Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-11
Microsporidia are highly specialized obligate intracellular parasites. They affect various tissues of most animal groups. In Azerbaijan, 29 species and forms of microsporidia were recorded. Of these, 10 species (Amblyospora minuta, Pleistophora obesa, Thelohania opacita, Th. opacita caspius, Th. vexans, Stempellia captshagaica, St. magna, Nosema caspius, Nosema sp., Culicosporella sp.) were found in four species of blood-sucking mosquitos (Culix pipiens pipiens, Aedes vexans, A. caspius, Culex theileri). The collected larvae were identified using the key of Gutsevich et al. (1970). In the laboratory, the mosquito larvae were examined against a dark background under the microscope MBS-9 to distinguish individuals infected with microsporidia. Smears were stained with azure-eosin. Histological slices were prepared according to the Volkova and Yeletskiy method (1971); pathological changes in host tissues were identified using the electron microscope JEM 1400. In the course of our research conducted in 2017–2018 on the Absheron peninsula (Azerbaijan), the life stages of the microsporidium Amblyospora (=Thelohania) opacita Kudo, 1922 were found in the larvae of Aedes caspius Pallas, 1771. Examination of the infected host cell ultrastructure revealed the following changes: rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria concentration around the parasite, an increase of cytoplasm volume, initiation of cell hypertrophy, disappearance of fat, protein granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum at later development stages, a decrease in the number of ribosomes in the cytoplasm and their simultaneous increase around the periphery of the nucleus, mitochondria degradation. These changes cause a delay in the larva development. Microsporidiosis affects the whole mosquito life cycle. The effect of microsporidia on the host organism manifests itself in the delayed larvae development and, in some cases, their early death. First of all, the lipid granules disappear supposedly because of the intensification of the host's aerobic metabolism to compensate for the energy loss caused by the developing parasites.
{"title":"Pathomorphological changes in the larvae cells of blood-suckıng mosquitoes (Aedes caspius Pallas, 1771) affected by parasitizing microsporidium Amblyospora (=Thelohania) opacita Kudo, 1922","authors":"","doi":"10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-11","url":null,"abstract":"Microsporidia are highly specialized obligate intracellular parasites. They affect various tissues of most animal groups. In Azerbaijan, 29 species and forms of microsporidia were recorded. Of these, 10 species (Amblyospora minuta, Pleistophora obesa, Thelohania opacita, Th. opacita caspius, Th. vexans, Stempellia captshagaica, St. magna, Nosema caspius, Nosema sp., Culicosporella sp.) were found in four species of blood-sucking mosquitos (Culix pipiens pipiens, Aedes vexans, A. caspius, Culex theileri). The collected larvae were identified using the key of Gutsevich et al. (1970). In the laboratory, the mosquito larvae were examined against a dark background under the microscope MBS-9 to distinguish individuals infected with microsporidia. Smears were stained with azure-eosin. Histological slices were prepared according to the Volkova and Yeletskiy method (1971); pathological changes in host tissues were identified using the electron microscope JEM 1400. In the course of our research conducted in 2017–2018 on the Absheron peninsula (Azerbaijan), the life stages of the microsporidium Amblyospora (=Thelohania) opacita Kudo, 1922 were found in the larvae of Aedes caspius Pallas, 1771. Examination of the infected host cell ultrastructure revealed the following changes: rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria concentration around the parasite, an increase of cytoplasm volume, initiation of cell hypertrophy, disappearance of fat, protein granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum at later development stages, a decrease in the number of ribosomes in the cytoplasm and their simultaneous increase around the periphery of the nucleus, mitochondria degradation. These changes cause a delay in the larva development. Microsporidiosis affects the whole mosquito life cycle. The effect of microsporidia on the host organism manifests itself in the delayed larvae development and, in some cases, their early death. First of all, the lipid granules disappear supposedly because of the intensification of the host's aerobic metabolism to compensate for the energy loss caused by the developing parasites.","PeriodicalId":34206,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo Natsional''nogo Universitetu Imeni VN Karazina Seriia Biologiia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79798581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.26565/2220-8089-2020-38-02
Theoretical and methodological bases of political corruption as a systemic problem are considered. Political corruption is analyzed as a complex political, socio-economic, legal phenomenon, its main features are studied, the main approaches to the interpretation of the concept of political corruption are systematized, the causes of corrupt economic relations are clarified. Emphasis is placed on the fact that political corruption is a specific element of the socio-political life of society and the state as a whole. It reduces the ability of public authorities to realistically and effectively solve various objectively arising social problems. The phenomenon of political corruption has a socio-global nature, mediated by a set of economic, political, socio-cultural factors of society. The conceptual consideration of this aspect of political corruption is based on the assertion that political corruption is a multilateral but holistic phenomenon. In other words, revealing political corruption in this aspect, it is necessary not only to identify its essential features in the framework of political, legal, socio-economic and socio-cultural approaches, but also to trace the relationship between them, to understand their combination in a single phenomenon. It turns out that the main mechanism of control of politicians, accountability to their voters are always civil society institutions, the absence of which, as well as the dependence of the legislative and judicial branches of government inevitably lead to political corruption, which in turn completes the cycle of political corruption. generates the production of such actions of the authorities.
{"title":"POLITICAL CORRUPTION AS A SYSTEM OF ILLEGAL ACTIONS: VARIABILITY OF ASPECTS","authors":"","doi":"10.26565/2220-8089-2020-38-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2220-8089-2020-38-02","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical and methodological bases of political corruption as a systemic problem are considered. Political corruption is analyzed as a complex political, socio-economic, legal phenomenon, its main features are studied, the main approaches to the interpretation of the concept of political corruption are systematized, the causes of corrupt economic relations are clarified. Emphasis is placed on the fact that political corruption is a specific element of the socio-political life of society and the state as a whole. It reduces the ability of public authorities to realistically and effectively solve various objectively arising social problems. The phenomenon of political corruption has a socio-global nature, mediated by a set of economic, political, socio-cultural factors of society. The conceptual consideration of this aspect of political corruption is based on the assertion that political corruption is a multilateral but holistic phenomenon. In other words, revealing political corruption in this aspect, it is necessary not only to identify its essential features in the framework of political, legal, socio-economic and socio-cultural approaches, but also to trace the relationship between them, to understand their combination in a single phenomenon. It turns out that the main mechanism of control of politicians, accountability to their voters are always civil society institutions, the absence of which, as well as the dependence of the legislative and judicial branches of government inevitably lead to political corruption, which in turn completes the cycle of political corruption. generates the production of such actions of the authorities.","PeriodicalId":34206,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo Natsional''nogo Universitetu Imeni VN Karazina Seriia Biologiia","volume":"227 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76808655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.26565/2075-5457-2020-34-2
Oxidative stress is considered to be the main mechanism of cadmium ions toxic effect on the cells and is caused by cadmium, as a non-transition metal, indirectly. Oxidative damage to cells due to the action of cadmium ions is tissue-specific and is associated with the antioxidant system inhibition, free heme accumulation and essential metals substitution in metalloproteins. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) exhibits high affinity for heme and proteins and peptides sulfhydryl groups, known to be the main molecular targets for cadmium ions. Taking all the above-mentioned into account, the aim of this work was to study the effect of NO radicals donors on the prooxidant-antioxidant state of mammalian tissues under oxidative stress caused by cadmium chloride administration in vivo. Male Wistar rats weighing 160–200 g were used in the study. CdCl2 was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 14 mg/kg body weight. The direct donor of the NO radical sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 1 mg/kg mass) and the substrate of the NO synthase reaction L-arginine (600 mg/kg mass) were administered intraperitoneally. In order to study the corrective action, donors of the NO radical were injected 0.5 h before the cadmium salt. The objects of investigation were blood plasma and liver, kidneys and spleen homogenates of rats. The cadmium chloride treatment caused a number of prooxidant-antioxidant balance disorders, most of which were revealed a day after injection. The accumulation of lipid peroxidation products was found in rat serum, liver, and spleen. The enhancement of prooxidant processes in these tissues may originate from cadmium ions and hemolysis products entry. In the antioxidant system, significant changes were observed under cadmium action only in the liver: an increase in the reduced glutathione content and SOD activity and a decrease in catalase activity. The precursor of nitric oxide L-arginine did not change the basal level of prooxidant-antioxidant parameters, and in most cases did not affect their dynamics in the organs studied after cadmium chloride administration. A direct NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, acted in liver and spleen mostly as a prooxidant. In liver, the injection of only nitroprusside, as well as the combined administration of SNP and CdCl2, led to free radical processes activation just in two hours. In spleen, the combined treatment by SNP and cadmium salt also caused an earlier development of oxidative stress, as witnessed by an increase in lipid hydroperoxides level and a decrease in reduced glutathione content. Therefore, the injection of a direct NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, and a substrate of NO synthase, L-arginine, in selected doses has insignificant corrective action on cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the liver, kidneys and spleen. However, in blood both donors of NO effectively prevented the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products under CdCl2 treatment; in addition, L-arginine significantly reduced the lactate dehydrogenase release,
{"title":"The effect of nitrogen monoxide donors on the indexes of cadmium-induced oxidative stress in different rat tissues","authors":"","doi":"10.26565/2075-5457-2020-34-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2020-34-2","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress is considered to be the main mechanism of cadmium ions toxic effect on the cells and is caused by cadmium, as a non-transition metal, indirectly. Oxidative damage to cells due to the action of cadmium ions is tissue-specific and is associated with the antioxidant system inhibition, free heme accumulation and essential metals substitution in metalloproteins. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) exhibits high affinity for heme and proteins and peptides sulfhydryl groups, known to be the main molecular targets for cadmium ions. Taking all the above-mentioned into account, the aim of this work was to study the effect of NO radicals donors on the prooxidant-antioxidant state of mammalian tissues under oxidative stress caused by cadmium chloride administration in vivo. Male Wistar rats weighing 160–200 g were used in the study. CdCl2 was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 14 mg/kg body weight. The direct donor of the NO radical sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 1 mg/kg mass) and the substrate of the NO synthase reaction L-arginine (600 mg/kg mass) were administered intraperitoneally. In order to study the corrective action, donors of the NO radical were injected 0.5 h before the cadmium salt. The objects of investigation were blood plasma and liver, kidneys and spleen homogenates of rats. The cadmium chloride treatment caused a number of prooxidant-antioxidant balance disorders, most of which were revealed a day after injection. The accumulation of lipid peroxidation products was found in rat serum, liver, and spleen. The enhancement of prooxidant processes in these tissues may originate from cadmium ions and hemolysis products entry. In the antioxidant system, significant changes were observed under cadmium action only in the liver: an increase in the reduced glutathione content and SOD activity and a decrease in catalase activity. The precursor of nitric oxide L-arginine did not change the basal level of prooxidant-antioxidant parameters, and in most cases did not affect their dynamics in the organs studied after cadmium chloride administration. A direct NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, acted in liver and spleen mostly as a prooxidant. In liver, the injection of only nitroprusside, as well as the combined administration of SNP and CdCl2, led to free radical processes activation just in two hours. In spleen, the combined treatment by SNP and cadmium salt also caused an earlier development of oxidative stress, as witnessed by an increase in lipid hydroperoxides level and a decrease in reduced glutathione content. Therefore, the injection of a direct NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, and a substrate of NO synthase, L-arginine, in selected doses has insignificant corrective action on cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the liver, kidneys and spleen. However, in blood both donors of NO effectively prevented the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products under CdCl2 treatment; in addition, L-arginine significantly reduced the lactate dehydrogenase release,","PeriodicalId":34206,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo Natsional''nogo Universitetu Imeni VN Karazina Seriia Biologiia","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72862705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.26565/2075-5457-2020-34-10
Species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group are among the most well known and commonly found tardigrades. They are reported in almost every study of Tardigrada diversity in terrestrial habitats. In spite of this, zoogeographical data on this group remain ambiguous and insufficient. Since most species of the M. hufelandi group have been described in the last three decades, many older records need to be confirmed or revised. In this study we aimed to investigate, which species may be present in Ukraine, since most Ukrainian records of this group are outdated. We studied samples of mosses and lichens collected from different regions of Ukraine (mainly in the East and South of the country) in 2007–2019. Tardigrades were extracted from samples and mounted on permanent slides in Faure's medium. After primary identification of genera and species groups we focused on 13 samples containing local populations of the M. hufelandi group. Details of animal and egg morphology were studied under high magnifications of phase contrast light microscopy. Species were identified based on morphology of the oral cavity armature, egg shell morphology, animal cuticle granulation, as well as some morphometric characters of claws and bucco-pharyngeal apparatus. This research revealed the presence of at least six different species in Ukraine: M. glebkai Biserov, 1990; M. hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze, 1834; M. macrocalix Bertolani & Rebecchi, 1993; M. polonicus Pilato, Kaczmarek, Michalczyk & Lisi, 2003; M. sottilei Pilato, Kiosya, Lisi & Sabella, 2012; M. vladimiri Bertolani, Biserov, Rebecchi & Cesari, 2011. Three of them: M. macrocalix, M. sottilei, and M. vladimiri are reported in this study from Ukraine for the first time. Adding three more species recorded in earlier studies: M. diversus Biserov, 1990; M. persimilis Binda & Pilato, 1972, and M. sapiens Binda & Pilato, 1984 – gives the total count of at least 9 species of the group in Ukraine. However, according to the recent studies on species complexes the real species diversity is very likely to be higher. Nevertheless, more sampling and obtaining molecular data from different Ukrainian populations of the M. hufelandi group from Ukraine are required.
{"title":"New records of tardigrade species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae) from Ukraine","authors":"","doi":"10.26565/2075-5457-2020-34-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2020-34-10","url":null,"abstract":"Species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group are among the most well known and commonly found tardigrades. They are reported in almost every study of Tardigrada diversity in terrestrial habitats. In spite of this, zoogeographical data on this group remain ambiguous and insufficient. Since most species of the M. hufelandi group have been described in the last three decades, many older records need to be confirmed or revised. In this study we aimed to investigate, which species may be present in Ukraine, since most Ukrainian records of this group are outdated. We studied samples of mosses and lichens collected from different regions of Ukraine (mainly in the East and South of the country) in 2007–2019. Tardigrades were extracted from samples and mounted on permanent slides in Faure's medium. After primary identification of genera and species groups we focused on 13 samples containing local populations of the M. hufelandi group. Details of animal and egg morphology were studied under high magnifications of phase contrast light microscopy. Species were identified based on morphology of the oral cavity armature, egg shell morphology, animal cuticle granulation, as well as some morphometric characters of claws and bucco-pharyngeal apparatus. This research revealed the presence of at least six different species in Ukraine: M. glebkai Biserov, 1990; M. hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze, 1834; M. macrocalix Bertolani & Rebecchi, 1993; M. polonicus Pilato, Kaczmarek, Michalczyk & Lisi, 2003; M. sottilei Pilato, Kiosya, Lisi & Sabella, 2012; M. vladimiri Bertolani, Biserov, Rebecchi & Cesari, 2011. Three of them: M. macrocalix, M. sottilei, and M. vladimiri are reported in this study from Ukraine for the first time. Adding three more species recorded in earlier studies: M. diversus Biserov, 1990; M. persimilis Binda & Pilato, 1972, and M. sapiens Binda & Pilato, 1984 – gives the total count of at least 9 species of the group in Ukraine. However, according to the recent studies on species complexes the real species diversity is very likely to be higher. Nevertheless, more sampling and obtaining molecular data from different Ukrainian populations of the M. hufelandi group from Ukraine are required.","PeriodicalId":34206,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo Natsional''nogo Universitetu Imeni VN Karazina Seriia Biologiia","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73691095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-9
О. O. Brez, unova, O. Sinna
The counts of breeding Jackdaws were made in Kharkiv City, Ukraine in April – early June of 2016–2017. We estimated the breeding density among different habitat types. For such a purpose the city area was divided into 0.25 km² squares (n = 1354) and we estimated the numbers of pairs within the boundaries of 40 squares (QGIS program was used to choose randomly these squares). The surveys were made in April–May (19 squares) and early June (4 squares) in 2016 and April–May (10 squares) and early June (7 squares) in 2017. The surveys were made within main habitat types such as area of residential blocks of flats, residential area (1–2-storey buildings), industrial area, forest zone, park zone and undeveloped urban areas. The data on the area occupied by every major habitat type (in km²) were calculated by QGIS program. The 90 % of the territory of Kharkiv City was analysed, except water reservoirs and traffic way areas. The data of the surveys were extrapolated across areas of the same habitat types. Also we have searched for Jackdaw colonies within the boundaries of Kharkiv City to take these data into account. According to the collected data the Jackdaw prefers to nest in crevices of old 3–5-level buildings at built-up districts or in round cross-sections of posts at blocks-of-flats areas. Thus the mean density here was 22 pairs/km². The mean density of Jackdaw in industrial areas was 15 pairs/km², in undeveloped urban areas – 1.2 pairs/km², and in residential area (1–2-storey buildings) – 0.7 pairs/km². The total number of breeding Jackdaws in Kharkiv City was estimated at 2325 to 2630 pairs. The mean density of Jackdaws was 7.5 pairs/km². Taking into account the moderate decline in the population of the Jackdaws in some European countries (although in general the population trend remains stable within the continent), and the lack of the surveys of the breeding distribution and numbers of Jackdaws in large cities of the Eastern Ukraine, it’s reasonable to use our data as an optimal starting point for the monitoring of the regional population trend of the species. The data of 2016 year survey were used in European Breeding Bird Atlas 2 (EBBA2) programme (square 37UCR2).
{"title":"The breeding distribution and numbers of the Jackdaw (Corvus monedula) in Kharkiv City, Ukraine","authors":"О. O. Brez, unova, O. Sinna","doi":"10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-9","url":null,"abstract":"The counts of breeding Jackdaws were made in Kharkiv City, Ukraine in April – early June of 2016–2017. We estimated the breeding density among different habitat types. For such a purpose the city area was divided into 0.25 km² squares (n = 1354) and we estimated the numbers of pairs within the boundaries of 40 squares (QGIS program was used to choose randomly these squares). The surveys were made in April–May (19 squares) and early June (4 squares) in 2016 and April–May (10 squares) and early June (7 squares) in 2017. The surveys were made within main habitat types such as area of residential blocks of flats, residential area (1–2-storey buildings), industrial area, forest zone, park zone and undeveloped urban areas. The data on the area occupied by every major habitat type (in km²) were calculated by QGIS program. The 90 % of the territory of Kharkiv City was analysed, except water reservoirs and traffic way areas. The data of the surveys were extrapolated across areas of the same habitat types. Also we have searched for Jackdaw colonies within the boundaries of Kharkiv City to take these data into account. According to the collected data the Jackdaw prefers to nest in crevices of old 3–5-level buildings at built-up districts or in round cross-sections of posts at blocks-of-flats areas. Thus the mean density here was 22 pairs/km². The mean density of Jackdaw in industrial areas was 15 pairs/km², in undeveloped urban areas – 1.2 pairs/km², and in residential area (1–2-storey buildings) – 0.7 pairs/km². The total number of breeding Jackdaws in Kharkiv City was estimated at 2325 to 2630 pairs. The mean density of Jackdaws was 7.5 pairs/km². Taking into account the moderate decline in the population of the Jackdaws in some European countries (although in general the population trend remains stable within the continent), and the lack of the surveys of the breeding distribution and numbers of Jackdaws in large cities of the Eastern Ukraine, it’s reasonable to use our data as an optimal starting point for the monitoring of the regional population trend of the species. The data of 2016 year survey were used in European Breeding Bird Atlas 2 (EBBA2) programme (square 37UCR2).","PeriodicalId":34206,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo Natsional''nogo Universitetu Imeni VN Karazina Seriia Biologiia","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73903764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.26565/2220-8089-2020-37-06
The article emphasizes the concept of neopatrimonial political regimes for specific features highlighting of political communications in third world countries since on the Afro-Asian material the traditional science-theoretical division into democratic, authoritarian and totalitarian regimes is not effective enough. Behind the formal signs of democratic regimes in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the former Soviet Union, lies the patrimonial logic of their functioning. The characteristic features of neopatrimonial regimes are distinguished: the “gap” between the center and the periphery, the construction of socio-political relations according to the patronage-client scheme, the dominant role of the state in the political system, “privatization” of state functions by representatives of the state-bureaucratic complex, turning them into a source of private income. It is noted that under this conditions in the political-communicative subsystem of the political system the specific model of power-oligarchic space is formed, within which presence of own media channels, the ability to control and censor information flows acquires on a special role. This contributes to the deployment of lobbying and corruption networks, which are becoming an integral mechanism for the functioning of neopatrimonial regimes. The problem of the peculiarity of the lexis in neopatrimonial communications is considered, namely, the widespread use of the so-called invective or obscene vocabulary. It is suggested that it is not caused by low educational or general cultural level of individual political actors, but by the tendency of cultivation the informal aspect of political communications inherent in neopatrimonial regimes. The question is posed that for further research on the specifics of neopatrimonial communications, one of the most promising approaches is the identification of the main models of neopatrimonial regimes and analysis of the features of their development.
{"title":"SOME FEATURES OF NEOPATRIMONIAL POLITICAL COMMUNICATIONS","authors":"","doi":"10.26565/2220-8089-2020-37-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2220-8089-2020-37-06","url":null,"abstract":"The article emphasizes the concept of neopatrimonial political regimes for specific features highlighting of political communications in third world countries since on the Afro-Asian material the traditional science-theoretical division into democratic, authoritarian and totalitarian regimes is not effective enough. Behind the formal signs of democratic regimes in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the former Soviet Union, lies the patrimonial logic of their functioning. The characteristic features of neopatrimonial regimes are distinguished: the “gap” between the center and the periphery, the construction of socio-political relations according to the patronage-client scheme, the dominant role of the state in the political system, “privatization” of state functions by representatives of the state-bureaucratic complex, turning them into a source of private income. It is noted that under this conditions in the political-communicative subsystem of the political system the specific model of power-oligarchic space is formed, within which presence of own media channels, the ability to control and censor information flows acquires on a special role. This contributes to the deployment of lobbying and corruption networks, which are becoming an integral mechanism for the functioning of neopatrimonial regimes. The problem of the peculiarity of the lexis in neopatrimonial communications is considered, namely, the widespread use of the so-called invective or obscene vocabulary. It is suggested that it is not caused by low educational or general cultural level of individual political actors, but by the tendency of cultivation the informal aspect of political communications inherent in neopatrimonial regimes. The question is posed that for further research on the specifics of neopatrimonial communications, one of the most promising approaches is the identification of the main models of neopatrimonial regimes and analysis of the features of their development.","PeriodicalId":34206,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo Natsional''nogo Universitetu Imeni VN Karazina Seriia Biologiia","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84795050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-3
The current state of the flora of the botanical preserve “Honcharivskyi” (Svatove District, Luhansk Region) is analysed. The preserve includes three areas on the right-bank slopes of the Kobylka and the Krasna rivers with outcrops of chalk bedrocks. The study was conducted in summer and autumn 2019. Four expeditionary trips were organized to the areas near the villages of Oborotnivka and Nauholne. Floristic descriptions made by the line-transect method saved as research material. Identification of floristic composition was carried out by the plant species inventory along the transects. As a result, an annotated list of 85 species of vascular plants of 74 genera, 29 families, 3 classes and 2 divisions was compiled. In terms of systematic composition, the spectrum of main families is headed by Asteraceae (22 species, 25.9 % of the flora), Poaceae (9 species, 10.6 %), and Lamiaceae 7 (species, 8.2 %). These families include a significant number of ruderal, steppe and calcephilous species. Hemicryptophytes, represented by herbaceous plants of steppe meadows, prevail in the flora biomorphic structure (51 species, 60 %). Chamaephytes (in our case study the subshrubs, growing on steppe slopes, chalk and limestone outcrops, viz., Genista tinctoria L., Hyssopus cretaceus Dubjan., Teucrium polium L. etc.) are least presented (6 species, 7.1 %). A cenomorph analysis revealed predominance of the ruderal species (35; 41.2 %) due to grazing, trampling and economic activity in the study area. The flora ecological analysis was based on five main factors, which reflect climate and soil properties. In terms of soil acidity, the neutrophilic species formed a dominating group (53 species, 63 %), in terms of carbonate compounds – the acarbonatophilic (34 species, 40 %), in terms of soil salinity – the eutrophytic (36 species, 43 %), in terms of climate thermal regime – the sub-mesothermic (59 species, 70 %), and in terms of climate continentality – the hemicontinental ones (43 species, 52 %). Most recorded species prefer slightly acidic and/or neutral, rich in salts and carbonates, meadow like and common chernozems of steppe meadows and steppes. Twelve species of 11 genera and 7 families are of conservation concern. Of these, 10 species are listed in Red Data Book of Ukraine, five species are in the European Red List of Vascular Plants (Hyssopus cretaceus Dubjan., Artemisia hololeuca M. Bieb. ex Besser, Centaurea donetzica Klok., Cephalaria litvinivii Bobr., Hedysarum cretaceum Fisch.), and two species are in the Red List of plants of Lugansk Region (Thymus calcareus Klokov & Des.-Shost. and Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch.).
{"title":"The flora of the botanical preserve “Honcharivskyi” (Luhansk Region, Ukraine)","authors":"","doi":"10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-3","url":null,"abstract":"The current state of the flora of the botanical preserve “Honcharivskyi” (Svatove District, Luhansk Region) is analysed. The preserve includes three areas on the right-bank slopes of the Kobylka and the Krasna rivers with outcrops of chalk bedrocks. The study was conducted in summer and autumn 2019. Four expeditionary trips were organized to the areas near the villages of Oborotnivka and Nauholne. Floristic descriptions made by the line-transect method saved as research material. Identification of floristic composition was carried out by the plant species inventory along the transects. As a result, an annotated list of 85 species of vascular plants of 74 genera, 29 families, 3 classes and 2 divisions was compiled. In terms of systematic composition, the spectrum of main families is headed by Asteraceae (22 species, 25.9 % of the flora), Poaceae (9 species, 10.6 %), and Lamiaceae 7 (species, 8.2 %). These families include a significant number of ruderal, steppe and calcephilous species. Hemicryptophytes, represented by herbaceous plants of steppe meadows, prevail in the flora biomorphic structure (51 species, 60 %). Chamaephytes (in our case study the subshrubs, growing on steppe slopes, chalk and limestone outcrops, viz., Genista tinctoria L., Hyssopus cretaceus Dubjan., Teucrium polium L. etc.) are least presented (6 species, 7.1 %). A cenomorph analysis revealed predominance of the ruderal species (35; 41.2 %) due to grazing, trampling and economic activity in the study area. The flora ecological analysis was based on five main factors, which reflect climate and soil properties. In terms of soil acidity, the neutrophilic species formed a dominating group (53 species, 63 %), in terms of carbonate compounds – the acarbonatophilic (34 species, 40 %), in terms of soil salinity – the eutrophytic (36 species, 43 %), in terms of climate thermal regime – the sub-mesothermic (59 species, 70 %), and in terms of climate continentality – the hemicontinental ones (43 species, 52 %). Most recorded species prefer slightly acidic and/or neutral, rich in salts and carbonates, meadow like and common chernozems of steppe meadows and steppes. Twelve species of 11 genera and 7 families are of conservation concern. Of these, 10 species are listed in Red Data Book of Ukraine, five species are in the European Red List of Vascular Plants (Hyssopus cretaceus Dubjan., Artemisia hololeuca M. Bieb. ex Besser, Centaurea donetzica Klok., Cephalaria litvinivii Bobr., Hedysarum cretaceum Fisch.), and two species are in the Red List of plants of Lugansk Region (Thymus calcareus Klokov & Des.-Shost. and Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch.).","PeriodicalId":34206,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo Natsional''nogo Universitetu Imeni VN Karazina Seriia Biologiia","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89775214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.26565/2075-5457-2020-34-3
The accumulation of heme in the organism under the influence of various hemolytic factors can cause the development of oxidative stress with the activation of free radical processes, oxidative damage to macromolecules and supramolecular complexes of cells and tissues. Under these conditions, the antioxidant defense system is activated in the organism, an important link of which is thiol compounds, particularly glutathione. Under such conditions, the processes of nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism associated with the formation of adaptive reactions in response to stress have been investigated insufficiently. The aim of this work is to study some indicators of nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism during the administration of hemin and the combined administration of hemin and glutathione to clarify the role of this antioxidant in the possible correction of metabolic processes. The subjects of the study were mature outbred albino male rats that received intraperitoneal injections of hemin (50 mg/kg) and glutathione (500 mg/kg) solutions, which was administered 0.5 hours before the introduction of hemin. The animals were tested 2 hours after hemin administration. The content of total and non-protein -SH groups, and the activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in liver and kidney homogenates, glycogen content and tyrosinaminotransferase (TAT) activity in liver homogenate were studied. The content of reduced -SH groups can be an indicator of pro-antioxidant balance, GGT activity is one of the indicators of glutathione metabolism, and glycogen content and TAT activity in liver are hormone-sensitive indicators. The introduction of hemin caused a decrease in the content of total and non-protein -SH groups, glycogen content and an increase in TAT activity in liver, as well as an increase in the activity of GGT in this organ. Administration of glutathione to rats 30 minutes before the administration of hemin prevented shifts in these parameters in liver caused by the administration of hemin alone. In kidneys, an increase in the content of total -SH groups was found after the combined administration of glutathione and hemin compared with the effect of hemin alone. The results of this study may indicate a sensitivity of nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism in rat organs to the effect of hemin and the corrective effect of glutathione under these conditions, probably mediated through an increase in the thiol component of the antioxidant defense system.
{"title":"Effect of hemin and glutathione on some indicators of nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism in rats","authors":"","doi":"10.26565/2075-5457-2020-34-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2020-34-3","url":null,"abstract":"The accumulation of heme in the organism under the influence of various hemolytic factors can cause the development of oxidative stress with the activation of free radical processes, oxidative damage to macromolecules and supramolecular complexes of cells and tissues. Under these conditions, the antioxidant defense system is activated in the organism, an important link of which is thiol compounds, particularly glutathione. Under such conditions, the processes of nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism associated with the formation of adaptive reactions in response to stress have been investigated insufficiently. The aim of this work is to study some indicators of nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism during the administration of hemin and the combined administration of hemin and glutathione to clarify the role of this antioxidant in the possible correction of metabolic processes. The subjects of the study were mature outbred albino male rats that received intraperitoneal injections of hemin (50 mg/kg) and glutathione (500 mg/kg) solutions, which was administered 0.5 hours before the introduction of hemin. The animals were tested 2 hours after hemin administration. The content of total and non-protein -SH groups, and the activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in liver and kidney homogenates, glycogen content and tyrosinaminotransferase (TAT) activity in liver homogenate were studied. The content of reduced -SH groups can be an indicator of pro-antioxidant balance, GGT activity is one of the indicators of glutathione metabolism, and glycogen content and TAT activity in liver are hormone-sensitive indicators. The introduction of hemin caused a decrease in the content of total and non-protein -SH groups, glycogen content and an increase in TAT activity in liver, as well as an increase in the activity of GGT in this organ. Administration of glutathione to rats 30 minutes before the administration of hemin prevented shifts in these parameters in liver caused by the administration of hemin alone. In kidneys, an increase in the content of total -SH groups was found after the combined administration of glutathione and hemin compared with the effect of hemin alone. The results of this study may indicate a sensitivity of nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism in rat organs to the effect of hemin and the corrective effect of glutathione under these conditions, probably mediated through an increase in the thiol component of the antioxidant defense system.","PeriodicalId":34206,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo Natsional''nogo Universitetu Imeni VN Karazina Seriia Biologiia","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89856439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-7
The research is aimed to analysis of age-specific and gender-based risk factors for affective pathologies. Based on the population of the Kharkiv region, the population frequency of affective disorders was determined. It was calculated as probability for an individual to be affected throughout life and can be used for scientific purposes and genetic counseling. The age-specific cumulative frequencies were calculated, reflecting the risk for an individual to be affected in a specific period of life. They can be reference points in genealogical analysis. It has been shown that, despite a higher frequency in women, depressive disorders manifest earlier and tend to be more severe in men. That is, the female sex is a factor of increased risk, while affected men have a high background of genetic predisposition. To analyze risk factors, statistical material from specialized medical institutions of the Kharkiv region from 2010 to 2016 was used. The data were obtained from 1,199 patients who were hospitalized at the Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, that is, they had extremely severe degrees of affective disorder and, probably, had a more significant genetic component in the structure of individual predisposition. The proportion of hospitalized women (74.9 %) was three times higher than the proportion of men (25.1 %) that significantly differs from the population sex ratio and indicates that the female sex is a factor of increased risk for affective pathology. The age of onset for affective disorders was lower in men than in women: bipolar disorder in males manifests 6 years earlier than in females, depressive episode – 2 years, recurrent depression – 5 years, chronic mood disorders – 4 years. On average, the difference between age of onset in women (46.6 years, 95% CI 45.7–47.5) and men (42.7 years, 95% CI 41.0–44.3) is 4 years. The maximum risk of affective disorder in women is between the age of 50 and 60 years, in men there are two peaks – at 20–30 and 45–60 years. The population frequency, that is an indicator of the risk for an affective disorder in the population of the Kharkiv region, is 0.21 %. The probability of affective disorder for men is 0.15 %, for women this indicator is 1.7 times higher – 0.26 %.
该研究旨在分析情感病理的年龄特异性和基于性别的风险因素。根据哈尔科夫地区的人口，确定了情感性障碍的人口频率。它被计算为个体在一生中受到影响的概率，可用于科学目的和遗传咨询。计算了特定年龄的累积频率，反映了个人在特定生命时期受到影响的风险。它们可以作为家谱分析的参考点。研究表明，尽管女性患抑郁症的频率更高，但男性的抑郁症表现得更早，而且往往更严重。也就是说，女性是风险增加的一个因素，而受影响的男性有很高的遗传易感性背景。采用哈尔科夫地区2010 - 2016年专业医疗机构的统计资料分析风险因素。这些数据是从乌克兰医学科学院神经病学、精神病学和麻醉学研究所住院的1 199名患者中获得的，也就是说，他们患有极其严重的情感障碍，并且可能在个人易感性结构中具有更重要的遗传成分。住院妇女的比例(74.9%)比男性的比例(25.1%)高出三倍，这与人口性别比例有显著差异，表明女性是情感病理风险增加的一个因素。男性情感障碍的发病年龄低于女性:男性双相情感障碍比女性早6年，抑郁发作2年，复发性抑郁症5年，慢性情绪障碍4年。平均而言，女性(46.6岁，95% CI 45.7-47.5)和男性(42.7岁，95% CI 41.0-44.3)的发病年龄相差4岁。女性情感障碍的最大风险出现在50至60岁之间，而男性则有两个高峰——20至30岁和45至60岁。人口频率是哈尔科夫地区人口中情感障碍风险的一个指标，为0.21%。男性患情感障碍的概率为0.15%，而女性的这一指标高出1.7倍，为0.26%。
{"title":"Population frequency and risk factors for depression in Eastern Ukraine","authors":"","doi":"10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2075-5457-2020-35-7","url":null,"abstract":"The research is aimed to analysis of age-specific and gender-based risk factors for affective pathologies. Based on the population of the Kharkiv region, the population frequency of affective disorders was determined. It was calculated as probability for an individual to be affected throughout life and can be used for scientific purposes and genetic counseling. The age-specific cumulative frequencies were calculated, reflecting the risk for an individual to be affected in a specific period of life. They can be reference points in genealogical analysis. It has been shown that, despite a higher frequency in women, depressive disorders manifest earlier and tend to be more severe in men. That is, the female sex is a factor of increased risk, while affected men have a high background of genetic predisposition. To analyze risk factors, statistical material from specialized medical institutions of the Kharkiv region from 2010 to 2016 was used. The data were obtained from 1,199 patients who were hospitalized at the Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, that is, they had extremely severe degrees of affective disorder and, probably, had a more significant genetic component in the structure of individual predisposition. The proportion of hospitalized women (74.9 %) was three times higher than the proportion of men (25.1 %) that significantly differs from the population sex ratio and indicates that the female sex is a factor of increased risk for affective pathology. The age of onset for affective disorders was lower in men than in women: bipolar disorder in males manifests 6 years earlier than in females, depressive episode – 2 years, recurrent depression – 5 years, chronic mood disorders – 4 years. On average, the difference between age of onset in women (46.6 years, 95% CI 45.7–47.5) and men (42.7 years, 95% CI 41.0–44.3) is 4 years. The maximum risk of affective disorder in women is between the age of 50 and 60 years, in men there are two peaks – at 20–30 and 45–60 years. The population frequency, that is an indicator of the risk for an affective disorder in the population of the Kharkiv region, is 0.21 %. The probability of affective disorder for men is 0.15 %, for women this indicator is 1.7 times higher – 0.26 %.","PeriodicalId":34206,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo Natsional''nogo Universitetu Imeni VN Karazina Seriia Biologiia","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81666022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.26565/2220-8089-2020-37-07
The simulation component of the manifestation of virtual political behaviour in risk society is considered. It was determined that using social networks, a new reality, which serves dubbing of political life of the modern individual. An important aspect of the study is to take into account the role of virtualization of modern political behavior in a society full of risks of both man-made and natural nature, information overload, substitution of facts and post-truth. Political behaviour simulation component digital origin plays an important role in shaping not only its real manifestation, but also in the structure of political consciousness that leaves a mark on the subsequent policy actions or activity of the modern individual. Particularly dangerous is the integration of this component with a risk society in which risks are increasingly gaining enormous proportions. After all, manipulative technologies, which are conveniently used by politicians or individual government officials, have a powerful psychological impact on the consciousness of the modern individual. It is not just voters, which is constantly flowing information pile of dirt during the electoral manipulation, which is essentially situational. Rather, we are talking about an ordinary individual who in the 21st century is so imbued with false information and its constant flow that it is really difficult for him to distinguish the truth. In the end - for the individual truth has ceased to be a value. It is proved that the virtualization of political behaviour contributes to its simulation, which consists in the imaginary active participation in the political life or society. A separate component of such behaviour is the tendency of man to irrationalism, low resistance to manipulative influences on the one hand, and the active use of social networks by government elites to form appropriate political thinking and political behavior on the other.
{"title":"SIMULATION COMPONENT OF VIRTUAL MASS POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR IN RISK SOCIETY","authors":"","doi":"10.26565/2220-8089-2020-37-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26565/2220-8089-2020-37-07","url":null,"abstract":"The simulation component of the manifestation of virtual political behaviour in risk society is considered. It was determined that using social networks, a new reality, which serves dubbing of political life of the modern individual. An important aspect of the study is to take into account the role of virtualization of modern political behavior in a society full of risks of both man-made and natural nature, information overload, substitution of facts and post-truth. Political behaviour simulation component digital origin plays an important role in shaping not only its real manifestation, but also in the structure of political consciousness that leaves a mark on the subsequent policy actions or activity of the modern individual. Particularly dangerous is the integration of this component with a risk society in which risks are increasingly gaining enormous proportions. After all, manipulative technologies, which are conveniently used by politicians or individual government officials, have a powerful psychological impact on the consciousness of the modern individual. It is not just voters, which is constantly flowing information pile of dirt during the electoral manipulation, which is essentially situational. Rather, we are talking about an ordinary individual who in the 21st century is so imbued with false information and its constant flow that it is really difficult for him to distinguish the truth. In the end - for the individual truth has ceased to be a value. It is proved that the virtualization of political behaviour contributes to its simulation, which consists in the imaginary active participation in the political life or society. A separate component of such behaviour is the tendency of man to irrationalism, low resistance to manipulative influences on the one hand, and the active use of social networks by government elites to form appropriate political thinking and political behavior on the other.","PeriodicalId":34206,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo Natsional''nogo Universitetu Imeni VN Karazina Seriia Biologiia","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82166959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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