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Knowing the Skeptic 了解怀疑论者
Pub Date : 2020-12-28 DOI: 10.18192/cjcs.vi8.5790
Micah L. Mccreary
Descartes may have produced the paradigmatic image of modern philosophy when he donned his winter dressing gown, settled into his favorite armchair by the fire, and began a private meditation by wondering whether the flame in front of him were anything more than a dream. Like most skeptical recitals, the force of Descartes’ method arises through the mobilization of best cases for knowing; that is, through casting doubt on something so certain that one begins to question one’s ability to know anything at all. By impugning precisely those axioms we held most assured, Descartes demonstrates philosophy’s propensity to challenge our most fundamental assumptions, yet he simultaneously leverages the significance of the philosophical enterprise against more everyday or ordinary claims to knowledge, that of course the fire really burns. In doing so, Descartes opens up the possibility that a critic of skepticism will be more inclined to doubt the sanity of philosophical inquiry than to admit that the flame, or the greater external world, may be nothing more than a dream, or the conjuring of an evil demon. So the profundity or inanity of philosophy seems to turn on the whim of human temperament, and in particular, on my reaction to the idea that I may be mistaken about everything I claim to know.
笛卡尔也许创造了现代哲学的典范形象,他穿上冬天的晨衣,坐在火炉旁他最喜欢的扶手椅上,开始沉思,想知道他面前的火焰是否只是一场梦。就像大多数怀疑论的朗诵一样,笛卡尔方法的力量来自于对最佳认知案例的动员;也就是说,通过对确定的事物产生怀疑,从而开始质疑自己了解任何事情的能力。通过质疑那些我们深信不疑的公理,笛卡尔展示了哲学挑战我们最基本假设的倾向,但他同时利用哲学事业的重要性来反对更多的日常或普通的知识要求,当然,火真的在燃烧。在这样做的过程中,笛卡尔开启了这样一种可能性:怀疑论的批评者将更倾向于怀疑哲学探究的合理性,而不是承认火焰或更大的外部世界可能只不过是一场梦,或者是一个邪恶恶魔的召唤。因此,哲学的深奥或空洞似乎取决于人类性情的突发奇想,特别是取决于我对“我可能对自己声称知道的一切都是错误的”这一想法的反应。
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引用次数: 0
In Memoriam 为纪念
Pub Date : 2020-11-13 DOI: 10.18192/cjcs.vi7.4914
Abraham D. Stone
I remember distinctly the moment I learned that David Lewis had died. It was during my years as a postdoctoral fellow, when I was more than a little isolated, and so it turned out to have been some time—months, maybe—since the event. I recall thinking: the world in which I thought I was living, during those months, turned out not to be the actual world, and so I turned out not to be the person I thought I was, but merely a counterpart of that person. And thus arose the half-formed thought (still only half-formed now, alas) that therein lay some insight into what is actually at stake in the conflict between counterpart theory and transworld identity.
我清楚地记得我得知大卫·刘易斯去世的那一刻。那是在我做博士后的那几年,当时我有点与世隔绝,所以这件事已经过去了好几个月,也许是几个月。我记得当时的想法是:在那几个月里,我以为自己生活的世界并不是真实的世界,所以我也不是我以为自己是的那个人,而只是那个人的一个对应物。于是产生了一种半成型的思想(唉,现在还只是半成型),其中蕴含着对对应物理论和跨世界认同之间冲突的真正利害关系的一些见解。
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引用次数: 0
Listening to Cavell 听卡维尔
Pub Date : 2019-10-05 DOI: 10.18192/cjcs.vi7.4504
K. Young
We hurried to get the front row seats. Even to nineteen-year-olds, it was clear that what was happening in that lecture hall—fittingly, it was Emerson 105—was worth waking up for, worth pushing to the front for, as if we couldn’t get close enough. And what we couldn’t get close enough to was  Stanley Cavell lecturing on Western philosophy—a course humbly called “Hum 5” (“Humanities 5: Introduction to Western Philosophy”)—looking back, now forty years later, I can say it was probably the most significant intellectual experience of my life. Cavell’s commanding presence—that big head, fixed gaze, and seriousness of purpose—made his entrance onto the dais, raincoat and brief case in hand, an anticipated event. But what dawns on me now is that it wasn’t so much Cavell’s presence or even what he said that made us feel a shared sense of urgency, but rather how he said it, how he performed this urgency that made us feel like we were somewhere else—a world viewed through Cavell’s mind.
我们赶紧抢到前排的座位。即使对19岁的孩子来说,那个演讲厅里发生的事情——恰好是爱默生——也值得我们为之醒来,为之奋力向前,就好像我们离得不够近一样。而我们最无法接近的是斯坦利·卡维尔(Stanley Cavell)在讲西方哲学——这门课的名字被谦虚地称为“人文:西方哲学导论”——四十年后回首往事,我可以说这可能是我一生中最重要的智力经历。卡维尔的威严——硕大的脑袋、凝视的目光和严肃的态度——使他手里拿着雨衣和公文包走进讲台,成为一件意料之中的事。但现在我明白了,与其说是卡维尔的存在,甚至不是他说了什么,让我们感受到一种共同的紧迫感,而是他说话的方式,他表现这种紧迫感的方式,让我们觉得我们身处另一个地方——一个卡维尔眼中的世界。
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引用次数: 0
Cavell as a Way into Philosophy 卡维尔是进入哲学的途径
Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.18192/CJCS.VI7.4282
R. Moran
It is of course a great honor for me to say a few words about Stanley on this occasion, and to say a few things about what he has brought to philosophy, what he has meant to me, and what his work contributes to American writing. And it is also clear that I have been given an impossible task, as anyone will know who has so much as an inkling of the variety and sweep of the texts, the questions, and the human phenomena that he has made available to philosophical reflection over the course of his many books.
当然,我很荣幸能在这个场合对斯坦利说几句话,并谈谈他给哲学带来的影响,他对我的意义,以及他的作品对美国写作的贡献。很明显,我被赋予了一项不可能完成的任务,任何人都知道,只要他对他在众多著作中提供给哲学思考的文本、问题和人类现象的多样性和广度有一点了解,他就会知道这一点。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial Comment 社论评论
Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.18192/cjcs.vi7.4280
David Larocca
A year has elapsed since Stanley Cavell died, and in that time those who knew him and read his work, have been coming to terms with his permanent departure. For many it has not been easy, and part of this difficulty includes trying to say something in writing about what the loss has meant, or might entail, or perhaps better, what it stirs in us.
斯坦利·卡维尔去世已经一年了,那些认识他、读过他作品的人,已经接受了他永远离开的现实。对许多人来说,这并不容易,其中一部分困难包括试图用文字来说明失去亲人意味着什么,或者可能带来什么,或者更好的是,它在我们心中激起了什么。
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引用次数: 0
Stanley Cavell, with Time 斯坦利·卡维尔,《时代周刊》记者
Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.18192/CJCS.VI7.4287
Eli Friedlander
Let me start by saying how significant it is for me to take part in this conference commemorating and celebrating Stanley Cavell. I am grateful to Cathleen Cavell and Richard Moran for this opportunity, not only to speak, but mainly to listen to dear friends, friends whose companionship was indelibly marked by our common love for Stanley, by the admiration for his thinking, and by the inspiration and sustenance he provided for our own work. What I will say will be inflected by the way Stanley touched my life and work. I must apologize therefore for having to speak, in the short and precious time I have, also a bit about myself. As I wrote these remarks I thought that I will most likely not be the only one to choose to speak of the ideal, the paradigm of the unity of person and thought that is Stanley Cavell. It is what was so striking to me when I first encountered him; it also became central to my dissertation project with him, and it remains to this day that through which I think of his continuous presence in my concerns with philosophy.
首先,我想说,参加这次纪念和庆祝斯坦利·卡维尔的会议对我来说是多么重要。我很感谢凯瑟琳·卡维尔和理查德·莫兰给我这个机会,不仅是发言,而且主要是倾听我亲爱的朋友们的声音,我们对斯坦利的共同热爱,对他的思想的钦佩,以及他为我们自己的工作提供的灵感和支持,都给我们的友谊留下了不可磨灭的印记。斯坦利对我的生活和工作的影响影响了我接下来要说的话。很抱歉,我不得不在这短暂而宝贵的时间里,谈谈我自己。当我写这些评论时,我想我很可能不是唯一一个选择谈论理想的人,人与思想统一的范例,那是斯坦利·卡维尔。当我第一次遇见他的时候,这一点给我留下了深刻的印象;这也成为了我和他一起做的论文项目的中心,直到今天,我仍然认为他一直存在于我对哲学的关注中。
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引用次数: 0
The Child’s Claim to the Transmission of Language 儿童对语言传递的要求
Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.18192/CJCS.VI7.4292
Yves Érard
Sandra Laugier describes Stanley Cavell’s contribution to philosophy as the bringing back of the human voice into central consideration: “For Cavell, the stakes of ordinary language philosophy (particularly Wittgenstein’s and Austin’s work) are to make it understood that language is spoken; pronounced by a human voice within a form of life.” How can I then express my own voice when all of my expressions are those of others? In other words, how is it that a child becomes part of her or his form of life? How does she or he claim her or his own voice? Presenting the transmission of language this way implies another way of seeing what language is, what learning language is, and finally what subjectivity in language is.
桑德拉·洛吉尔(Sandra Laugier)将斯坦利·卡维尔(Stanley Cavell)对哲学的贡献描述为将人类的声音带回了中心思考:“对卡维尔来说,普通语言哲学(尤其是维特根斯坦和奥斯汀的作品)的风险在于让人们明白语言是被说出来的;在一种生命形式中由人类的声音发出。”当我所有的表情都是别人的,我怎么能表达自己的声音呢?换句话说,一个孩子是如何成为她或他的生活形式的一部分的?她或他如何主张自己的声音?以这种方式呈现语言的传递,意味着从另一个角度看待什么是语言,什么是学习语言,最后是什么是语言的主体性。
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引用次数: 0
For My Teacher, Stanley Cavell 献给我的老师,斯坦利·卡维尔
Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.18192/CJCS.VI7.4286
Alice Crary
I AM HONORED TO BE HERE, with members of the Cavell family, with friends and with colleagues, to celebrate the life and work of Stanley Cavell, to whom I owe inestimably large debts of gratitude and whom I remember with the greatest affection and admiration. Cavell’s role in my life was that of a philosophical parent. He is well known to have held that “philosophy is the education of grownups,” and the sort of parenting I am talking about involved opening the door of philosophy for my young adult self. This was not a matter of induction into a theoretical research program of the type that then already dominated academic philosophy. Cavell’s way was to prompt students to confront and interrogate our own intellectual responses, leading us to ask “why we do what we do, judge as we judge,” and positioning us to think for ourselves. This is a demanding pedagogical enterprise, and Cavell devoted singular amounts of time and energy to supporting the young thinkers around him. What I am going to recount is the story of two extraordinary things that he did as my teacher, circumstances all the more arresting in that I was not officially his student. 
我很荣幸能站在这里,与卡维尔家族的成员、朋友和同事们一起,颂扬斯坦利·卡维尔的一生和工作。我对他感激不尽,对他我充满深情和钦佩。卡维尔在我生命中的角色是一位富有哲学思想的家长。众所周知,他认为“哲学是对成年人的教育”,而我所说的这种育儿方式,就是为年轻的成年自我打开哲学之门。这不是一个归纳到理论研究计划的问题,这种理论研究计划当时已经主导了学术哲学。卡维尔的方法是促使学生们面对和质问我们自己的智力反应,引导我们问“我们为什么做我们所做的,判断我们所判断的”,并让我们为自己思考。这是一项要求很高的教学事业,卡维尔投入了大量的时间和精力来支持他周围的年轻思想家。我要讲述的是他作为我的老师所做的两件不同寻常的事情,更引人注目的是,我并不是他的正式学生。
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引用次数: 0
Undoing the Psychologizing of the Psychological 解除心理学的心理学化
Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.18192/CJCS.VI7.4291
Arata Hamawaki
In “Aesthetic Problems of Modern Philosophy,” first published in 1965, and later collected in Must We Mean What We Say?, Stanley Cavell wrote: We know the efforts of such philosophers as Frege and Husserl to undo the “psychologizing” of logic (like Kant’s undoing Hume’s psychologizing of knowledge): now, the shortest way I might describe such a book as the Philosophical Investigations is to say that it attempts to undo the psychologizing of psychology, to show the necessity controlling our application of psychological and behavioral categories; even, one could say, show the necessities in human action and passion themselves. And at the same time it seems to turn all of philosophy into psychology—matters of what we call things, how we treat them, what their role is in our lives. Frege, of course, insisted on distinguishing between what is thought in any act of thinking, the content of thought, which he conceived of as having a propositional form, and the thinking of it. A thought is what can be common to different acts of thinking, whether of one’s own or of another. It is thus essentially public, essentially shareable, unowned. By contrast the thinking of a thought is necessarily someone’s, necessarily owned, and so in that sense private. Frege depsychologized logic, by excluding the psychological from it. The logical must bear no trace of the psychological, for if that were not so, there would be nothing that could be true or false—and so no judgment, no belief, no propositional attitude, as thoughts have subsequently come to be called. There would be in Thomas Rickett’s memorable words, merely “mooing.” The first person is consequently banished from the logical order, for a first person thought is constituted by the thinking of it. But in depsychologizing logic as he did, Frege seemed to have psychologized psychology. Thus, in speaking of the Investigations as undoing the psychologizing of psychology, I take it, Stanley meant that it seeks to undo what Frege did. However, this doesn’t mean undoing what Frege undid, that is, erasing the sharp boundary between the logical and the psychological, but rather to not cede the psychological to psychology: what the PI calls for is to further what Frege began, but, as it were, against Frege. In other words, Stanley saw Wittgenstein as reintroducing the first person as essential to the logical order, the order of what we think.
在1965年首次出版的《现代哲学的美学问题》中,后来收录在《我们必须言行一致吗?》, Stanley Cavell写道:我们知道像弗雷格和胡塞尔这样的哲学家试图取消逻辑的“心理化”(就像康德取消休谟的知识的心理化):现在,我可以用最简短的方式来描述《哲学研究》这样一本书,它试图取消心理学的心理化,以表明控制我们对心理和行为范畴的应用的必要性;甚至可以说,它表现了人类行为和激情本身的必要性。与此同时,它似乎把所有的哲学都变成了心理学——我们如何称呼事物,我们如何对待它们,它们在我们生活中扮演什么角色。当然,弗雷格坚持把任何思维活动中的思维,即他认为具有命题形式的思维内容,与思维内容的思维加以区分。思想是不同的思维行为所共有的东西,无论是自己的还是别人的。因此,它本质上是公共的、可共享的、无主的。相反,一个思想的思想必然是某人的,必然是私有的,因此在这个意义上是私有的。弗雷格通过排除逻辑中的心理因素,将逻辑去心理化。逻辑的东西一定不能有心理的痕迹,因为如果没有心理的痕迹,就没有什么东西可以是真或假,也就没有判断,没有信仰,没有命题的态度,也就没有后来被称为思想的东西了。用托马斯·里基特(Thomas Rickett)那句令人难忘的话来说,就是“移动”。因此,第一人称被排除在逻辑秩序之外,因为第一人称思维是由对它的思考构成的。但在他对逻辑进行去心理化的过程中,弗雷格似乎把心理学心理化了。因此,说到《调查》消解了心理学的心理学化,我认为斯坦利的意思是,它试图消解弗雷格所做的事情。然而,这并不意味着要取消弗雷格所取消的东西,也就是说,消除逻辑和心理学之间的尖锐界限,而是不把心理学让给心理学:PI所要求的是进一步推进弗雷格所开始的,但实际上是反对弗雷格的。换句话说,斯坦利认为维特根斯坦重新引入了第一人称对于逻辑秩序,我们思考的秩序至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
In Pursuit of 'Pursuits of Happiness' 追求“幸福”
Pub Date : 2019-06-19 DOI: 10.18192/CJCS.VI7.4284
W. Rothman
A year after the publication in 1969 of Must We Mean What We Say?, Stanley Cavell observes in the elegant Preface he wrote for the 2001 edition, the effect on him, as he put it, “of putting the book behind me, or perhaps I should say, of having it to stand behind, freed me for I suppose the most productive, or palpably so, nine months of my life, in which I recast the salvageable and necessary material of my Ph.D. dissertation as the opening three parts of what would become The Claim of Reason and completed small books on film (The World Viewed) and Thoreau (The Senses of Walden). I consider those small books to form a trio with Must We Mean What We Say?, different paths leading from the same desire for philosophy.” If those three books form a trio, I take the fourth part of The Claim of Reason, completed in 1978, and Pursuits of Happiness, which in 1978 he was already writing, to form a duo—not, I would say, different paths leading from the same desire for philosophy, but from the trio’s achievement of philosophy.
1969年出版的《我们必须言出必行吗?》斯坦利·卡维尔(Stanley Cavell)在他为2001年版撰写的优雅的序言中写道,对他的影响,正如他所说,“把书抛在身后,或者我应该说,让它站在身后,让我在我认为最有成效的九个月里,或者显然是这样,解放了我,在这本书里,我重新整理了博士论文中可用的必要材料,作为《理性的主张》的开头三部分,并完成了关于电影的小书(《所看的世界》)和梭罗(《瓦尔登湖的感觉》)。我把这些小书和《我们必须言出必行吗?》不同的道路从同一个对哲学的渴望而来。”如果这三本书组成了一个三重奏,那么我认为他在1978年完成的《理性的要求》的第四部分和他在1978年已经完成的《追求幸福》组成了一个三重奏——我想说的是,不是出于对哲学的同样渴望而走上不同的道路,而是由于这三重奏在哲学上的成就。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Conversations: The Journal of Cavellian Studies
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