toda, I. Yasuoka, K. Kondo","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422492","url":null,"abstract":"A novel anti-slip control method to seek the peak point of the tangential force between wheel and rail is proposed in this paper. The validity is verified with Real Time Simulator to simulate the various commands/feedbacks to/from a traction inverter and an induction motor. The validity is also verified on the actual electric locomotive with 6 traction inverters and 6 induction motors that the maximum tangential force is obtained with the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131149410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-09DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422578
A. Devie, P. Venet, S. Pélissier, R. Trigui
In our effort to assess battery usage in transportation applications, we analyzed the anticipated battery duty profile of traction batteries in the context of an urban heavy-duty passenger trolleybus. Propulsion-wise, trolleybuses rely on grid-provided electrical power as well as an onboard high power diesel generator for out-of-trolley-network operation. Hence, to date, onboard electrical energy storage systems (ESS) are rare. However, upcoming projects plan on using ESS for short-to-medium range operation whenever the grid power is unavailable. Real-world data have been collected in the city of Lyon, France and processed using our exploratory multivariate data analysis method. Typical duty pulses have been derived and thus, the ESS's duty profile can be anticipated for reliability and lifespan predictions.
{"title":"Battery duty profile of a heavy-duty trolleybus","authors":"A. Devie, P. Venet, S. Pélissier, R. Trigui","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422578","url":null,"abstract":"In our effort to assess battery usage in transportation applications, we analyzed the anticipated battery duty profile of traction batteries in the context of an urban heavy-duty passenger trolleybus. Propulsion-wise, trolleybuses rely on grid-provided electrical power as well as an onboard high power diesel generator for out-of-trolley-network operation. Hence, to date, onboard electrical energy storage systems (ESS) are rare. However, upcoming projects plan on using ESS for short-to-medium range operation whenever the grid power is unavailable. Real-world data have been collected in the city of Lyon, France and processed using our exploratory multivariate data analysis method. Typical duty pulses have been derived and thus, the ESS's duty profile can be anticipated for reliability and lifespan predictions.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127411039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422542
Kyoung-won Park, Gyu-won Cho, Yong-Tae Kim, Gyu-Tak Kim
In this paper, to decrease cogging torque and operating torque ripple, a barrier was installed on the rotor. Also, optimized design was carried out by Design Of Experiment(DOE) and various characteristics including torque were studied by the Finite Element Method(FEM). The modal analysis of the stator was performed and the natural frequency was calculated. The analysis of displacement by the Radial Magnetic Force(RMF) was analyzed and the effects according to the rotor shape were compared. In addition, the validity of this approach was established through experiments showing vibration reduction due to the optimized barrier design.
{"title":"Optimum design of barrier to reduce resonance and displacement analysis of IPMSM","authors":"Kyoung-won Park, Gyu-won Cho, Yong-Tae Kim, Gyu-Tak Kim","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422542","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, to decrease cogging torque and operating torque ripple, a barrier was installed on the rotor. Also, optimized design was carried out by Design Of Experiment(DOE) and various characteristics including torque were studied by the Finite Element Method(FEM). The modal analysis of the stator was performed and the natural frequency was calculated. The analysis of displacement by the Radial Magnetic Force(RMF) was analyzed and the effects according to the rotor shape were compared. In addition, the validity of this approach was established through experiments showing vibration reduction due to the optimized barrier design.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115467355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422717
E. Prada, D. Di Domenico, Y. Creff, J. Bernard, V. Sauvant-Moynot, F. Huet
In this paper, an isothermal physics-based aging model of Li-ion battery from the literature is modified and extended to predict both capacity and power fade of a commercial LiFePO4-graphite system. Compared to the isothermal reference mathematical framework, the present electrochemical and thermal model integrates the mechanism of porosity modification due to the SEI film growth into the negative electrode in order to propose theoretical correlations between capacity and power fade of the system. Based on the porous electrode theory, the aging model integrates different contributions of the cell impedance increase, such as the SEI film resistance and the electrolyte mass transport resistance due to the decrease of the negative electrode porosity. Experimental data coupling endurance tests and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) results, are used to validate the theoretical power and capacity fade correlations for calendar operating conditions. The model is then used to discuss the impact of calendar operating conditions on the aging and lifetime of PHEV and EV battery packs. Based on the simulation results, strategies are proposed to extend the battery life during the parking mode of the vehicle.
{"title":"Physics-based modelling of LiFePO4-graphite Li-ion batteries for power and capacity fade predictions: Application to calendar aging of PHEV and EV","authors":"E. Prada, D. Di Domenico, Y. Creff, J. Bernard, V. Sauvant-Moynot, F. Huet","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422717","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an isothermal physics-based aging model of Li-ion battery from the literature is modified and extended to predict both capacity and power fade of a commercial LiFePO4-graphite system. Compared to the isothermal reference mathematical framework, the present electrochemical and thermal model integrates the mechanism of porosity modification due to the SEI film growth into the negative electrode in order to propose theoretical correlations between capacity and power fade of the system. Based on the porous electrode theory, the aging model integrates different contributions of the cell impedance increase, such as the SEI film resistance and the electrolyte mass transport resistance due to the decrease of the negative electrode porosity. Experimental data coupling endurance tests and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) results, are used to validate the theoretical power and capacity fade correlations for calendar operating conditions. The model is then used to discuss the impact of calendar operating conditions on the aging and lifetime of PHEV and EV battery packs. Based on the simulation results, strategies are proposed to extend the battery life during the parking mode of the vehicle.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"15 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120930597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422595
Dong-Hee Kim, Seung-Min Shin, Byoung-Kuk Lee, T. Lee
In this paper, the mode selection algorithm and the control flow chart are proposed for DC-module integrated converter (DC-MIC), which can be operated under mismatch problem of each PV module. In order to operate DC-MIC, a simple configuration control algorithm is proposed. This algorithm includes mode selection method to operate switch of cascaded buck-boost converter simply which has two kind of functioned switches. Based on the control algorithm, a system flowchart is also proposed. The validity of the proposed control algorithm and the flowchart are verified by experimental results based on 250W DC-MIC with grid connection inverter.
{"title":"Development of controller for DC-module integrated converter using cascaded buck-boost converter","authors":"Dong-Hee Kim, Seung-Min Shin, Byoung-Kuk Lee, T. Lee","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422595","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the mode selection algorithm and the control flow chart are proposed for DC-module integrated converter (DC-MIC), which can be operated under mismatch problem of each PV module. In order to operate DC-MIC, a simple configuration control algorithm is proposed. This algorithm includes mode selection method to operate switch of cascaded buck-boost converter simply which has two kind of functioned switches. Based on the control algorithm, a system flowchart is also proposed. The validity of the proposed control algorithm and the flowchart are verified by experimental results based on 250W DC-MIC with grid connection inverter.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"1548 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127444200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422588
J. Pillai, B. Bak‐Jensen, P. Thogersen
Electric Vehicles (EVs) could play major role in the future intelligent grids to support a large penetration of renewable energy in Denmark, especially electricity production from wind turbines. The future power systems aims to phase-out big conventional fossil-fueled generators with large number of variable wind turbines which results in the need for additional balancing power. One of the alternate and local solutions for negotiating the power fluctuations of variable generation could be utilised from the smart charging and discharging of battery storages of EVs operating as flexible demand and generation. This paper analyses power balancing support services from EVs and the feasible levels of electric vehicle integration possible to provide grid ancillary services in Danish power systems. This evaluation is conducted on typical wind dominated distribution and transmission networks in Denmark. The analyses show that EV integration of around 10% is capable of providing sufficient grid regulation services in Danish power systems to support wind power penetration of around 50% in Denmark. The aggregated EV penetration levels quantified on system levels are validated with impact assessment studies on low voltage residential networks. Significant amount of EVs could be integrated in local distribution grids with the support of intelligent grid and smart charging strategies.
{"title":"Electric Vehicles to support large wind power penetration in future Danish power systems","authors":"J. Pillai, B. Bak‐Jensen, P. Thogersen","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422588","url":null,"abstract":"Electric Vehicles (EVs) could play major role in the future intelligent grids to support a large penetration of renewable energy in Denmark, especially electricity production from wind turbines. The future power systems aims to phase-out big conventional fossil-fueled generators with large number of variable wind turbines which results in the need for additional balancing power. One of the alternate and local solutions for negotiating the power fluctuations of variable generation could be utilised from the smart charging and discharging of battery storages of EVs operating as flexible demand and generation. This paper analyses power balancing support services from EVs and the feasible levels of electric vehicle integration possible to provide grid ancillary services in Danish power systems. This evaluation is conducted on typical wind dominated distribution and transmission networks in Denmark. The analyses show that EV integration of around 10% is capable of providing sufficient grid regulation services in Danish power systems to support wind power penetration of around 50% in Denmark. The aggregated EV penetration levels quantified on system levels are validated with impact assessment studies on low voltage residential networks. Significant amount of EVs could be integrated in local distribution grids with the support of intelligent grid and smart charging strategies.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125080388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422666
M. Marx, D. Soffker
Power and energy management are central algorithms effecting key properties of hybrid powertrain systems. In this contribution a compound approach for the load profile prediction and the control optimization of the power and energy management is presented and demonstrated on a fuel cell/supercapacitor-based hybrid electric powertrain. The load profile prediction applied is based on its past trajectory. Therefor the characteristic properties of the trajectory of the previous measurements are analyzed and applied for the prediction. Based on this, a related control optimization approach based on a new developed Model Predictive Controller (MPC) is presented. For optimization, three system properties, i.e. the system drivability, the fuel efficiency, and the component aging of the fuel cell system are considered.
{"title":"Optimization of the powerflow control of a hybrid electric powertrain including load profile prediction","authors":"M. Marx, D. Soffker","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422666","url":null,"abstract":"Power and energy management are central algorithms effecting key properties of hybrid powertrain systems. In this contribution a compound approach for the load profile prediction and the control optimization of the power and energy management is presented and demonstrated on a fuel cell/supercapacitor-based hybrid electric powertrain. The load profile prediction applied is based on its past trajectory. Therefor the characteristic properties of the trajectory of the previous measurements are analyzed and applied for the prediction. Based on this, a related control optimization approach based on a new developed Model Predictive Controller (MPC) is presented. For optimization, three system properties, i.e. the system drivability, the fuel efficiency, and the component aging of the fuel cell system are considered.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123257254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422514
J. Moore, G. Molen
EcoCAR 2 is an Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition for collegiate level engineering students organized by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) with the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) and General Motors (GM) as the headline sponsors. The goal of the competition is to re-engineer a GM- donated 2013 Malibu Eco as a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) over the course of three years. Autonomie software developed by ANL and a mid-sized hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system with rapid controller prototyping (RCP) controllers have been used for simulation of vehicle fuel economy and performance prior to the actual vehicle modification. The results of these simulations are compared to reported values for the Malibu Eco, and an analysis of the expected PHEV fuel economy is reported. Current ongoing work includes updating the HIL system plant model to represent the PHEV architecture and a vehicle control strategy using the RCP controllers for vehicle integration.
{"title":"Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop evaluation of a GM Malibu","authors":"J. Moore, G. Molen","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422514","url":null,"abstract":"EcoCAR 2 is an Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition for collegiate level engineering students organized by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) with the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) and General Motors (GM) as the headline sponsors. The goal of the competition is to re-engineer a GM- donated 2013 Malibu Eco as a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) over the course of three years. Autonomie software developed by ANL and a mid-sized hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system with rapid controller prototyping (RCP) controllers have been used for simulation of vehicle fuel economy and performance prior to the actual vehicle modification. The results of these simulations are compared to reported values for the Malibu Eco, and an analysis of the expected PHEV fuel economy is reported. Current ongoing work includes updating the HIL system plant model to represent the PHEV architecture and a vehicle control strategy using the RCP controllers for vehicle integration.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123553875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422533
F. Ruf, T. P. Kohler, M. Winter, H. Michel, J. Froeschl, C. Koelbl, B. Buchholz, H. Herzog
Due to efficiency reasons, more and more previously mechanically driven systems have been electrified in recent years. While this development reduces fuel consumption in conventional drive trains, it is essential in electric vehicles due to the omission of the combustion engine. The transient peak power of these systems has a negative influence on voltage stability in automotive power buses. For this reason, voltage stability has become an important criterion in the design process of a power net. Beside the electrical power steering, the electro hydraulic breaking systems is one of the critical systems regarding peak power consumption. In this paper, a dynamic model of an electromechanical actuator for an automotive breaking system is presented. The model is validated by comparison of simulation and measurement from a real car. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis examines the influence of parameters on the occurring peak current during the startup process. It is shown, that temperature and correlating armature resistance have an significant influence on the peak starting current.
{"title":"Modeling of an electromechanical actuator in respect to voltage stability in automotive power nets","authors":"F. Ruf, T. P. Kohler, M. Winter, H. Michel, J. Froeschl, C. Koelbl, B. Buchholz, H. Herzog","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422533","url":null,"abstract":"Due to efficiency reasons, more and more previously mechanically driven systems have been electrified in recent years. While this development reduces fuel consumption in conventional drive trains, it is essential in electric vehicles due to the omission of the combustion engine. The transient peak power of these systems has a negative influence on voltage stability in automotive power buses. For this reason, voltage stability has become an important criterion in the design process of a power net. Beside the electrical power steering, the electro hydraulic breaking systems is one of the critical systems regarding peak power consumption. In this paper, a dynamic model of an electromechanical actuator for an automotive breaking system is presented. The model is validated by comparison of simulation and measurement from a real car. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis examines the influence of parameters on the occurring peak current during the startup process. It is shown, that temperature and correlating armature resistance have an significant influence on the peak starting current.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"363 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123558371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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