Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.409
A. Truong, Thien Nguyen
The 16th–19th centuries was the period that witnessed the ups and downs development of the trade of the Portuguese Crown and the Portuguese private traders in India. In fact, the maritime trade of the Portuguese Crown only developed significantly in the 16th century; from the 17th century, because of different reasons, it declined gradually. Finally, it had to depend on the British at the end of the 19th century. In contrast with the Portuguese Crown trade, although the commerce of the Portuguese private merchants had to face a lot of difficulties, it continued to expand its role and influence during the four centuries (16th–19th). This article summarizes the trade of Portuguese royal and Portuguese private commercial activities in India from the 16th to the 19th century. On that basis, the authors of this article analyze and point out the core characteristics which fully and comprehensively reflect the development of commercial activities of the Portuguese royal family and merchants in India during this period. To conduct this research, the authors rely on the research results of scholars around the world directly or indirectly related to this issue and use two main research methods of Historical Science, including the historical method and the logical method. In addition, the authors also use several other research methods such as analysis, synthesis, statistics, and comparison. The completion of this study will make a scholarly contribution by helping researchers to have a more comprehensive and in-depth view of Portugal’s commercial activities in Asia in general and India in particular from the 16th to the 19th century.
{"title":"Trade of the Portuguese Royal and Private Traders in India from the 16th to the 19th Century","authors":"A. Truong, Thien Nguyen","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.409","url":null,"abstract":"The 16th–19th centuries was the period that witnessed the ups and downs development of the trade of the Portuguese Crown and the Portuguese private traders in India. In fact, the maritime trade of the Portuguese Crown only developed significantly in the 16th century; from the 17th century, because of different reasons, it declined gradually. Finally, it had to depend on the British at the end of the 19th century. In contrast with the Portuguese Crown trade, although the commerce of the Portuguese private merchants had to face a lot of difficulties, it continued to expand its role and influence during the four centuries (16th–19th). This article summarizes the trade of Portuguese royal and Portuguese private commercial activities in India from the 16th to the 19th century. On that basis, the authors of this article analyze and point out the core characteristics which fully and comprehensively reflect the development of commercial activities of the Portuguese royal family and merchants in India during this period. To conduct this research, the authors rely on the research results of scholars around the world directly or indirectly related to this issue and use two main research methods of Historical Science, including the historical method and the logical method. In addition, the authors also use several other research methods such as analysis, synthesis, statistics, and comparison. The completion of this study will make a scholarly contribution by helping researchers to have a more comprehensive and in-depth view of Portugal’s commercial activities in Asia in general and India in particular from the 16th to the 19th century.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129796898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.407
San Yun Lee
This paper analyzes literary works that allow one to trace the changes in the perception of shaman cult in various periods of Korean social development and sheds light on the popularity of shaman motive in the 21st century. In Kim Tonni’s “Portrait of a shaman” (1936), the conflict between traditional and Western beliefs is shown through the image of a shaman woman symbolizing the ignorant Korean past and her son who converted to Christianity. Han Seungwon in his novels, uses the motive of the call for blood of those people possessed by ghosts and describes shamans’ life, traditions, and rituals. Shaman rituals are also described in the works of Park Wanseo. In her childhood memories, shaman women are depicted as transcendental beings tied to the other world. Epic novels by Park Kyongni, Cho Chongnae, Choi Myunghee describe the life of ordinary villagers against the backdrop of historical events. The main character is usually a shaman or her daughter in a love relationship. Shaman motive is also present in some novels written in the 21st century, in which main characters believe in spirits and shamans’ prophecies coming true. This implies that the belief in spirits is an inseparable part of Korean cultural identification, even for those who claim to be an atheist. Because shamanism in Korea is perceived as an important part of culture, the interest in shamans and shamanism continues to grow.
{"title":"Shaman Motive in Korean Literature","authors":"San Yun Lee","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.407","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes literary works that allow one to trace the changes in the perception of shaman cult in various periods of Korean social development and sheds light on the popularity of shaman motive in the 21st century. In Kim Tonni’s “Portrait of a shaman” (1936), the conflict between traditional and Western beliefs is shown through the image of a shaman woman symbolizing the ignorant Korean past and her son who converted to Christianity. Han Seungwon in his novels, uses the motive of the call for blood of those people possessed by ghosts and describes shamans’ life, traditions, and rituals. Shaman rituals are also described in the works of Park Wanseo. In her childhood memories, shaman women are depicted as transcendental beings tied to the other world. Epic novels by Park Kyongni, Cho Chongnae, Choi Myunghee describe the life of ordinary villagers against the backdrop of historical events. The main character is usually a shaman or her daughter in a love relationship. Shaman motive is also present in some novels written in the 21st century, in which main characters believe in spirits and shamans’ prophecies coming true. This implies that the belief in spirits is an inseparable part of Korean cultural identification, even for those who claim to be an atheist. Because shamanism in Korea is perceived as an important part of culture, the interest in shamans and shamanism continues to grow.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129916316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.103
Nina V. Finko
The paper examines the change of turban space in Seoul at the turn of 20th Century. The period is rich in events that influenced the formation of the modern Korean state: ranging from the “opening of the ports” in 1876, to the proclamation of the Korean Empire in 1897. At the same time, the country began the process of modernizing urban planning legislation. Urbanprojects were carried out under the Hansung City Improvement Project (한성 도시 개조 사 업) adopted by Kojong and his government in 1896 and continued until 1905. However, in modern historiography, the project is rarely considered as an example of modern urban planning in Korea. In this paper the diary entries, collections of stories, and memoirs of foreign diplomats who lived in Korea in the end of the 19th century are analyzed, along with papers from journalists and missionaries who traveled around Korea. The results of the analysis show that qualitative changes in the urban space of Seoul took place from 1896 to 1905, within the framework of modernization reforms of the period. The Hansung City Improvement Project should be considered as an example of modern urban planning in Korea, as it was initiated and implemented by the national government within modern legal framework, and Seoul became modern city of the early XX Century. The findings of the study are important for understanding the nature of the changes that took place in Korea, starting with the “opening of the ports” in 1876.
{"title":"Seoul through the Eyes of Foreigners in the End of 19th - Beginning of 20th Centuries","authors":"Nina V. Finko","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.103","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the change of turban space in Seoul at the turn of 20th Century. The period is rich in events that influenced the formation of the modern Korean state: ranging from the “opening of the ports” in 1876, to the proclamation of the Korean Empire in 1897. At the same time, the country began the process of modernizing urban planning legislation. Urbanprojects were carried out under the Hansung City Improvement Project (한성 도시 개조 사 업) adopted by Kojong and his government in 1896 and continued until 1905. However, in modern historiography, the project is rarely considered as an example of modern urban planning in Korea. In this paper the diary entries, collections of stories, and memoirs of foreign diplomats who lived in Korea in the end of the 19th century are analyzed, along with papers from journalists and missionaries who traveled around Korea. The results of the analysis show that qualitative changes in the urban space of Seoul took place from 1896 to 1905, within the framework of modernization reforms of the period. The Hansung City Improvement Project should be considered as an example of modern urban planning in Korea, as it was initiated and implemented by the national government within modern legal framework, and Seoul became modern city of the early XX Century. The findings of the study are important for understanding the nature of the changes that took place in Korea, starting with the “opening of the ports” in 1876.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130183595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2023.103
Marina A. Isachenkova
It is generally accepted that developed ideas about the World of Dead appear among the Chinese with the spread of Buddhism. Nevertheless, based on the data of material and spiritual culture, it can be assumed that already in the Paleolithic and, especially, in the Neolithic on the territory of Ancient China, there were a number of more or less developed models of the afterlife. One of its oldest names, recorded by written Chinese monuments, is 黄泉 Huangquan, the literal meaning of which is ‘Yellow Wellspring’. The character 泉 quan means the water flowing in a mountain cave or grotto, coming out at the base of the mountain. Its meaning is consistent with the religious ideas of different peoples: the archetype of the mountain is known as the place of birth and departure of ancestors, a tunnel connecting the worlds of the living and the dead; water as a boundary separating these worlds is also a universal motif of the World Culture. The semantics of the yellow color of the Chinese Hades can also be reconstructed by analyzing the sign 黃 huang. The pictogram depicts a man with a large swollen belly. Additional information from written monuments suggests that the yellow color was originally associated with illness and death, and by coincidence with the color of the earth, where the dead “went”, it began to determine the “border” wellspring. After the death of a person, the soul 魄 po in the form of 鬼 gui goes to the underworld of the ancestors — the place from which it appeared at the time of birth. According to the author, this knowledge is connected with the tradition of the center (Yellow River basin). An analysis of the texts of the pre-Han and Han periods makes it possible to conclude that Huangquan was understood as: 1) a designation of the end of a person’s life; 2) a designation of the lower limit in the vertical World Model; 3) a sacred place where 氣 qi is stored — the birth and death of ten thousand things.
{"title":"Ancient Chinese Ideas about the World of Dead Huangquan (According to Pre-Han and Han Texts)","authors":"Marina A. Isachenkova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2023.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2023.103","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally accepted that developed ideas about the World of Dead appear among the Chinese with the spread of Buddhism. Nevertheless, based on the data of material and spiritual culture, it can be assumed that already in the Paleolithic and, especially, in the Neolithic on the territory of Ancient China, there were a number of more or less developed models of the afterlife. One of its oldest names, recorded by written Chinese monuments, is 黄泉 Huangquan, the literal meaning of which is ‘Yellow Wellspring’. The character 泉 quan means the water flowing in a mountain cave or grotto, coming out at the base of the mountain. Its meaning is consistent with the religious ideas of different peoples: the archetype of the mountain is known as the place of birth and departure of ancestors, a tunnel connecting the worlds of the living and the dead; water as a boundary separating these worlds is also a universal motif of the World Culture. The semantics of the yellow color of the Chinese Hades can also be reconstructed by analyzing the sign 黃 huang. The pictogram depicts a man with a large swollen belly. Additional information from written monuments suggests that the yellow color was originally associated with illness and death, and by coincidence with the color of the earth, where the dead “went”, it began to determine the “border” wellspring. After the death of a person, the soul 魄 po in the form of 鬼 gui goes to the underworld of the ancestors — the place from which it appeared at the time of birth. According to the author, this knowledge is connected with the tradition of the center (Yellow River basin). An analysis of the texts of the pre-Han and Han periods makes it possible to conclude that Huangquan was understood as: 1) a designation of the end of a person’s life; 2) a designation of the lower limit in the vertical World Model; 3) a sacred place where 氣 qi is stored — the birth and death of ten thousand things.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129129949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2023.106
M. Suvorov
Among scholars of literature, there is a discussion about whether modern Arab women write fiction differently from their male counterparts. Some argue that women writers have special concerns which result from their specific experiences in Muslim society and determine not only the thematic spectrum of their works, but also a specific, sometimes vague manner of their literary expression. This discussion is based mostly on the works of prominent women writers from Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, North Africa, sometimes Saudi Arabia and the Arab Gulf States. Yemen has not received much attention in this discussion, as well as in literary studies in general. This article examines to what extent the suggested female, or “feminist”, manner of writing is manifested in the works of Yemeni novelist and short story writer Nadia al-Kawkabani, who is one of the most prolific women writers in her country. In her three novels, Not More Than Love (2006), Submissive Wives (2009), and My Sanaa (2013), “feminist” topics are touched upon repeatedly, but practically none of them is represented by a detailed story with a sufficient degree of sentiment and psychologism. On the contrary, a great deal of attention in these novels is given to the culture and modern history of Yemen, and the narrative, like in many male writers’ works, is dominated by sociopolitical issues. One may argue that Yemen in Nadia al-Kawkabani’s novels prevails over the “feminist” issue.
{"title":"Woman and Yemen in Three Novels by Nadia al-Kawkabani (Yemen)","authors":"M. Suvorov","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2023.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2023.106","url":null,"abstract":"Among scholars of literature, there is a discussion about whether modern Arab women write fiction differently from their male counterparts. Some argue that women writers have special concerns which result from their specific experiences in Muslim society and determine not only the thematic spectrum of their works, but also a specific, sometimes vague manner of their literary expression. This discussion is based mostly on the works of prominent women writers from Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, North Africa, sometimes Saudi Arabia and the Arab Gulf States. Yemen has not received much attention in this discussion, as well as in literary studies in general. This article examines to what extent the suggested female, or “feminist”, manner of writing is manifested in the works of Yemeni novelist and short story writer Nadia al-Kawkabani, who is one of the most prolific women writers in her country. In her three novels, Not More Than Love (2006), Submissive Wives (2009), and My Sanaa (2013), “feminist” topics are touched upon repeatedly, but practically none of them is represented by a detailed story with a sufficient degree of sentiment and psychologism. On the contrary, a great deal of attention in these novels is given to the culture and modern history of Yemen, and the narrative, like in many male writers’ works, is dominated by sociopolitical issues. One may argue that Yemen in Nadia al-Kawkabani’s novels prevails over the “feminist” issue.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130736960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.303
Ashutosh Anand
{"title":"Biblical phraseological units in Russian and Hindi: Peculiarities of translation","authors":"Ashutosh Anand","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2019.303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.303","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"427 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133631391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.204
Magomed A. Gizbulaev
The article provides information on the history of Dagestan in the 10th century on the basis of translation, commentary and comparative analysis of excerpts from the Arabic geographical work Kitab al-a’lak an-nafisa (Book of Precious Gems) by Abu ‘Ali Aḥmad ibn ‘Umar ibn Rusta who lived and wrote in Isfahan at the turn of the IX–X centuries about the history of the peoples of the Caucasus. As for information on Dagestan, Ibn Rusta’s work contains more information than Ibn Khordadbekh’s and Ibn Faqih’s works. In his work, Ibn Rusta adopts the ancient Greek theory of the division of the inhabited parts of the Earth into seven climates, for example, he places the region in question in the sixth and seventh climates. Ibn Rusta’s data on the geography and ethnography of northeastern Europe, as well as the political formations in the Caucasus, are unique and significantly supplement the author’s predecessors. The parts dedicated to Sarir, which gained its regional hegemony in the X century, are of particular importance. The author of the current article compares several reports on Dagestan from Ibn Rusta’s work with Ibn Khordadbekh’s Kitab al-masalik wa-l-mamalik and Ibn Faqih’s Kitab al-Buldan in order to determine whether the origin of the material is the same for these authors. As a result, only one passage was found that overlapped with the work of Ibn Khordadbekh. Also, it is noted that N. A. Karaulov’s translation contains interpretative flaws and some fragments from Ibn Rusta’s work are missing. The scientific significance of this article is determined by the fact that its materials can be used in further source studies in writing the medieval history of the Caucasus.
{"title":"Information about Dagestan in the Arabic Geographical Work Kitab al-a’lak an-nafisa of Ibn Rusta","authors":"Magomed A. Gizbulaev","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2021.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.204","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides information on the history of Dagestan in the 10th century on the basis of translation, commentary and comparative analysis of excerpts from the Arabic geographical work Kitab al-a’lak an-nafisa (Book of Precious Gems) by Abu ‘Ali Aḥmad ibn ‘Umar ibn Rusta who lived and wrote in Isfahan at the turn of the IX–X centuries about the history of the peoples of the Caucasus. As for information on Dagestan, Ibn Rusta’s work contains more information than Ibn Khordadbekh’s and Ibn Faqih’s works. In his work, Ibn Rusta adopts the ancient Greek theory of the division of the inhabited parts of the Earth into seven climates, for example, he places the region in question in the sixth and seventh climates. Ibn Rusta’s data on the geography and ethnography of northeastern Europe, as well as the political formations in the Caucasus, are unique and significantly supplement the author’s predecessors. The parts dedicated to Sarir, which gained its regional hegemony in the X century, are of particular importance. The author of the current article compares several reports on Dagestan from Ibn Rusta’s work with Ibn Khordadbekh’s Kitab al-masalik wa-l-mamalik and Ibn Faqih’s Kitab al-Buldan in order to determine whether the origin of the material is the same for these authors. As a result, only one passage was found that overlapped with the work of Ibn Khordadbekh. Also, it is noted that N. A. Karaulov’s translation contains interpretative flaws and some fragments from Ibn Rusta’s work are missing. The scientific significance of this article is determined by the fact that its materials can be used in further source studies in writing the medieval history of the Caucasus.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115787049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.310
N. Chesnokova
Рассматривается один из символов власти монарха (вана) в Корее периода правления династии Чосон (1392–1897) — ширма «Солнце, Луна и пять пиков» (Ирволь обон пён). Ширма, элемент государственного ритуала, согласно исследованию автора статьи, подчеркивала особенное, «центральное» положение вана, его связь с мирозданием. По мнению современных южнокорейских историков, впервые ширма появляется на прижизненном портрете основателя династии Чосон Ли Сонге (Тхэджо, 1335–1408, правление 1392–1398), написанном в 1393 г. Автору, однако, данное утверждение кажется необоснованным в связи с тем, что прижизненный портрет Ли Сонге не сохранился, и в наши дни известна лишь его копия, созданная в XVIII в. Именно в этот период в Корее происходит укрепление этнического самосознания, выраженное через повышенное внимание к исконно корейским ценностям и противопоставлению «своего» — корейского и «чужого» — маньчжурского (т. е. относящегося к Цинскому Китаю). Опираясь на ряд изученных иллюстрированных летописей ыйгве, автор склоняется к выводу о том, что изначально ширма была лишь одним из символов монаршей власти и вышла на первый план лишь в XVIII–XIX вв. Традиционно ширма помещалась позади трона так, чтобы ван оказывался по центру, между двумя абсолютно симметричными изображениями, различавшимися лишь тем, что на одном сияло Солнце, а на другом — Луна. Согласно авторским выводам, в таком положении ван символически оказывался властителем пространства и времени. Ключевые слова: Корея, Ирволь обон пён, Ирволь обон до, Солнце, Луна и пять горных пиков, сакрализация власти, легитимность правления.
{"title":"“The Screen of the Sun, the Moon and the Five Peaks” as the Symbol of Kingship in Korea in the Joseon Period","authors":"N. Chesnokova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2019.310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.310","url":null,"abstract":"Рассматривается один из символов власти монарха (вана) в Корее периода правления династии Чосон (1392–1897) — ширма «Солнце, Луна и пять пиков» (Ирволь обон пён). Ширма, элемент государственного ритуала, согласно исследованию автора статьи, подчеркивала особенное, «центральное» положение вана, его связь с мирозданием. По мнению современных южнокорейских историков, впервые ширма появляется на прижизненном портрете основателя династии Чосон Ли Сонге (Тхэджо, 1335–1408, правление 1392–1398), написанном в 1393 г. Автору, однако, данное утверждение кажется необоснованным в связи с тем, что прижизненный портрет Ли Сонге не сохранился, и в наши дни известна лишь его копия, созданная в XVIII в. Именно в этот период в Корее происходит укрепление этнического самосознания, выраженное через повышенное внимание к исконно корейским ценностям и противопоставлению «своего» — корейского и «чужого» — маньчжурского (т. е. относящегося к Цинскому Китаю). Опираясь на ряд изученных иллюстрированных летописей ыйгве, автор склоняется к выводу о том, что изначально ширма была лишь одним из символов монаршей власти и вышла на первый план лишь в XVIII–XIX вв. Традиционно ширма помещалась позади трона так, чтобы ван оказывался по центру, между двумя абсолютно симметричными изображениями, различавшимися лишь тем, что на одном сияло Солнце, а на другом — Луна. Согласно авторским выводам, в таком положении ван символически оказывался властителем пространства и времени. Ключевые слова: Корея, Ирволь обон пён, Ирволь обон до, Солнце, Луна и пять горных пиков, сакрализация власти, легитимность правления.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122098329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.403
E. Zavidovskaia
The paper addresses Qing dynasty albums containing illustrations and notes about ethnic groups of southwest China usually termed as Baimiaotu 百苗圖, or Miao albums, there are Miao albums illustrating ethnic groups of Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, Hainan and Taiwan. Library of St Petesrburg State University holds four hand-painted albums — two on Yunnan, two on Guizhou. Over a hundred Miao albums are scattered across the world, with most valuable early editions, some with dates and prefaces, are housed in the Western museums and universities. The paper shows approaches to systematization of the albums showing Guizhou ethnic groups, including such criteria as number of pictures (usually either 82 or 40), the position of the picture and text, special features of pictures (human figures with or without background), some conclusions are based on the typology of albums housed in Guizhou, which was proposed by Chinese scholars. The paper discusses under what circumstances the number of pictures has increased from 40 to 82 at the turn of the 19th century, what sources on Guizhou were used for annotations. The paper compares illustrations and texts from two St Petersburg University albums and those from the US collections. Conclusion about necessity of deeper study of primary sources, which provided basis for Miao albums, e. g., local gazetteers, “Qing Imperial Illustrations of Tributary Peoples” (1761) etc. is made.
{"title":"Qing Dynasty Miao Albums Illustrating Ethic Groups of Guizhou Province: Attribution and Album Genealogy","authors":"E. Zavidovskaia","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.403","url":null,"abstract":"The paper addresses Qing dynasty albums containing illustrations and notes about ethnic groups of southwest China usually termed as Baimiaotu 百苗圖, or Miao albums, there are Miao albums illustrating ethnic groups of Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, Hainan and Taiwan. Library of St Petesrburg State University holds four hand-painted albums — two on Yunnan, two on Guizhou. Over a hundred Miao albums are scattered across the world, with most valuable early editions, some with dates and prefaces, are housed in the Western museums and universities. The paper shows approaches to systematization of the albums showing Guizhou ethnic groups, including such criteria as number of pictures (usually either 82 or 40), the position of the picture and text, special features of pictures (human figures with or without background), some conclusions are based on the typology of albums housed in Guizhou, which was proposed by Chinese scholars. The paper discusses under what circumstances the number of pictures has increased from 40 to 82 at the turn of the 19th century, what sources on Guizhou were used for annotations. The paper compares illustrations and texts from two St Petersburg University albums and those from the US collections. Conclusion about necessity of deeper study of primary sources, which provided basis for Miao albums, e. g., local gazetteers, “Qing Imperial Illustrations of Tributary Peoples” (1761) etc. is made.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129080864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.207
A. M. Karapetyants, Elena A. Timchishena
The article presents an attempt to formally construct a lexical-semantic field for the Chinese language, taking into account the fact that the concept of such a field presupposes a certain classification system of the vocabulary, which is divided into large and small groups ordered in relation to each other. Due to the presence in the Chinese language of a large number of copulative complexes, paradigmatic relations of semantic proximity are expressed in syntagmatic relations of juxtaposition, which allowed the authors of the article to construct semantic fields based on the data of normative dictionaries and vocabulary lists. This article presents formal methods for constructing a semantic field for the modern Chinese language, a semantic method for fixing the language. It is based on a graphical representation of combinations of symbols (synographic images) and their explanations in dictionaries and wordlists of the modern Chinese language. As typical examples, the sphere of designations of emotions and verbs with the meanings of purchase and sale was chosen. The article defines the features of the structure of the lexical-semantic field of the verbs of sale and purchase, reveals the lexical units that are included in the core, near and far periphery. The material presented in the article indicates that in the case of the Chinese language, a similar method of constructing a lexical-semantic field can be applied both to tokens with an abstract meaning and to tokens with a specific meaning.
{"title":"The Principles of the Formal Construction of the Lexical-Semantic Field in Modern Chinese","authors":"A. M. Karapetyants, Elena A. Timchishena","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2021.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.207","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents an attempt to formally construct a lexical-semantic field for the Chinese language, taking into account the fact that the concept of such a field presupposes a certain classification system of the vocabulary, which is divided into large and small groups ordered in relation to each other. Due to the presence in the Chinese language of a large number of copulative complexes, paradigmatic relations of semantic proximity are expressed in syntagmatic relations of juxtaposition, which allowed the authors of the article to construct semantic fields based on the data of normative dictionaries and vocabulary lists. This article presents formal methods for constructing a semantic field for the modern Chinese language, a semantic method for fixing the language. It is based on a graphical representation of combinations of symbols (synographic images) and their explanations in dictionaries and wordlists of the modern Chinese language. As typical examples, the sphere of designations of emotions and verbs with the meanings of purchase and sale was chosen. The article defines the features of the structure of the lexical-semantic field of the verbs of sale and purchase, reveals the lexical units that are included in the core, near and far periphery. The material presented in the article indicates that in the case of the Chinese language, a similar method of constructing a lexical-semantic field can be applied both to tokens with an abstract meaning and to tokens with a specific meaning.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132965333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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