Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.18502/fbt.v10i3.13148
Hossein Taghadosi, F. T. Ghomsheh, A. Farajidavar
Purpose: Mathematical simulating and computer modeling of cells in organs help to better understand cells' interactions and tissues' functions. The purpose of this paper was to model and simulate the excitable membrane of gastric cells. In this simulation, the current physiological functional descriptions of the gastric cells have been used, and at the same time, the electrophysiological characteristics of similar cells in the gastrointestinal tract have also been considered. Materials and Methods: To obtain a mathematical model for the stomach Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs), the properties and electrophysiological parameters from the SMCs in the colon were used in the simulation of the stomach SMCs. Using the sensitivity analysis method, the effective parameters and values for simulating the electrophysiological behavior of the excitable gastric cell membrane were obtained for different phases of slow-wave (such as Depolarization, Spike, Plateau, Repolarization, and Rest). Also, the Action Potential Duration (APDs) method in four modes of 10, 20, 50, and 90 percent of APDs was used to evaluate the estimation of the effect of sensitivity analysis on the slow-wave of the studied cells. Results: The findings showed that the greatest effect of the stimulation current parameters was on the slow-wave duration and frequency. In addition, the greatest effect of ion channel parameters was observed on the plateau_phase in the slow-wave. Based on these methods, the resulting slow-wave pattern and its frequency (2.8 cycles per min) were in line with the experimental observations for gastric SMCs. Conclusion: The mathematical model obtained from the model of colon SMCs accurately represented the electrophysiological behavior of the stomach cells.
{"title":"Simulation of A Gastric Smooth Muscle Cell Model Utilizing the Electrophysiological Parameters of Colon Cell","authors":"Hossein Taghadosi, F. T. Ghomsheh, A. Farajidavar","doi":"10.18502/fbt.v10i3.13148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i3.13148","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Mathematical simulating and computer modeling of cells in organs help to better understand cells' interactions and tissues' functions. The purpose of this paper was to model and simulate the excitable membrane of gastric cells. In this simulation, the current physiological functional descriptions of the gastric cells have been used, and at the same time, the electrophysiological characteristics of similar cells in the gastrointestinal tract have also been considered. \u0000Materials and Methods: To obtain a mathematical model for the stomach Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs), the properties and electrophysiological parameters from the SMCs in the colon were used in the simulation of the stomach SMCs. Using the sensitivity analysis method, the effective parameters and values for simulating the electrophysiological behavior of the excitable gastric cell membrane were obtained for different phases of slow-wave (such as Depolarization, Spike, Plateau, Repolarization, and Rest). Also, the Action Potential Duration (APDs) method in four modes of 10, 20, 50, and 90 percent of APDs was used to evaluate the estimation of the effect of sensitivity analysis on the slow-wave of the studied cells. \u0000Results: The findings showed that the greatest effect of the stimulation current parameters was on the slow-wave duration and frequency. In addition, the greatest effect of ion channel parameters was observed on the plateau_phase in the slow-wave. Based on these methods, the resulting slow-wave pattern and its frequency (2.8 cycles per min) were in line with the experimental observations for gastric SMCs. \u0000Conclusion: The mathematical model obtained from the model of colon SMCs accurately represented the electrophysiological behavior of the stomach cells.","PeriodicalId":34203,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79568778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12224
A. Ghafari, P. Sheikhzadeh, Negisa Seyyedi, M. Abbasi, M. Ay
Purpose: 32-time scan duration reduction of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images through the generation of standard scan duration images using a multi-slice cycle-consistent Generative Adversarial Network (cycle-GAN) was studied. Also, the effect of the image augmentation methods on the performance of the cycle-GAN model was evaluated. Materials and Methods: Four subsets of standard and 32-time short scan duration PET image pairs, each contacting image data of 10 patients were used to train and test (80 percent for training and 20 percent for testing) a multi-slice cycle-GAN separately. Another patient’s image data was used as the validation dataset for different training subsets. When training the cycle-GAN model for each subset, two approaches were followed: with and without image augmentation. Common image quality metrics of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), and Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) were used to assess the generation performance of the cycle-GAN model. Paired sample t-test statistical testing with a confidence interval of 0.95 was used to determine whether the differences between approaches were statistically significant or not. Results: For subsets 1-3, both training approaches improved the image quality of the short scan duration inputs (p < 0.001) while for subset 4 only the training approach with image augmentation was capable of improving the image quality. However, the training approach with image augmentation offered better results than the approach without image augmentation (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Employing the training approach with image augmentation, the cycle-GAN model was capable of improving the image quality of 1/32nd short scan duration images through the generation of synthetic standard scan duration images. In the case of the training approach without image augmentation, except for subset 4, the model trained on all subsets 1-3 was capable of improving the image quality. Image augmentation does indeed improve the performance of the cycle-GAN model, especially in the case of insufficient available training datasets.
{"title":"Realizing 32-time Scan Duration Reduction of 18F-FDG PET Using Deep Learning Model with Image Augmentation","authors":"A. Ghafari, P. Sheikhzadeh, Negisa Seyyedi, M. Abbasi, M. Ay","doi":"10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12224","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: 32-time scan duration reduction of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images through the generation of standard scan duration images using a multi-slice cycle-consistent Generative Adversarial Network (cycle-GAN) was studied. Also, the effect of the image augmentation methods on the performance of the cycle-GAN model was evaluated. \u0000Materials and Methods: Four subsets of standard and 32-time short scan duration PET image pairs, each contacting image data of 10 patients were used to train and test (80 percent for training and 20 percent for testing) a multi-slice cycle-GAN separately. Another patient’s image data was used as the validation dataset for different training subsets. When training the cycle-GAN model for each subset, two approaches were followed: with and without image augmentation. Common image quality metrics of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), and Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) were used to assess the generation performance of the cycle-GAN model. Paired sample t-test statistical testing with a confidence interval of 0.95 was used to determine whether the differences between approaches were statistically significant or not. \u0000Results: For subsets 1-3, both training approaches improved the image quality of the short scan duration inputs (p < 0.001) while for subset 4 only the training approach with image augmentation was capable of improving the image quality. However, the training approach with image augmentation offered better results than the approach without image augmentation (p < 0.001). \u0000Conclusion: Employing the training approach with image augmentation, the cycle-GAN model was capable of improving the image quality of 1/32nd short scan duration images through the generation of synthetic standard scan duration images. In the case of the training approach without image augmentation, except for subset 4, the model trained on all subsets 1-3 was capable of improving the image quality. Image augmentation does indeed improve the performance of the cycle-GAN model, especially in the case of insufficient available training datasets.","PeriodicalId":34203,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79160219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12221
Sepideh Amiri, Mina Akbarabadi, S. Rimaz, F. Abdolali, Reza Ahadi, Mohsen Afshani, Zahra Alaei Askarabad, Tahereh Kowsarirad, Sohrab Sakinehpour, Nazila Ayvazzadeh, S. Cheraghi
Purpose: Diagnosis of musculoskeletal abnormalities is critical because of the large number of people affected by these disorders worldwide. The recent advances in deep learning techniques show that convolutional neural networks can be a useful tool for the computer-aided detection of radiographic abnormalities. This study focuses on diagnosing musculoskeletal abnormalities in the lower extremities using X-Ray images by deep architecture neural networks. Materials and Methods: The dataset contains 61,098 musculoskeletal radiographic images, including 42,658 normal and 18,440 abnormal images. Each image belongs to a single type of lower extremity radiography, including the toe, foot, ankle, leg, knee, femur, and hip joints, which were prepared with standard projection without artifacts and with high quality. A novel deep neural network architecture is proposed with two different scenarios that perform the lower extremity lesion diagnosis functions with high accuracy. The foundation of the proposed method is a deep learning framework based on the Mask Regional Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The model with the best results incorporated the Mask R-CNN algorithm to produce the bounding box, followed by the CNN algorithm to detect the class based on that. Results: The proposed model can identify different types of lower limb lesions by an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve 0.925 with an operating point of 0.859 of sensitivity and a specificity of 0.893. Conclusion: The results indicated that the consecutive implementation of Mask R-CNN and CNN has a higher efficiency than Mask R-CNN and CNN separately in lesion detection of lower limb X-ray images.
{"title":"Designing an Intelligent Lesion Detection System Using Deep Architecture Neural Networks in the Lower Limb X-Ray Images","authors":"Sepideh Amiri, Mina Akbarabadi, S. Rimaz, F. Abdolali, Reza Ahadi, Mohsen Afshani, Zahra Alaei Askarabad, Tahereh Kowsarirad, Sohrab Sakinehpour, Nazila Ayvazzadeh, S. Cheraghi","doi":"10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12221","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Diagnosis of musculoskeletal abnormalities is critical because of the large number of people affected by these disorders worldwide. The recent advances in deep learning techniques show that convolutional neural networks can be a useful tool for the computer-aided detection of radiographic abnormalities. This study focuses on diagnosing musculoskeletal abnormalities in the lower extremities using X-Ray images by deep architecture neural networks. \u0000Materials and Methods: The dataset contains 61,098 musculoskeletal radiographic images, including 42,658 normal and 18,440 abnormal images. Each image belongs to a single type of lower extremity radiography, including the toe, foot, ankle, leg, knee, femur, and hip joints, which were prepared with standard projection without artifacts and with high quality. A novel deep neural network architecture is proposed with two different scenarios that perform the lower extremity lesion diagnosis functions with high accuracy. The foundation of the proposed method is a deep learning framework based on the Mask Regional Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The model with the best results incorporated the Mask R-CNN algorithm to produce the bounding box, followed by the CNN algorithm to detect the class based on that. \u0000Results: The proposed model can identify different types of lower limb lesions by an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve 0.925 with an operating point of 0.859 of sensitivity and a specificity of 0.893. \u0000Conclusion: The results indicated that the consecutive implementation of Mask R-CNN and CNN has a higher efficiency than Mask R-CNN and CNN separately in lesion detection of lower limb X-ray images.","PeriodicalId":34203,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies","volume":"182 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83050975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12227
Mohammad Taghi Kheirkhah, Masoud Shekarro, Zahra Mirchi, S. Gharibzadeh
Studies conducted on both normal and abnormal samples have shown transcranial brain stimulation to be effective in improving cognitive functioning. Meanwhile, the behavioral training of cognitive skills has been found to be effective as well. To enhance or rehabilitate core cognitive processes, neuropsychologists and clinicians usually use either one of these or a combination of both. In this study, we reviewed the literature to investigate the effects of brain stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training on attention and working memory. It was concluded that the combined method can be more effective than brain stimulation alone. However, there is no sufficient evidence to make a conclusive statement.
{"title":"The Impact of Transcranial Brain Stimulation Combined with Cognitive Training on Attention and Working Memory: A Review of Literature","authors":"Mohammad Taghi Kheirkhah, Masoud Shekarro, Zahra Mirchi, S. Gharibzadeh","doi":"10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12227","url":null,"abstract":"Studies conducted on both normal and abnormal samples have shown transcranial brain stimulation to be effective in improving cognitive functioning. Meanwhile, the behavioral training of cognitive skills has been found to be effective as well. To enhance or rehabilitate core cognitive processes, neuropsychologists and clinicians usually use either one of these or a combination of both. In this study, we reviewed the literature to investigate the effects of brain stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training on attention and working memory. It was concluded that the combined method can be more effective than brain stimulation alone. However, there is no sufficient evidence to make a conclusive statement.","PeriodicalId":34203,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73220959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12222
Mohammad Mahdi Moeini Kouchaksaraei, Fereidoun Nowshiravan Rahatabad, A. Sheikhani
Purpose: Therapeutic electrical stimulation of deep brain structures, such as the subthalamic nucleus and the Globus Pallidus (GP), is widely accepted as a treatment tool for patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex with electrodes or transcranial stimulation can increase motor function among PD patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation with simulation of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) technique on parts of the basal ganglia among PD patients. Materials and Methods: tDCS was simulated using two different electrode placement methods (anodal stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) and anodal stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)) and We evaluated the excitation procedure in the target area based on the excitation current distribution in GP and Subthalamic Nucleus according to the patient's condition in both electrode methods. All simulations were performed using head Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images of four people with PD. Also, according to the excitation current distribution obtained from the previous step, we studied how the excitation current distributed in the target areas is affected by using a model of the basal ganglia so that based on the membrane potential of each excitation in these areas, in all four patients, we compare both electrode-installation methods in a functional way. The effectiveness of brain stimulation was also studied using a basal ganglia model. Considering the membrane potential of GP and Subthalamic Nucleus regions, the effectiveness of each electrode placement method was evaluated in the Basal Ganglia (BG) model. Results: According to the results, direct current stimulation was propagated through electrodes placed on the scalp throughout the model. Also, anodal stimulation of the M1 had a better stimulation of GP and subthalamic nucleus than anodal stimulation of the DLPFC. Conclusion: Although, the procedures for performing tDCS and invasive brain stimulation in PD are different, the results show that this treatment can be appropriate and improve motor function in patients with PD.
{"title":"Comparison of Two Electrode Placement Methods in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease","authors":"Mohammad Mahdi Moeini Kouchaksaraei, Fereidoun Nowshiravan Rahatabad, A. Sheikhani","doi":"10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12222","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Therapeutic electrical stimulation of deep brain structures, such as the subthalamic nucleus and the Globus Pallidus (GP), is widely accepted as a treatment tool for patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex with electrodes or transcranial stimulation can increase motor function among PD patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation with simulation of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) technique on parts of the basal ganglia among PD patients. \u0000Materials and Methods: tDCS was simulated using two different electrode placement methods (anodal stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) and anodal stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)) and We evaluated the excitation procedure in the target area based on the excitation current distribution in GP and Subthalamic Nucleus according to the patient's condition in both electrode methods. All simulations were performed using head Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images of four people with PD. Also, according to the excitation current distribution obtained from the previous step, we studied how the excitation current distributed in the target areas is affected by using a model of the basal ganglia so that based on the membrane potential of each excitation in these areas, in all four patients, we compare both electrode-installation methods in a functional way. The effectiveness of brain stimulation was also studied using a basal ganglia model. Considering the membrane potential of GP and Subthalamic Nucleus regions, the effectiveness of each electrode placement method was evaluated in the Basal Ganglia (BG) model. \u0000Results: According to the results, direct current stimulation was propagated through electrodes placed on the scalp throughout the model. Also, anodal stimulation of the M1 had a better stimulation of GP and subthalamic nucleus than anodal stimulation of the DLPFC. \u0000Conclusion: Although, the procedures for performing tDCS and invasive brain stimulation in PD are different, the results show that this treatment can be appropriate and improve motor function in patients with PD.","PeriodicalId":34203,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies","volume":"69 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87668208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12226
M. Mirdoraghi, S. Abbasi
Purpose: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is one of the probable sources of Reactive Oxygen Species generated by ionizing radiation. This study aimed to determine the expressions of Nox4 and radioprotective effects of magnesium sulfate and vitamin A following whole-body 2 Gy X-ray irradiation. Materials and Methods: In this research, 6-7 weeks old Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) male mice were kept in a standard cage with an appropriate temperature and 12 on 12 off light cycle. Three concentrations of vitamin A and magnesium sulfate were intraperitoneally injected into mice 2 hours before irradiation. The dose rate was 50 cGy/min at Source Skin Distance (SSD) = 100 cm and a field size of 10 × 10cm2. The mice were anesthetized and sacrificed by cervical dislocation 24 hours after irradiation. Then, the expression of Nox4 was assessed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: There were significant differences between the mean of gene expression in groups treated with vitamin A and magnesium sulfate compared to only radiation group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is likely that vitamin A and magnesium sulfate neutralize the harmful effects of free radicals due to their antioxidant properties.
目的:烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶(NADPH)是电离辐射产生活性氧的可能来源之一。本研究旨在测定全身2gy x射线照射后Nox4的表达及硫酸镁和维生素A的辐射防护作用。材料与方法:将6-7周龄海军医学研究所(Naval Medical research Institute, NMRI)雄性小鼠饲养于标准笼中，温度适宜，12开12关光照循环。照射前2小时，小鼠腹腔注射三种浓度的维生素A和硫酸镁。剂量率为50 cGy/min，源皮肤距离(SSD) = 100 cm，场大小为10 × 10cm2。照射24小时后麻醉脱臼处死小鼠。实时聚合酶链反应(Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR)检测Nox4的表达。结果:与单纯放疗组相比，维生素A和硫酸镁治疗组的基因表达平均值差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:基于本研究结果，维生素A和硫酸镁可能由于其抗氧化特性而中和自由基的有害影响。
{"title":"The Effects of Vitamin A and Magnesium Sulfate on the Expression of Nox4 Following Irradiation in Bone Marrow Cells","authors":"M. Mirdoraghi, S. Abbasi","doi":"10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12226","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is one of the probable sources of Reactive Oxygen Species generated by ionizing radiation. This study aimed to determine the expressions of Nox4 and radioprotective effects of magnesium sulfate and vitamin A following whole-body 2 Gy X-ray irradiation. \u0000Materials and Methods: In this research, 6-7 weeks old Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) male mice were kept in a standard cage with an appropriate temperature and 12 on 12 off light cycle. Three concentrations of vitamin A and magnesium sulfate were intraperitoneally injected into mice 2 hours before irradiation. The dose rate was 50 cGy/min at Source Skin Distance (SSD) = 100 cm and a field size of 10 × 10cm2. The mice were anesthetized and sacrificed by cervical dislocation 24 hours after irradiation. Then, the expression of Nox4 was assessed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). \u0000Results: There were significant differences between the mean of gene expression in groups treated with vitamin A and magnesium sulfate compared to only radiation group (P < 0.05). \u0000Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is likely that vitamin A and magnesium sulfate neutralize the harmful effects of free radicals due to their antioxidant properties.","PeriodicalId":34203,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78518382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12225
Monireh Maleki, Fereidoun Nowshiravan Rahatabad, M. Pouladian
Purpose: Purpose: Musculoskeletal systems have a complex nature, and it is very difficult to control issues in these systems due to various characteristics such as speed and accuracy. Thus, investigating these musculoskeletal systems requires simple and analyzable methods. Also, due to sudden changes during the movement process, the speed and accuracy of the calculations should be proportional to the operating speed of the system. Predicting the system norms and fulfilling them for the system are the next challenges for relevant studies. Materials and Methods: Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the knee joint function, the joint condition in an incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), as well as its rehabilitation conditions by designing a simple mathematical model. This model was designed based on the interactions between Hamstring Muscles (HAM) and the vasti muscle group. Considering changes in the Central Pattern Generator (CPG) as a variable input, we analyzed the model output in fixed point, periodic and chaotic modes. Results: The results of the present study showed that the knee joint model output was a chaotic and fixed point for the healthy and incomplete SCI modes, respectively. Increasing the values of afferents was enhanced in the central pattern generating model to rehabilitate the model. According to the modeling results, by applying coefficients of 1.98, 2.21, and 3.1 to the values of afferents Ia, II and Ib, the incomplete spinal injury model changed permanently from the fixed point to the periodic position, indicating movement with rehabilitation in the knee joint. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from the knee joint mathematical model in comparison with the reference articles in relation to the expected results, it can be stated that this model has an acceptable output while being simple in calculations and has the ability to predict different norms. It can also be hoped that improved and more detailed results will be achieved in the study of musculoskeletal systems with the development of this model.
{"title":"Knee Joint Modeling Based on Muscle Interactions Using a Central Pattern Generator to Predict Disease Progression and Rehabilitation Techniques in Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"Monireh Maleki, Fereidoun Nowshiravan Rahatabad, M. Pouladian","doi":"10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12225","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Purpose: Musculoskeletal systems have a complex nature, and it is very difficult to control issues in these systems due to various characteristics such as speed and accuracy. Thus, investigating these musculoskeletal systems requires simple and analyzable methods. Also, due to sudden changes during the movement process, the speed and accuracy of the calculations should be proportional to the operating speed of the system. Predicting the system norms and fulfilling them for the system are the next challenges for relevant studies. \u0000Materials and Methods: Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the knee joint function, the joint condition in an incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), as well as its rehabilitation conditions by designing a simple mathematical model. This model was designed based on the interactions between Hamstring Muscles (HAM) and the vasti muscle group. Considering changes in the Central Pattern Generator (CPG) as a variable input, we analyzed the model output in fixed point, periodic and chaotic modes. \u0000Results: The results of the present study showed that the knee joint model output was a chaotic and fixed point for the healthy and incomplete SCI modes, respectively. Increasing the values of afferents was enhanced in the central pattern generating model to rehabilitate the model. According to the modeling results, by applying coefficients of 1.98, 2.21, and 3.1 to the values of afferents Ia, II and Ib, the incomplete spinal injury model changed permanently from the fixed point to the periodic position, indicating movement with rehabilitation in the knee joint. \u0000Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from the knee joint mathematical model in comparison with the reference articles in relation to the expected results, it can be stated that this model has an acceptable output while being simple in calculations and has the ability to predict different norms. It can also be hoped that improved and more detailed results will be achieved in the study of musculoskeletal systems with the development of this model.","PeriodicalId":34203,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies","volume":"130 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84931336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12218
S. Souri, M. Jadidi, H. Hasanzadeh, Tahereh Khani, V. Semnani
Purpose: According to the side effects of invasive cancer treatments, Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT) as a noninvasive method for breast adenocarcinoma was considered. Sonosensitizer agents’ encapsulation can improve the accumulation of these drugs in the tumor tissue and reduce treatment side effects. Hence, mice breast adenocarcinoma SDT with Hematoporphyrin (HP) and HP-encapsulated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (HP-MSNs) was carried out. Materials and Methods: 96 female breast adenocarcinoma grafted Balb/C mice were randomly divided into 16 groups (n = 6): control, sham, HP, HP-MSN, Ultrasound (US), SDT+HP, and SDT+HP-MSN groups. Sonosensitizer agents were injected intraperitoneally (2.5 or 5 mg/kg, 0.2 ml) 24h before an US radiation (1MHz, 1 or 2 W/cm2, 60 sec). The tumor growth parameters were evaluated 30 days after SDT. Results: The inhibition ratio was enhanced by 23, 18, 18, and 16% relative to the control group in HP-MSN (5 mg/kg), HP-MSN (2.5 mg/kg) HP (5 mg/kg) and US (2 W/cm2) groups, respectively, at 18 days after the injection time; whereas, the analysis of findings revealed an antitumor effect in SDT with HP-MSN groups. The Tumor Growth Inhibition (TGI) percentages were 45, 42, and 42% for the SDT (2 W/cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg), SDT (1 W/cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg), and SDT (2 W/cm2) + HP (2.5 mg/kg) groups, respectively, on the 18th day post-injection, and T2 and T5 times were higher than that of control and sham groups (P<0.05). The estimated 44-day survival time in the Kaplan-Meier test was 95% in the SDT (2 W/ cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg) treated group, which had moderately differentiated cells in tumor grading. Conclusion: Based on the findings, SDT with HP-encapsulated MSNs (5 mg/kg) has an antitumor effect on breast adenocarcinoma.
{"title":"An In-Vivo Study of Sonodynamic Therapy with Encapsulated Hematoporphyrin","authors":"S. Souri, M. Jadidi, H. Hasanzadeh, Tahereh Khani, V. Semnani","doi":"10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12218","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: According to the side effects of invasive cancer treatments, Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT) as a noninvasive method for breast adenocarcinoma was considered. Sonosensitizer agents’ encapsulation can improve the accumulation of these drugs in the tumor tissue and reduce treatment side effects. Hence, mice breast adenocarcinoma SDT with Hematoporphyrin (HP) and HP-encapsulated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (HP-MSNs) was carried out. \u0000Materials and Methods: 96 female breast adenocarcinoma grafted Balb/C mice were randomly divided into 16 groups (n = 6): control, sham, HP, HP-MSN, Ultrasound (US), SDT+HP, and SDT+HP-MSN groups. Sonosensitizer agents were injected intraperitoneally (2.5 or 5 mg/kg, 0.2 ml) 24h before an US radiation (1MHz, 1 or 2 W/cm2, 60 sec). The tumor growth parameters were evaluated 30 days after SDT. \u0000Results: The inhibition ratio was enhanced by 23, 18, 18, and 16% relative to the control group in HP-MSN (5 mg/kg), HP-MSN (2.5 mg/kg) HP (5 mg/kg) and US (2 W/cm2) groups, respectively, at 18 days after the injection time; whereas, the analysis of findings revealed an antitumor effect in SDT with HP-MSN groups. The Tumor Growth Inhibition (TGI) percentages were 45, 42, and 42% for the SDT (2 W/cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg), SDT (1 W/cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg), and SDT (2 W/cm2) + HP (2.5 mg/kg) groups, respectively, on the 18th day post-injection, and T2 and T5 times were higher than that of control and sham groups (P<0.05). The estimated 44-day survival time in the Kaplan-Meier test was 95% in the SDT (2 W/ cm2) + HP-MSN (5 mg/kg) treated group, which had moderately differentiated cells in tumor grading. \u0000Conclusion: Based on the findings, SDT with HP-encapsulated MSNs (5 mg/kg) has an antitumor effect on breast adenocarcinoma.","PeriodicalId":34203,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78474664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12220
Reza Eghdam-Zamiri, Hosein Ghiasi, S. Keshavarz
Purpose: Skyshine radiation dose equivalent dose rate is known as scattered radiation by the room above air to points at the ground level points outside the Linear Accelerator (LINAC) room. Our aim was to estimate skyshine around the LINAC-based radiotherapy by a 4MV LINAC photon beam. Materials and Methods: Monte Carlo (MC) MCNP code calculation was conducted to skyshine at the control room, 60Co treatment room, physics, and simulator rooms. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) 151 was also used and it reported analytical formulation methods for photon beam calculation. A Flattering Filter (FF) equipped and Flattening Filter-Free (FFF) LINACs photon beams were derived and differences and agreements were discussed. Results: The results showed high skyshine for FF equipped relative to FFF LINACs. This effect may be attributed to photon beam hardening by FF in the LINAC head and higher transmission through the ceiling shield and more presence of photons on the roof above the air. NCRP 151 method results were higher than MC simulated photon beam skyshine dose equivalent dose rate and it may be the cause of the inflexible analytical method in contrast to MC simulation. Finally, FFF and FF-equipped LINACs result in skyshine compared and they compared to NCRP 151 report. MC simulation performed reasonably in estimation in different conditions. Conclusion: Our results showed that FF-equipped skyshine is higher than FFF LINAC and NCRP 151 is an inflexible method that does not take some effective parameters into account and calculates skyshine higher.
{"title":"Assessment of Photon Beam Skyshine Dose Equivalent Rate of a 4 MeV Radiation Therapy Bunker Using Analytical and Monte Carlo Methods","authors":"Reza Eghdam-Zamiri, Hosein Ghiasi, S. Keshavarz","doi":"10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12220","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Skyshine radiation dose equivalent dose rate is known as scattered radiation by the room above air to points at the ground level points outside the Linear Accelerator (LINAC) room. Our aim was to estimate skyshine around the LINAC-based radiotherapy by a 4MV LINAC photon beam. \u0000Materials and Methods: Monte Carlo (MC) MCNP code calculation was conducted to skyshine at the control room, 60Co treatment room, physics, and simulator rooms. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) 151 was also used and it reported analytical formulation methods for photon beam calculation. A Flattering Filter (FF) equipped and Flattening Filter-Free (FFF) LINACs photon beams were derived and differences and agreements were discussed. \u0000Results: The results showed high skyshine for FF equipped relative to FFF LINACs. This effect may be attributed to photon beam hardening by FF in the LINAC head and higher transmission through the ceiling shield and more presence of photons on the roof above the air. NCRP 151 method results were higher than MC simulated photon beam skyshine dose equivalent dose rate and it may be the cause of the inflexible analytical method in contrast to MC simulation. Finally, FFF and FF-equipped LINACs result in skyshine compared and they compared to NCRP 151 report. MC simulation performed reasonably in estimation in different conditions. \u0000Conclusion: Our results showed that FF-equipped skyshine is higher than FFF LINAC and NCRP 151 is an inflexible method that does not take some effective parameters into account and calculates skyshine higher.","PeriodicalId":34203,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80682616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12219
Nasireh Dayarian, Ali Khadem
Purpose: The Boundary Element (BE) and Finite Element (FE) methods are widely used numerical techniques to solve the Electroencephalography (EEG) forward problem. However, the FE Method (FEM) has difficulty in simulating current dipoles due to singularity, and the BE method (BEM) cannot simulate inhomogeneous and anisotropic conductivity profiles. Recently, a hybrid BE-FE method has been proposed to benefit from the advantages of both BEM and FEM in solving the EEG forward problem. Generally, the type of mesh may significantly influence the results of numerical EEG forward solvers and should be carefully studied. Materials and Methods: In this paper, the performance of the hybrid BE-FE method is compared with an approach of FEM (partial integration) using three types of meshes. The ground truth is the analytical EEG forward solutions obtained from inhomogeneous and isotropic/anisotropic four-layer spherical head models with dipoles of radial and tangential directions at four eccentricities. Results: The minimum mean of Relative Difference Measure (RDM) obtained from Partial Integration (PI)-FEM is 0.0596 at 70% source eccentricity while by using the hybrid BE-FE method it is improved to 0.0251 at the same eccentricity. On the other hand, the maximum mean of Magnitude Ratio (MAG) obtained from PI-FEM is 0.6216 at 50% source eccentricity while it is improved to 0.9734 at the same eccentricity. Conclusion: The results show that the hybrid BE-FE method outperforms PI-FEM in solving the EEG forward problem using three types of meshes regarding RDM and MAG error criteria.
{"title":"Evaluating the Performance of the Hybrid Boundary Element- Finite Element (BE-FE) Method to Solve Electroencephalography (EEG) Forward Problem Based on the Mesh Quality: A Simulation Study","authors":"Nasireh Dayarian, Ali Khadem","doi":"10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12219","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The Boundary Element (BE) and Finite Element (FE) methods are widely used numerical techniques to solve the Electroencephalography (EEG) forward problem. However, the FE Method (FEM) has difficulty in simulating current dipoles due to singularity, and the BE method (BEM) cannot simulate inhomogeneous and anisotropic conductivity profiles. Recently, a hybrid BE-FE method has been proposed to benefit from the advantages of both BEM and FEM in solving the EEG forward problem. Generally, the type of mesh may significantly influence the results of numerical EEG forward solvers and should be carefully studied. \u0000Materials and Methods: In this paper, the performance of the hybrid BE-FE method is compared with an approach of FEM (partial integration) using three types of meshes. The ground truth is the analytical EEG forward solutions obtained from inhomogeneous and isotropic/anisotropic four-layer spherical head models with dipoles of radial and tangential directions at four eccentricities. \u0000Results: The minimum mean of Relative Difference Measure (RDM) obtained from Partial Integration (PI)-FEM is 0.0596 at 70% source eccentricity while by using the hybrid BE-FE method it is improved to 0.0251 at the same eccentricity. On the other hand, the maximum mean of Magnitude Ratio (MAG) obtained from PI-FEM is 0.6216 at 50% source eccentricity while it is improved to 0.9734 at the same eccentricity. \u0000Conclusion: The results show that the hybrid BE-FE method outperforms PI-FEM in solving the EEG forward problem using three types of meshes regarding RDM and MAG error criteria.","PeriodicalId":34203,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77162466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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