Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.311
O. Borokh
The paper examines the history of Chinese translations of the works of the British economistW. S. Jevons in the late nineteenth - early twentieth centuries as part of the process of introduction of Western scientific knowledge to China. The attention is focused on the translations of Jevons’s Primer of Political Economy and his book The State in Relation to Labor . The terminological features of Chinese translations of these works are analyzed, including the searches for equivalents of modern scientific vocabulary in the heritage of Chinese culture. Jevons’s textbook was translated by Joseph Edkins and Yan Fu, who proposed their methods of adapting the text to the perception of the Chinese reader. The paper demonstrates that Edkins’s translation faithfully followed the original and used Chinese terminology available at that time. The clarity of Jevons’s textbook contributed to the dissemination of elementary knowledge of Western economics in China. The Policy to Enrich the Nation and Support the People served in China as one of the earliest sources of information about Adam Smith, his concept of division of labor, the theory of exchange, the theory of wages, and the principles of taxation. Multiple versions of hieroglyphic transliteration of Jevons’s name obstructed the formation of comprehensive vision of his legacyin China, therefore one of the objectives of the paper was to collect all available information about Chinese translations of the economic works of the British scholar. Jevons’s theory of the impact of natural factors on economic cycles influenced Liang Qichao, who compared it with ancient Chinese ideas about the relationship of famine and natural disasters with location of celestial bodies. After the translation of the Primer of Political Economy the focus of attention shifted to Jevons’s works in industrial legislation and finances.
{"title":"Translations of W. S. Jevons in China in the Late Qing Dynasty","authors":"O. Borokh","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.311","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the history of Chinese translations of the works of the British economistW. S. Jevons in the late nineteenth - early twentieth centuries as part of the process of introduction of Western scientific knowledge to China. The attention is focused on the translations of Jevons’s Primer of Political Economy and his book The State in Relation to Labor . The terminological features of Chinese translations of these works are analyzed, including the searches for equivalents of modern scientific vocabulary in the heritage of Chinese culture. Jevons’s textbook was translated by Joseph Edkins and Yan Fu, who proposed their methods of adapting the text to the perception of the Chinese reader. The paper demonstrates that Edkins’s translation faithfully followed the original and used Chinese terminology available at that time. The clarity of Jevons’s textbook contributed to the dissemination of elementary knowledge of Western economics in China. The Policy to Enrich the Nation and Support the People served in China as one of the earliest sources of information about Adam Smith, his concept of division of labor, the theory of exchange, the theory of wages, and the principles of taxation. Multiple versions of hieroglyphic transliteration of Jevons’s name obstructed the formation of comprehensive vision of his legacyin China, therefore one of the objectives of the paper was to collect all available information about Chinese translations of the economic works of the British scholar. Jevons’s theory of the impact of natural factors on economic cycles influenced Liang Qichao, who compared it with ancient Chinese ideas about the relationship of famine and natural disasters with location of celestial bodies. After the translation of the Primer of Political Economy the focus of attention shifted to Jevons’s works in industrial legislation and finances.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132088906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.301
N. Samoylov, E. Starovoitova
The article discusses the role of leading Russian diplomats in the development of Sino-Russian relations at the turn of the 20th century. It is based on rare archival documents and memoirs written by contemporaries of the described events. The article presents and analyzes the assessments given to their activities in the publications of Russian, Chinese and Western historians. The authors focus their attention on the activities of two ambassadors to China: Arthur Cassini and Pavel Lessar, who headed Russian diplomatic mission in the Qing Empire during difficult periods of China’s history and the conditions of complicated international situation in East Asia. The first of them served there at the time of the Sino-Japanese War, while the second - in the period between the Boxer Rebellion and the Russo-Japanese War. The clash of interests of the great powers in China at the turn of the 20th century predetermined the complex tasks faced by Russian diplomacy. The analysis of the activities of the Russian Envoys to China, Cassini and Lessar, demonstrates the significant role of career diplomats at that time and proves that Russian diplomats of the late 19th - early 20th centuries were well prepared and, even without special education in oriental studies, but having experience of diplomatic work in different countries and being able to analyze the contemporary international situation, could make correct decisions in hard situations, promoting the prestige of Russia and solving the intricate problems of foreign policy.
{"title":"Russian Ambassadors to China at the Turn of the 20th century: Specifics of their Activities in the Qing Empire","authors":"N. Samoylov, E. Starovoitova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.301","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the role of leading Russian diplomats in the development of Sino-Russian relations at the turn of the 20th century. It is based on rare archival documents and memoirs written by contemporaries of the described events. The article presents and analyzes the assessments given to their activities in the publications of Russian, Chinese and Western historians. The authors focus their attention on the activities of two ambassadors to China: Arthur Cassini and Pavel Lessar, who headed Russian diplomatic mission in the Qing Empire during difficult periods of China’s history and the conditions of complicated international situation in East Asia. The first of them served there at the time of the Sino-Japanese War, while the second - in the period between the Boxer Rebellion and the Russo-Japanese War. The clash of interests of the great powers in China at the turn of the 20th century predetermined the complex tasks faced by Russian diplomacy. The analysis of the activities of the Russian Envoys to China, Cassini and Lessar, demonstrates the significant role of career diplomats at that time and proves that Russian diplomats of the late 19th - early 20th centuries were well prepared and, even without special education in oriental studies, but having experience of diplomatic work in different countries and being able to analyze the contemporary international situation, could make correct decisions in hard situations, promoting the prestige of Russia and solving the intricate problems of foreign policy.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130744875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.404
Yefrem A. Yefremov
The author of this article examines the phenomenon of diaspora and diasporic identity, conditions, and factors influencing the transformation and development of identity in a multiethnic society in Kazakhstan. Diasporic identity is a multifaceted phenomenon characterized by its dynamism. Kazakhstani Koreans (ethnonym — “Koryo Saram”) are integrated into the multiethnic society of modern Kazakhstan and it can be argued that the overwhelming majority of them are urbanized. This factor determines the high rate of acculturation, which leads to the transformation of the traditional Korean community. The author also analyzes the relationship between ethnic and diaspora identities. The characteristic forms of manifestation of ethnic identity, as well as methods for preserving and manifestation of the ethnic identity of the Korean diaspora in Kazakhstan, are analyzed. A diaspora is not a diaspora by default — initially, it is a group that is in an amorphous state, which can develop into a diaspora, provided that its construction is based on ethnic consciousness. The community of Koreans in Kazakhstan is not ethnically closed. As a result, the nature of the phenomenon of diasporic identity was determined and the forms of manifestation of the diasporic identity of Koreans in Kazakhstan were identified. The diasporic identity of Koryo Saram — a construct of various identities, which are based on a common cultural basis and are superimposed on the identity of representatives of the multiethnic society of Kazakhstan — is a “borderline” phenomenon: on the one hand, representatives of the diaspora are focused on the preservation of their ethnic and cultural identity, or “otherness” in relation to the ethnic majority; on the other hand, the situation of long-term residence and adaptation to new socio-cultural conditions determines the process of socialization and the formation of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s civic identity.
{"title":"Influence of the Multiethnic Environment on the Diasporic Identity of Koreans in Kazakhstan","authors":"Yefrem A. Yefremov","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2021.404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.404","url":null,"abstract":"The author of this article examines the phenomenon of diaspora and diasporic identity, conditions, and factors influencing the transformation and development of identity in a multiethnic society in Kazakhstan. Diasporic identity is a multifaceted phenomenon characterized by its dynamism. Kazakhstani Koreans (ethnonym — “Koryo Saram”) are integrated into the multiethnic society of modern Kazakhstan and it can be argued that the overwhelming majority of them are urbanized. This factor determines the high rate of acculturation, which leads to the transformation of the traditional Korean community. The author also analyzes the relationship between ethnic and diaspora identities. The characteristic forms of manifestation of ethnic identity, as well as methods for preserving and manifestation of the ethnic identity of the Korean diaspora in Kazakhstan, are analyzed. A diaspora is not a diaspora by default — initially, it is a group that is in an amorphous state, which can develop into a diaspora, provided that its construction is based on ethnic consciousness. The community of Koreans in Kazakhstan is not ethnically closed. As a result, the nature of the phenomenon of diasporic identity was determined and the forms of manifestation of the diasporic identity of Koreans in Kazakhstan were identified. The diasporic identity of Koryo Saram — a construct of various identities, which are based on a common cultural basis and are superimposed on the identity of representatives of the multiethnic society of Kazakhstan — is a “borderline” phenomenon: on the one hand, representatives of the diaspora are focused on the preservation of their ethnic and cultural identity, or “otherness” in relation to the ethnic majority; on the other hand, the situation of long-term residence and adaptation to new socio-cultural conditions determines the process of socialization and the formation of the Republic of Kazakhstan’s civic identity.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129558101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.201
A. Mokrushina
The article presents an overview of the new dystopia genre in Arabic literature as well as the main reasons and prerequisites for its appearance. The interest of Arab authors in the newly discovered genre of the dystopian novel has grown markedly, which is primarily due to serious political, economic and social changes affecting the region. The situation in some Arab countries offers many avenues in which society can develop, and literature was the first to respond to this. Egypt has become one of the centers of global change that has affected the Middle East. Young Egyptian intellectuals tend to soberly assess the situation that has developed since the Arab Spring and writers have offered their own vision of the situation in the country. As an example of a modern dystopia, the novel The Queue by Basma Abd al-Aziz was chosen. The Queue does not have a traditional dystopian oppositional character. However, of the significant images of the novel to which the writer draws attention is the image of authority, which is impersonal and inaccessible to the common people. There is no mention of the name of the country where the events of The Queue unfold, but the reader easily recognizes Egypt. In the study a comprehensive approach was used, as well as cultural and sociological methods of analysis and interviews.
本文概述了阿拉伯文学中新兴的反乌托邦体裁及其产生的主要原因和先决条件。阿拉伯作家对新发现的反乌托邦小说类型的兴趣显著增长，这主要是由于影响该地区的严重的政治、经济和社会变化。一些阿拉伯国家的情况为社会发展提供了许多途径，文学是第一个对此作出反应的。埃及已经成为影响中东地区的全球变化的中心之一。年轻的埃及知识分子倾向于冷静地评估自阿拉伯之春以来发展起来的形势，作家们也提出了自己对该国局势的看法。Basma Abd al-Aziz的小说《队列》被选为现代反乌托邦的例子。《队列》并没有传统的反乌托邦式的对立特征。然而，在小说的重要形象中，作者所关注的是权威形象，这种形象是非个人的，是普通人无法接近的。书中没有提到《队列》中事件发生的国家名称，但读者很容易认出埃及。在研究中，采用了综合方法，以及文化和社会学的分析和访谈方法。
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.312
A. Mokrushina
An analysis of the phenomenon of Arabic cartoons could provide rich material not only for orientalists, but also for specialists in different fields. Today, Arab cartoons are experiencing a revival. The Internet greatly affects the form and quality of information material. The study of Arabic cartoons assumes a versatile approach: we are interested not only in the content of the cartoon, but also in its additional characteristics. In a cartoon the reader receives information as quickly and concisely as possible. The most indicative and interesting for the researcher is the analysis of the material in a certain time frame. Through cartoon, we can observe how the initial image of a particular politician or party forms and how public perception of them changes over time. Political cartoons are interesting to observe in dynamics. An analysis of cartoons as a response to a political situation should be conducted in accordance with the scheme: a political situation - the pro-government and/or oppositional reaction of society - the appearance of cartoons covering this topic. To fully understand political cartoons, the reader must possess an understanding of the general political situation in the world and be aware of the details of the foreign and domestic policies of individual countries
{"title":"Arab Political Cartoon as a Response to the Foreign and Domestic Policies of the State","authors":"A. Mokrushina","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.312","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of the phenomenon of Arabic cartoons could provide rich material not only for orientalists, but also for specialists in different fields. Today, Arab cartoons are experiencing a revival. The Internet greatly affects the form and quality of information material. The study of Arabic cartoons assumes a versatile approach: we are interested not only in the content of the cartoon, but also in its additional characteristics. In a cartoon the reader receives information as quickly and concisely as possible. The most indicative and interesting for the researcher is the analysis of the material in a certain time frame. Through cartoon, we can observe how the initial image of a particular politician or party forms and how public perception of them changes over time. Political cartoons are interesting to observe in dynamics. An analysis of cartoons as a response to a political situation should be conducted in accordance with the scheme: a political situation - the pro-government and/or oppositional reaction of society - the appearance of cartoons covering this topic. To fully understand political cartoons, the reader must possess an understanding of the general political situation in the world and be aware of the details of the foreign and domestic policies of individual countries","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121364186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2020.209
A. Lyakhovich
Hausa literature is one of the well-studied African literatures. This paper explores Hausa creative writing, focusing both on the figure of author , marubuci, and the changes the concept of ‘author’ has undergone, motivated by social perceptions and demands. Modern mass media call attention in different ways to writers and their creative writing. Therefore, interviews with authors may provide valuable information, that has before now remained unexplored by the researchers, as well as some unique insights into the world of Hausa creating writing. Interviews constitute a particular genre in media industry contributing social communication and discussion. They also serve as a reliable source for understanding writer’s self-perception, and the perception of creative writing and authorship in the context of social and literary change. This paper explores interviews with several prominent Hausa language authors; among them are Shu’aibu Makarfi, Bilkisu Funtuwa, Binta Salma Mohammed, Hafsatu Ahmad Abdulwaheed, Ismail Bala Garba, Rahma A. Majid, and Bashir Abubakar Umar. The study seeks to prove that the nature of interaction between a writer’s self-perception and social expectations/ social perceptions for both creative writing and marubuci is a significant factor, that defines the development of Hausa literary movement. Moreover, that the development of Hausa literature in Northern Nigeria has been determined mostly by the self-perception of the authors, who aimed to improve literary tradition, and thus introduced new experimental trends, attitudes and forms into the literature. The study concludes that the contribution of modern Northern Nigerian writers to shaping the future development of Nigerian literature will definitely grow. This paper explores the substance of Hausa social phenomenon marubuci , ‘writer’, as well as Hausa perceptions and evaluations of authors and writing. The attitude to literary work, and to people engaged in the field, can be regarded as a significant part of Hausa literary movement. Modern mass media call attention in different ways to writers and their writing. In this regard, such extensive body of evidence as interviews may provide unique insights into Hausa creative writing, that has before now remained unexplored. Interviews constitute a particular genre in media industry contributing social communication and discussion. Moreover, they serve as a reliable source for understanding writer’s self-perception and social perceptions, evaluations and demands in the context of social and literary change. The proposed survey explores the largely unexamined source — interviews with authors. It focuses on the ways of interaction between a writer’s self-perception and social expectations/ social perceptions for both creative writing, and marubuci mainly based on interviews with prominent Hausa writers such as Shu’aibu Makarfi, Bilkisu Funtuwa, and Rahma A. Majid. We argue that the nature of this interaction should be regarded as a
豪萨文学是研究较多的非洲文学之一。本文探讨了豪萨族的创意写作，重点关注作者的形象，以及“作者”概念在社会观念和需求的推动下所经历的变化。现代大众传媒以不同的方式引起人们对作家及其创作的关注。因此，对作者的采访可能会提供有价值的信息，这是以前研究人员尚未探索的，以及对豪萨创造文字世界的一些独特见解。访谈是传媒业的一种特殊类型，有助于社会沟通和讨论。它们也是理解作家自我感知的可靠来源，以及在社会和文学变革的背景下对创意写作和作者身份的感知。本文探讨了对几位著名豪萨语作家的采访;其中包括舒埃布·马卡菲、比尔基苏·富图瓦、宾塔·萨尔玛·穆罕默德、哈夫萨图·艾哈迈德·阿卜杜勒瓦希德、伊斯梅尔·巴拉·加尔巴、拉赫玛·a·马吉德和巴希尔·阿布巴卡尔·乌马尔。本研究试图证明作家的自我认知与社会期望/社会认知之间的互动是豪萨文学运动发展的一个重要因素。此外，尼日利亚北部豪萨文学的发展主要是由作者的自我认识决定的，他们旨在改善文学传统，从而在文学中引入了新的实验趋势、态度和形式。研究得出结论，现代尼日利亚北部作家对塑造尼日利亚文学未来发展的贡献肯定会越来越大。本文探讨了豪萨族社会现象“作家”的实质，以及豪萨族对作家和写作的认知和评价。豪萨人对待文学工作和从事文学工作的人的态度，是豪萨文学运动的一个重要组成部分。现代大众传媒以不同的方式引起人们对作家及其作品的关注。在这方面，采访等广泛的证据可能为豪萨创造性写作提供独特的见解，这在以前一直没有被探索过。访谈是传媒业的一种特殊类型，有助于社会沟通和讨论。此外，它们是理解作家在社会和文学变革背景下的自我认知和社会认知、评价和需求的可靠来源。拟议的调查探讨了大部分未经审查的来源-对作者的采访。本文主要通过采访著名的豪萨族作家，如Shu’aibu Makarfi、Bilkisu Funtuwa和Rahma a . Majid，来探讨作家的自我认知与社会期望/社会认知之间的互动方式，包括创意写作和marubuci。我们认为，这种互动的性质应被视为一个重要因素，它定义了豪萨文学运动的发展。通过娱乐和启蒙，我可以把想法灌输给女孩们……我认为散文是向男女传达我的信息的最好媒介。散文是理想的寓教于乐的教学方式[4]。
{"title":"The Development of Concepts of ‘Author’ and ‘Authorship’ in Hausa Culture","authors":"A. Lyakhovich","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2020.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.209","url":null,"abstract":"Hausa literature is one of the well-studied African literatures. This paper explores Hausa creative writing, focusing both on the figure of author , marubuci, and the changes the concept of ‘author’ has undergone, motivated by social perceptions and demands. Modern mass media call attention in different ways to writers and their creative writing. Therefore, interviews with authors may provide valuable information, that has before now remained unexplored by the researchers, as well as some unique insights into the world of Hausa creating writing. Interviews constitute a particular genre in media industry contributing social communication and discussion. They also serve as a reliable source for understanding writer’s self-perception, and the perception of creative writing and authorship in the context of social and literary change. This paper explores interviews with several prominent Hausa language authors; among them are Shu’aibu Makarfi, Bilkisu Funtuwa, Binta Salma Mohammed, Hafsatu Ahmad Abdulwaheed, Ismail Bala Garba, Rahma A. Majid, and Bashir Abubakar Umar. The study seeks to prove that the nature of interaction between a writer’s self-perception and social expectations/ social perceptions for both creative writing and marubuci is a significant factor, that defines the development of Hausa literary movement. Moreover, that the development of Hausa literature in Northern Nigeria has been determined mostly by the self-perception of the authors, who aimed to improve literary tradition, and thus introduced new experimental trends, attitudes and forms into the literature. The study concludes that the contribution of modern Northern Nigerian writers to shaping the future development of Nigerian literature will definitely grow. This paper explores the substance of Hausa social phenomenon marubuci , ‘writer’, as well as Hausa perceptions and evaluations of authors and writing. The attitude to literary work, and to people engaged in the field, can be regarded as a significant part of Hausa literary movement. Modern mass media call attention in different ways to writers and their writing. In this regard, such extensive body of evidence as interviews may provide unique insights into Hausa creative writing, that has before now remained unexplored. Interviews constitute a particular genre in media industry contributing social communication and discussion. Moreover, they serve as a reliable source for understanding writer’s self-perception and social perceptions, evaluations and demands in the context of social and literary change. The proposed survey explores the largely unexamined source — interviews with authors. It focuses on the ways of interaction between a writer’s self-perception and social expectations/ social perceptions for both creative writing, and marubuci mainly based on interviews with prominent Hausa writers such as Shu’aibu Makarfi, Bilkisu Funtuwa, and Rahma A. Majid. We argue that the nature of this interaction should be regarded as a","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125747457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2023.110
E. V. Kukhareva
Man is a part of nature. And as an integral part of it, he lives and interacts with its other creations — plants and animals, mountains, rivers and seas, deserts, steppes. Depending on the conditions of the environment and, in this regard, the main forms and type of activity, a person identifies those natural objects on which his well-being, and sometimes his very existence, depends most of all. In this sense, the plant and animal world is the most important part of nature, from which he draws everything necessary for his life. Plants and animals give people food, shelter, clothing, medicines, protection and aesthetic pleasure. But among all the diversity of plant and animal species, each national culture chooses only some that become its national symbol, personifying the most important features for this people. For the Arab-Muslim society, palm, olive, coffee became such symbols, and for a single country — Lebanon — cedar. The article is devoted to some of them in the light of the traditions and customs of the Arabs, their folklore, religious beliefs based on myths, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings and other works. The two most widespread trees in the Arab world are represented most fully and at all levels of national consciousness — religious, poetic, folklore. These are palm and olive trees. They are not only repeatedly found in sacred texts and various legends. These plants, about which there are also many proverbs, sayings and phraseological units, have become expressions of Arab ideas about the most essential qualities and values that play a primary role in the life of Arab society. In cross-cultural communication, knowledge of such material and its skillful use can contribute to the establishment of close friendly contacts and the establishment of communication.
{"title":"Symbol Trees as a Reflection of the National Mentality Arab Peoples","authors":"E. V. Kukhareva","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2023.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2023.110","url":null,"abstract":"Man is a part of nature. And as an integral part of it, he lives and interacts with its other creations — plants and animals, mountains, rivers and seas, deserts, steppes. Depending on the conditions of the environment and, in this regard, the main forms and type of activity, a person identifies those natural objects on which his well-being, and sometimes his very existence, depends most of all. In this sense, the plant and animal world is the most important part of nature, from which he draws everything necessary for his life. Plants and animals give people food, shelter, clothing, medicines, protection and aesthetic pleasure. But among all the diversity of plant and animal species, each national culture chooses only some that become its national symbol, personifying the most important features for this people. For the Arab-Muslim society, palm, olive, coffee became such symbols, and for a single country — Lebanon — cedar. The article is devoted to some of them in the light of the traditions and customs of the Arabs, their folklore, religious beliefs based on myths, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings and other works. The two most widespread trees in the Arab world are represented most fully and at all levels of national consciousness — religious, poetic, folklore. These are palm and olive trees. They are not only repeatedly found in sacred texts and various legends. These plants, about which there are also many proverbs, sayings and phraseological units, have become expressions of Arab ideas about the most essential qualities and values that play a primary role in the life of Arab society. In cross-cultural communication, knowledge of such material and its skillful use can contribute to the establishment of close friendly contacts and the establishment of communication.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116010603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.108
Ksenia A. Kozha
The Oriental Department of the St Petersburg University’s library has a unique manuscript “Confessionario em Lingua Mandarina”, a handbook for confession, compiled by Dominican father Francisco Varo (1627-1687) for use in his (and his confrères) missionary work in earlier Qing China (sec. half of the 17th c.). The manuscript, seven folios altogether, bound into a dictionary (Dictionario Lusitanico Sinico Tartaro Historico Mathematico Latino for Congregação da Missão Portugueza), amidst its main body, is a precious gift to all researchers in the field, for it is, by all accounts, a unique exemplar of this kind of text by the famous missionary. Varo’s written legacy has received special attention from historians of Catholic missions in China and researchers on the Ming and Qing Chinese language. However a Confessionario is not traced in Varo’s bibliography. The undenied value of the text is its bilingual contents: the confessor’s questions in the Portuguese language translated into the earlier Qing Mandarin (southern guanhua). Documents, codifying the main Chinese dialect of the 17th c. are rather rare, although a number of elaborated descriptions of variant systems of guanhua romanization by Western missionaries provide us with all necessary instruments to analyse the transcription method, used by Varo in the Confessionario. The author of the article attempts to implement the existing methodology to identify the place of this piece of Varo’s work in the Chinese romanization mosaic. Being Portuguese-based, the transcription of the Confessionario differs significantly from Varo’s Spanish-oriented system in Vocabulario de la Lengua Mandarina (1670) and Arte de la Lengua Mandarina (1682-1703), naturally demonstrating more in common to the earlier systems by Ricci, Trigault and Martini. A few peculiarities of the romanization used in Confessionario are revealed in the article.
圣彼得堡大学图书馆的东方系有一份独特的手稿“Confessionario em Lingua Mandarina”，这是一本忏悔手册，由多米尼加神父弗朗西斯科·瓦罗(1627-1687)编写，用于他(和他的同事)在清朝早期(17世纪下半叶)的传教工作。该手稿共七对开本，在其主体中装订成一本词典(Dictionario Lusitanico Sinico Tartaro Historico Mathematico Latino for congrega o da miss o portueza)，是该领域所有研究人员的珍贵礼物，因为据所有人说，它是著名传教士这类文本的独特范例。瓦罗的文字遗产受到了在华天主教传教历史学家和明清汉语研究人员的特别关注。然而，《忏悔录》并没有出现在瓦罗的参考书目中。文本的否定价值在于它的双语内容:忏悔者的问题用葡萄牙语翻译成早期的清朝官话(南方官话)。编纂17世纪中国主要方言的文献相当罕见，尽管西方传教士对官话罗马化变体系统的许多详细描述为我们提供了所有必要的工具来分析瓦罗在《忏悔录》中使用的转录方法。本文作者试图运用现有的方法来确定瓦罗的这幅作品在中国罗马化马赛克中的位置。《忏悔录》以葡萄牙语为基础，与瓦罗以西班牙语为导向的《国语Vocabulario de la Lengua Mandarina》(1670年)和《国语Arte de la Lengua Mandarina》(1682-1703年)的抄写系统有很大不同，自然与利玛窦、特里高和马蒂尼的早期系统有更多的共同点。本文揭示了《忏悔录》中罗马化的一些特点。
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.203
Rimma A. Ivanova, A. Ivanov, A. A. Ivanova
1 Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», Российская Федерация, 603155, Нижний Новгород, ул. Большая Печерская, 25/12 2 Нижегородский государственный лингвистический университет им. Н. А. Добролюбова, Российская Федерация, 603155, Нижний Новгород, ул. Минина, 31-А 3 Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», Российская Федерация, 119017, Москва, ул. Старая Басманная, 21/4, стр. 5
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.401
Lihong Xu, T. Kazakova
The authors of this article analyze Russian translations of non-translatable linguistic signs in the works of Chinese writer Mo Yan, prize laureate of the Nobel Prize in 2012. In his works, the writer amply uses culturally-bound words and phrases as well as folklore and tales meaningful for Chinese material, social and spiritual culture. Some of them are cultural constants traditionally associated with emotional, axiological and aesthetic values. Mo Yan’s style includes common language, idioms, even swear words alongside vernacular parables and ditties. As a whole, his style itself is the embodiment of Chinese common culture, which presents a seemingly insoluble task for translators — how to translate the non-translatable, to recreate in Russian not just the style but the culture itself. The authors explore both the translators’ solutions and inevitable shifts and losses determined in the process of interaction between the two very different languages and cultures. Particular attention is paid to translators’ solutions for the symbolic functions of Chinese personal names. In addition, complications connected with the transfer of Chinese everyday realia, customs and traditions that appear as important components in the structure of images and contents of Mo Yan’s works are considered. An attempt is made to reconstruct some important components of the intercultural area that emerges in the course of translation from Chinese into Russian.
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