Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422733
Junseok Song, V. Krishnamurthy, A. Kwasinski, R. Molina
Energy storage operation in electrical vehicles, with a photovoltaic roof, is analyzed. When an electrical vehicle uses a photovoltaic roof in order to provide supplemental power, it is critical to understand how much power is generated through insolation and how generated photovoltaic power affects the energy storage operation of the electrical vehicles. Hence, this paper proposes to use a Markov chain model in order to simulate the charge and discharge processes that occur in energy storage, which enables to estimate the charge level of energy storage system at the end of any day. From a planning perspective, the aforementioned estimations may take an important role; for instance, the simulated results may help to answer questions such as how much power would be required from grid operators as a number of operating electrical vehicles increase in a certain region. In order to conduct the simulations, this paper uses insolation data collected in Austin, TX, USA and survey results on how far people drive every day in the urban cluster areas in the USA. The data sets are used to determine their distributions so that a large number of random values can be generated with respect to the found distribution using Monte Carlo simulations. Then, the generated random values are used to determine the one-step transition probability matrices that represent charge and discharge processes. In addition, the energy storage system of an electrical vehicle model developed by Daimler is used to demonstrate the presented Markov chain model and estimate the expected charge level of energy storage system at the end of any day.
{"title":"Analysis of the energy storage operation of electrical vehicles with a photovoltaic roof using a Markov chain model","authors":"Junseok Song, V. Krishnamurthy, A. Kwasinski, R. Molina","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422733","url":null,"abstract":"Energy storage operation in electrical vehicles, with a photovoltaic roof, is analyzed. When an electrical vehicle uses a photovoltaic roof in order to provide supplemental power, it is critical to understand how much power is generated through insolation and how generated photovoltaic power affects the energy storage operation of the electrical vehicles. Hence, this paper proposes to use a Markov chain model in order to simulate the charge and discharge processes that occur in energy storage, which enables to estimate the charge level of energy storage system at the end of any day. From a planning perspective, the aforementioned estimations may take an important role; for instance, the simulated results may help to answer questions such as how much power would be required from grid operators as a number of operating electrical vehicles increase in a certain region. In order to conduct the simulations, this paper uses insolation data collected in Austin, TX, USA and survey results on how far people drive every day in the urban cluster areas in the USA. The data sets are used to determine their distributions so that a large number of random values can be generated with respect to the found distribution using Monte Carlo simulations. Then, the generated random values are used to determine the one-step transition probability matrices that represent charge and discharge processes. In addition, the energy storage system of an electrical vehicle model developed by Daimler is used to demonstrate the presented Markov chain model and estimate the expected charge level of energy storage system at the end of any day.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114188085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422507
Y. Namekawa, S. Yamaguchi, T. Yamazaki, Y. Takahashi
We are developing a small, single operator fuel cell vehicle with a 1kW fuel cell, which we named the micro FCV. A hybrid energy control system using a DCDC converter was designed for the vehicle. We have entered into a micro FCV competition, the World Green Challenge 2011 (WGC 2011), which challenges participants to develop vehicles which would deliver optimum performance at a low cost. During travel on flat surfaces using no acceleration, or low power mode, a fuel cell is used. A battery and the fuel cell are used when the vehicle operates in high power mode, i.e. while accelerating or ascending an incline. A micro computer controlled hybrid energy control system toggles between the energy flows dependent on the power requirements. Running experiments provided positive performance results demonstrating that the micro FCV was able to operate efficiently using the hybrid energy control system we developed. This paper discusses the running management of the micro FCV.
{"title":"Running management of single operator fuel cell vehicle","authors":"Y. Namekawa, S. Yamaguchi, T. Yamazaki, Y. Takahashi","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422507","url":null,"abstract":"We are developing a small, single operator fuel cell vehicle with a 1kW fuel cell, which we named the micro FCV. A hybrid energy control system using a DCDC converter was designed for the vehicle. We have entered into a micro FCV competition, the World Green Challenge 2011 (WGC 2011), which challenges participants to develop vehicles which would deliver optimum performance at a low cost. During travel on flat surfaces using no acceleration, or low power mode, a fuel cell is used. A battery and the fuel cell are used when the vehicle operates in high power mode, i.e. while accelerating or ascending an incline. A micro computer controlled hybrid energy control system toggles between the energy flows dependent on the power requirements. Running experiments provided positive performance results demonstrating that the micro FCV was able to operate efficiently using the hybrid energy control system we developed. This paper discusses the running management of the micro FCV.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116063155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422553
Raecheong Kang, Sehyun Kim, Inbeom Yang, K. Jeong, C. Kang, Gyoung-Man Kim
In this paper, the HIL simulation for DC-DC converter is investigated. The converter is applied in an electric vehicle to operate motors and inverters. These are connected to three phase interleaved DC-DC converter to reduce the ripple current between a converter and an inverter. Active elements in power parts of the converter can be decreased in size by the three phase interleaved type. Because the mean value method simulates the system every PWM pulse, the sampling time is same PWM switch period. Limited sampling time shows simplified signals of voltages and currents. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) board is used for HIL simulation for the converter. Through applying FPGA board for simulation, the sampling frequency is much higher than switching frequency of the PWM at least 10 times. And the simulation results are very similar to real signals, it called over sampling mode. Power level of dc-dc converter is simulated in Matlab Simulink environment using a Xilinx System Generator implemented in a Xilinx Spartan-5 FPGA board. The simulation environment is presented by comparing the two types of sampling methods.
本文对DC-DC变换器的HIL仿真进行了研究。该变换器应用于电动汽车上，用于驱动电动机和逆变器。它们连接到三相交错DC-DC转换器，以减少转换器和逆变器之间的纹波电流。变频器功率部分的有源元件可以通过三相交错型减小尺寸。由于均值法模拟的是系统的每个PWM脉冲，因此采样时间与PWM开关周期相同。有限的采样时间显示简化的电压和电流信号。采用现场可编程门阵列(fpga)板对变换器进行HIL仿真。通过应用FPGA板进行仿真，采样频率远高于PWM开关频率至少10倍。并且仿真结果与实际信号非常接近，称为过采样模式。利用Xilinx System Generator在Xilinx Spartan-5 FPGA板上实现，在Matlab Simulink环境下对dc-dc变换器的功率电平进行仿真。通过对两种采样方法的比较，给出了仿真环境。
{"title":"The use of FPGA in HIL simulation of three phase interleaved DC-DC converter","authors":"Raecheong Kang, Sehyun Kim, Inbeom Yang, K. Jeong, C. Kang, Gyoung-Man Kim","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422553","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the HIL simulation for DC-DC converter is investigated. The converter is applied in an electric vehicle to operate motors and inverters. These are connected to three phase interleaved DC-DC converter to reduce the ripple current between a converter and an inverter. Active elements in power parts of the converter can be decreased in size by the three phase interleaved type. Because the mean value method simulates the system every PWM pulse, the sampling time is same PWM switch period. Limited sampling time shows simplified signals of voltages and currents. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) board is used for HIL simulation for the converter. Through applying FPGA board for simulation, the sampling frequency is much higher than switching frequency of the PWM at least 10 times. And the simulation results are very similar to real signals, it called over sampling mode. Power level of dc-dc converter is simulated in Matlab Simulink environment using a Xilinx System Generator implemented in a Xilinx Spartan-5 FPGA board. The simulation environment is presented by comparing the two types of sampling methods.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115853033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422496
Jun-Hyeok Kim, Hyo-Sang Go, Doo-Ung Kim, H. Seo, Chul-Hwan Kim, Eung-Sang Kim
Accurate battery modeling is one of the most important factors in electric vehicle (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) design process. Therefore, investigation of characteristics of battery is essential. In this paper, the modeling of the battery for EV and PHEV is presented. Electro-Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP)/MODELS is used to model the battery for EV and PHEV. To analyze characteristics of battery, this work use State Of Charge (SOC) and Depth Of Discharge (DOD) to calculate battery's internal resistances, capacitors and output voltage when the battery is charged and discharged. The simulation results are compared with other previous works to ensure its validity.
{"title":"Modeling of battery for electric vehicle using EMTP/MODELS","authors":"Jun-Hyeok Kim, Hyo-Sang Go, Doo-Ung Kim, H. Seo, Chul-Hwan Kim, Eung-Sang Kim","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422496","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate battery modeling is one of the most important factors in electric vehicle (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) design process. Therefore, investigation of characteristics of battery is essential. In this paper, the modeling of the battery for EV and PHEV is presented. Electro-Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP)/MODELS is used to model the battery for EV and PHEV. To analyze characteristics of battery, this work use State Of Charge (SOC) and Depth Of Discharge (DOD) to calculate battery's internal resistances, capacitors and output voltage when the battery is charged and discharged. The simulation results are compared with other previous works to ensure its validity.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116730803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422512
Jiuyu Du, M. Ouyang, Hewu Wang
Developing electric vehicle can reduce crude oil consumption and carbon emission sharply to resolve the problems of energy crisis and climate change of China. EVs require large batteries for energy storage, which affect electric vehicle cost, weight, and performance. More all electric range (AER) means more dispalcement of the fosill fuel, but lead to too expensive to afford for China's consumers. The electric vehicle design method to tadeoff between performance and cost is very valuable.This paper discussed the parameter optimization design method targeting cost-benefit objective. It analyses the impact of maximum speed, AER on energy efficiency and market competitiveness, based the survey data annalysis of vehicle kilometers daily traveled(VKDT), duty cycle analysis, etc.The mathematic model was proposed to account for the effects of additional batteries on fuel consumption, cost, etc. It can be find that when charged daily, AER of 50km or less, in China, using average small-capacity EVs is less expensive and releases fewer GHGs than conventional vehicles (CVs). By cost-benefit analysis, it can be concluded that for the first generation pure electric vehicle, the micro-size electric suitable for the first phase of development.
{"title":"Battery electric vehicle parameters design targeting to cost-benefit objective","authors":"Jiuyu Du, M. Ouyang, Hewu Wang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422512","url":null,"abstract":"Developing electric vehicle can reduce crude oil consumption and carbon emission sharply to resolve the problems of energy crisis and climate change of China. EVs require large batteries for energy storage, which affect electric vehicle cost, weight, and performance. More all electric range (AER) means more dispalcement of the fosill fuel, but lead to too expensive to afford for China's consumers. The electric vehicle design method to tadeoff between performance and cost is very valuable.This paper discussed the parameter optimization design method targeting cost-benefit objective. It analyses the impact of maximum speed, AER on energy efficiency and market competitiveness, based the survey data annalysis of vehicle kilometers daily traveled(VKDT), duty cycle analysis, etc.The mathematic model was proposed to account for the effects of additional batteries on fuel consumption, cost, etc. It can be find that when charged daily, AER of 50km or less, in China, using average small-capacity EVs is less expensive and releases fewer GHGs than conventional vehicles (CVs). By cost-benefit analysis, it can be concluded that for the first generation pure electric vehicle, the micro-size electric suitable for the first phase of development.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122438624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422673
M. Sivertsson, L. Eriksson
Time and fuel optimal control for a diesel-electric powertrain in transient operation is studied using a four state, three controls non-linear mean value engine model. In the studied transients the engine starts at idle and stops when the generated energy fulfills the driving mission requirement. During the driving mission both the engine speed and output power are allowed to vary, but with a constraint on power. Two strategies are then developed and evaluated. One where the driving mission is optimized with the generator power considered a free variable, and a second strategy where the accelerating phase of the transient is first optimized and then the optimal controls for a fixed generator power are used. The time optimal control is shown to be almost as fuel efficient as the fuel optimal control even though the gain in time is large. The time optimal control also has the advantage of using constant power output, making it simple and easily implementable, whilst the fuel optimal control is more complex and changes with the length of the driving mission.
{"title":"Optimal short driving mission control for a diesel-electric powertrain","authors":"M. Sivertsson, L. Eriksson","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422673","url":null,"abstract":"Time and fuel optimal control for a diesel-electric powertrain in transient operation is studied using a four state, three controls non-linear mean value engine model. In the studied transients the engine starts at idle and stops when the generated energy fulfills the driving mission requirement. During the driving mission both the engine speed and output power are allowed to vary, but with a constraint on power. Two strategies are then developed and evaluated. One where the driving mission is optimized with the generator power considered a free variable, and a second strategy where the accelerating phase of the transient is first optimized and then the optimal controls for a fixed generator power are used. The time optimal control is shown to be almost as fuel efficient as the fuel optimal control even though the gain in time is large. The time optimal control also has the advantage of using constant power output, making it simple and easily implementable, whilst the fuel optimal control is more complex and changes with the length of the driving mission.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131741338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422499
P. Miller
This paper aims to give an overview of the market trends for Hybrid (HEV), plug in hybrid (PHEV) and Electric (EV) cars. It will focus on Europe, but differences in Asia and the USA will also be covered. It starts by giving a description of the main types of xEV systems in the market and under development. Two key parts, the battery and the electric traction motor are then discussed. Finally, using this information, historical market data and forthcoming regulations market trends and prospects are predicted.
{"title":"xEV market trend and prospect","authors":"P. Miller","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422499","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to give an overview of the market trends for Hybrid (HEV), plug in hybrid (PHEV) and Electric (EV) cars. It will focus on Europe, but differences in Asia and the USA will also be covered. It starts by giving a description of the main types of xEV systems in the market and under development. Two key parts, the battery and the electric traction motor are then discussed. Finally, using this information, historical market data and forthcoming regulations market trends and prospects are predicted.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127834400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422534
K. Jeon, Yong-Jae Kim, Seungho Lee, Kwangdeok Kim, Sang-Yong Jung
This paper deals with torque harmonic characteristics of induction motor for electric vehicle (EV). For calculate phase stator harmonic leakage flux of a three phase induction motor, an analysis method is determine relationships with stator teeth design. In particular, torque harmonics including EMF harmonics at whole speed ranges are analyzed by the finite element method (FEM). Torque harmonic components are identified with Fourier fast transform (FFT). Torque harmonics are generated due to the different phase windings interaction and they can be reduced by applying a stator teeth design. The electromagnetic field and corresponding harmonics of an electrical machine are calculated using the FEM, the harmonic winding factors show how the torque harmonics can be reduced significantly by good stator teeth design. The novel design methods to compensate the specified torque harmonics are proposed. Then, its effectiveness is clarified according to the representative control strategies for induction motor such as maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) and flux-weakening control.
{"title":"Torque harmonic analysis of induction motor for electric vehicle propulsion","authors":"K. Jeon, Yong-Jae Kim, Seungho Lee, Kwangdeok Kim, Sang-Yong Jung","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422534","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with torque harmonic characteristics of induction motor for electric vehicle (EV). For calculate phase stator harmonic leakage flux of a three phase induction motor, an analysis method is determine relationships with stator teeth design. In particular, torque harmonics including EMF harmonics at whole speed ranges are analyzed by the finite element method (FEM). Torque harmonic components are identified with Fourier fast transform (FFT). Torque harmonics are generated due to the different phase windings interaction and they can be reduced by applying a stator teeth design. The electromagnetic field and corresponding harmonics of an electrical machine are calculated using the FEM, the harmonic winding factors show how the torque harmonics can be reduced significantly by good stator teeth design. The novel design methods to compensate the specified torque harmonics are proposed. Then, its effectiveness is clarified according to the representative control strategies for induction motor such as maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) and flux-weakening control.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132614261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422638
B. Saha, Rae-Young Kim
This paper proposes a unique topology of voltage fed high frequency series load resonant inverter with an edge resonant lossless snubbing capacitor and an auxiliary switch cell for induction heating appliances. The main objective of this paper is to present a modification of previously developed ZVS PWM high frequency inverter circuit along with its unique features. The operation principle of the proposed inverter circuit is based upon asymmetrical duty cycle PWM control scheme. The steady state operating principle of the high frequency resonant inverter treated here is illustrated by using periodic switching mode equivalent circuits. The operating performances of high-frequency AC regulation and power conversion efficiency characteristics are discussed from a computer aided simulation and an experimental point of view together with soft-switching operating ranges.
{"title":"Extended half bridge ZVS PWM high frequency series load resonant inverter","authors":"B. Saha, Rae-Young Kim","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422638","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a unique topology of voltage fed high frequency series load resonant inverter with an edge resonant lossless snubbing capacitor and an auxiliary switch cell for induction heating appliances. The main objective of this paper is to present a modification of previously developed ZVS PWM high frequency inverter circuit along with its unique features. The operation principle of the proposed inverter circuit is based upon asymmetrical duty cycle PWM control scheme. The steady state operating principle of the high frequency resonant inverter treated here is illustrated by using periodic switching mode equivalent circuits. The operating performances of high-frequency AC regulation and power conversion efficiency characteristics are discussed from a computer aided simulation and an experimental point of view together with soft-switching operating ranges.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133932040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422622
Antti Lajunen
The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance characteristics of different powertrain design alternatives in electric city bus. These powertrain alternatives are generated with different configurations of energy storage system, traction motor and transmission. Ultracapacitors and lithium based batteries are used as energy storages and induction and permanent magnet electric motors as traction motors. Simulations were performed in four different city bus driving cycles. Specific simulations were carried out for investigating the impact of the weight and auxiliary power on the energy consumption. The simulation results indicate that the powertrain efficiency and high potential for regenerating braking energy have significant impact on overall energy efficiency of the electric city bus. It was also observed that the most of the powertrain alternatives are well adapted for all simulated driving cycles. The driving cycle mainly impacts on the potential for regenerating the braking energy. The simulation results also show that higher auxiliary power consumption has much more influence on the overall energy consumption than increased weight of the bus.
{"title":"Powertrain design alternatives for electric city bus","authors":"Antti Lajunen","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2012.6422622","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance characteristics of different powertrain design alternatives in electric city bus. These powertrain alternatives are generated with different configurations of energy storage system, traction motor and transmission. Ultracapacitors and lithium based batteries are used as energy storages and induction and permanent magnet electric motors as traction motors. Simulations were performed in four different city bus driving cycles. Specific simulations were carried out for investigating the impact of the weight and auxiliary power on the energy consumption. The simulation results indicate that the powertrain efficiency and high potential for regenerating braking energy have significant impact on overall energy efficiency of the electric city bus. It was also observed that the most of the powertrain alternatives are well adapted for all simulated driving cycles. The driving cycle mainly impacts on the potential for regenerating the braking energy. The simulation results also show that higher auxiliary power consumption has much more influence on the overall energy consumption than increased weight of the bus.","PeriodicalId":341659,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133963203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：