Pub Date : 2012-05-21DOI: 10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225579
T. Schneider, A. Wiatrek, S. Preubler, R. Braun, M. Grigat
Smartphones, video streaming and social networks lead to an increase of the transmitted data rates in the telecommunications networks by about 40% per year. To keep pace with the increasing data rates, new ideas for spectrum efficient data transport with low energy consumption are required. Electromagnetic waves in the Millimeter-region of the spectrum are very promising for this purpose since they offer large unregulated bandwidths. However, weather conditions like rain or fog can drastically decrease the transmittable data rates at these wavelengths. Here we will show that fixed wireless links with a distance of 1 km and maximum data rates of around 1 Tbps are possible with just one source. This opens the way to solve the so-called last mile problem.
{"title":"Maximum transmittable data rates for Millimeter-wave fixed wireless links","authors":"T. Schneider, A. Wiatrek, S. Preubler, R. Braun, M. Grigat","doi":"10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225579","url":null,"abstract":"Smartphones, video streaming and social networks lead to an increase of the transmitted data rates in the telecommunications networks by about 40% per year. To keep pace with the increasing data rates, new ideas for spectrum efficient data transport with low energy consumption are required. Electromagnetic waves in the Millimeter-region of the spectrum are very promising for this purpose since they offer large unregulated bandwidths. However, weather conditions like rain or fog can drastically decrease the transmittable data rates at these wavelengths. Here we will show that fixed wireless links with a distance of 1 km and maximum data rates of around 1 Tbps are possible with just one source. This opens the way to solve the so-called last mile problem.","PeriodicalId":343071,"journal":{"name":"2012 ELEKTRO","volume":"48 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113973115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-21DOI: 10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225676
J. Kúdelčík, P. Bury, J. Drga, P. Kopčanský, V. Závisová, M. Timko
The anisotropy in transformer oil-based magnetic fluids upon the effect of an external magnetic field and temperature were studied by acoustic spectroscopy. When a magnetic field is increased, the interaction between the external magnetic field and the magnetic moments of the nanoparticles occurs, leads to the aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles and following clusters formation. However, the temperature of magnetic fluids has also very important influence on the structural changes because of the mechanism of thermal motion that acts against the cluster creation. In present the anisotropy of the transformer oil-based magnetic fluids can be described by two theories. Taketomi theory assumes existence of spherical clusters. These cluster form long chains, aligned in magnetic field direction. Later Shliomis proposed similar theory, in which these chains are formed by nanoparticles. A comparison of the experimental results with the predictions of the Taketomi theory allowed a determination of the cluster radius and the number density of the colloidal particles. These data allowed us to draw conclusions about the changes in the parameters describing the structure of the ferrofluid at different temperatures. On the basis of the measurements performed, it was possible to establish the proportion of the acoustic wave used for excitation of the translational and rotational degrees of freedom.
{"title":"The anisotropy of transformer oil-based magnetic fluids studied by acoustic spectroscopy","authors":"J. Kúdelčík, P. Bury, J. Drga, P. Kopčanský, V. Závisová, M. Timko","doi":"10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225676","url":null,"abstract":"The anisotropy in transformer oil-based magnetic fluids upon the effect of an external magnetic field and temperature were studied by acoustic spectroscopy. When a magnetic field is increased, the interaction between the external magnetic field and the magnetic moments of the nanoparticles occurs, leads to the aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles and following clusters formation. However, the temperature of magnetic fluids has also very important influence on the structural changes because of the mechanism of thermal motion that acts against the cluster creation. In present the anisotropy of the transformer oil-based magnetic fluids can be described by two theories. Taketomi theory assumes existence of spherical clusters. These cluster form long chains, aligned in magnetic field direction. Later Shliomis proposed similar theory, in which these chains are formed by nanoparticles. A comparison of the experimental results with the predictions of the Taketomi theory allowed a determination of the cluster radius and the number density of the colloidal particles. These data allowed us to draw conclusions about the changes in the parameters describing the structure of the ferrofluid at different temperatures. On the basis of the measurements performed, it was possible to establish the proportion of the acoustic wave used for excitation of the translational and rotational degrees of freedom.","PeriodicalId":343071,"journal":{"name":"2012 ELEKTRO","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123380152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-21DOI: 10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225666
Z. Roubal, P. Marcon, M. Cáp
This paper contains an analysis of magnetic properties of a coil core material. Methods of demagnetizing the sample before measurement are discussed. Static and dynamic hysteresis loops, initial magnetization curve, and normal magnetization curve are measured. The authors show the corrections of systematic errors for all measurements and indicate the specific conditions under which the measurement of the characteristics is realized.
{"title":"Analysis of magnetic properties measurement in closed samples","authors":"Z. Roubal, P. Marcon, M. Cáp","doi":"10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225666","url":null,"abstract":"This paper contains an analysis of magnetic properties of a coil core material. Methods of demagnetizing the sample before measurement are discussed. Static and dynamic hysteresis loops, initial magnetization curve, and normal magnetization curve are measured. The authors show the corrections of systematic errors for all measurements and indicate the specific conditions under which the measurement of the characteristics is realized.","PeriodicalId":343071,"journal":{"name":"2012 ELEKTRO","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121633510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-21DOI: 10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225662
Sona Pavlíková, D. Maga, Boris Simak
The matrix calculus is very frequently used in electrical engineering to calculate the different parameters of (but not only) electric circuits. One of the most important points of mathematical background of this analysis is the calculation of inverse matrix. This can be realised by numerous well-known algebraic methods (unit/identity matrix, different algebraic supplements, etc.) or numerical techniques. Inverting of matrixes is a well-known method; nevertheless, idea of alternating paths (presented in the paper) is completely new and unpublished. The electric circuit can be represented in the form of a graph and this graph structure rewritten into the form of matrixes. The paper shows the inverse matrix acquisition without using any algebraic technique - directly from graph structure. The presented technology can further be used as an input for any numerical method used for circuit parameters analysis or on- and off-line simulation. Practically, this is based on the following steps: the electric circuit is transformed into the graph structure. A new graph structure is created using the presented algorithm. The matrix system describing this graph structure, obtained without use of any conventional technique, is the inverse matrix of the original graph. The proposed utilization of alternative paths essentially differs from work of other authors.
{"title":"Graph based inversed matrix in electric circuits solutions","authors":"Sona Pavlíková, D. Maga, Boris Simak","doi":"10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225662","url":null,"abstract":"The matrix calculus is very frequently used in electrical engineering to calculate the different parameters of (but not only) electric circuits. One of the most important points of mathematical background of this analysis is the calculation of inverse matrix. This can be realised by numerous well-known algebraic methods (unit/identity matrix, different algebraic supplements, etc.) or numerical techniques. Inverting of matrixes is a well-known method; nevertheless, idea of alternating paths (presented in the paper) is completely new and unpublished. The electric circuit can be represented in the form of a graph and this graph structure rewritten into the form of matrixes. The paper shows the inverse matrix acquisition without using any algebraic technique - directly from graph structure. The presented technology can further be used as an input for any numerical method used for circuit parameters analysis or on- and off-line simulation. Practically, this is based on the following steps: the electric circuit is transformed into the graph structure. A new graph structure is created using the presented algorithm. The matrix system describing this graph structure, obtained without use of any conventional technique, is the inverse matrix of the original graph. The proposed utilization of alternative paths essentially differs from work of other authors.","PeriodicalId":343071,"journal":{"name":"2012 ELEKTRO","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130817527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-21DOI: 10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225683
P. Pribyl, V. Fábera, V. Paltus, L. Lyfa
This paper describes a way to better navigate in an ever increasing number of standards in the field of ITS. Short overview about fundamental ITS models is presented, the principle of related knowledge system is described. Ontology approach is used, especially as domain oriented ITS ontology, where a new hybrid method is explained.
{"title":"Domain-oriented ontology for ITS systems","authors":"P. Pribyl, V. Fábera, V. Paltus, L. Lyfa","doi":"10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225683","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a way to better navigate in an ever increasing number of standards in the field of ITS. Short overview about fundamental ITS models is presented, the principle of related knowledge system is described. Ontology approach is used, especially as domain oriented ITS ontology, where a new hybrid method is explained.","PeriodicalId":343071,"journal":{"name":"2012 ELEKTRO","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128062577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-21DOI: 10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225571
Veronika Durcekova, Ladislav Schwartz, N. Shahmehri
Popularity of application services offered by Internet has grown a lot in recent years. Basically, Internet was built with the focus on its functionality and not with the focus on the security tasks. This has led to discovering embedded weaknesses in Internet architecture, which can be misused by attackers with malicious purposes. This paper focuses on application layer Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks detection, because these attacks present a continuous critical threat to the Internet services. DDoS attacks are typically carried out at the network layer. However, there is evidence to suggest that application layer DDoS attacks can be more effective than the traditional ones. Over some period of time, researchers proposed many solutions to prevent the DoS/DDoS attacks from different OSI layers, but there has been done only a very small research on application layer. In this paper, we consider sophisticated attacks that utilize legitimate application layer requests from legitimately connected network machines to overwhelm Web server. Since the attack signature of each application layer DDoS is represented in abnormal user behavior, we propose several mechanisms, which can be used for application DoS/DDoS attack detection.
{"title":"Sophisticated Denial of Service attacks aimed at application layer","authors":"Veronika Durcekova, Ladislav Schwartz, N. Shahmehri","doi":"10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225571","url":null,"abstract":"Popularity of application services offered by Internet has grown a lot in recent years. Basically, Internet was built with the focus on its functionality and not with the focus on the security tasks. This has led to discovering embedded weaknesses in Internet architecture, which can be misused by attackers with malicious purposes. This paper focuses on application layer Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks detection, because these attacks present a continuous critical threat to the Internet services. DDoS attacks are typically carried out at the network layer. However, there is evidence to suggest that application layer DDoS attacks can be more effective than the traditional ones. Over some period of time, researchers proposed many solutions to prevent the DoS/DDoS attacks from different OSI layers, but there has been done only a very small research on application layer. In this paper, we consider sophisticated attacks that utilize legitimate application layer requests from legitimately connected network machines to overwhelm Web server. Since the attack signature of each application layer DDoS is represented in abnormal user behavior, we propose several mechanisms, which can be used for application DoS/DDoS attack detection.","PeriodicalId":343071,"journal":{"name":"2012 ELEKTRO","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117331001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-21DOI: 10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225648
Isabel Maria Ferro Ferreira Couto Soares, F. M. Barbosa
Climate change has arrived: deep, at a global level and sometimes catastrophic. Experts blame the greenhouse gas effect, boosted by the combustion of fossil fuels, which releases these dangerous gases. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of energy efficiency on fighting climate change and how it has been used throughout the world, particularly by Energy Services Companies, also known as ESCOs.
{"title":"Energy Service Companies in Portugal and throughout the world","authors":"Isabel Maria Ferro Ferreira Couto Soares, F. M. Barbosa","doi":"10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225648","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has arrived: deep, at a global level and sometimes catastrophic. Experts blame the greenhouse gas effect, boosted by the combustion of fossil fuels, which releases these dangerous gases. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of energy efficiency on fighting climate change and how it has been used throughout the world, particularly by Energy Services Companies, also known as ESCOs.","PeriodicalId":343071,"journal":{"name":"2012 ELEKTRO","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132611015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-21DOI: 10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225618
Sania Partovian, Mohammad Goli, M. A. Shoorehdeli
This paper presents construction of haptic scissors that can be used for surgical training, using the MATLAB-Simulink Real-Time Workshop environment and SolidWorks software. In this instrument we have force feedback in every position and angle of the scissors. The data which was already gathered in [1,2] for different tissues were used here. However, the previous simulations lack flexibility because only the exact information obtained during data acquisition are used. In this paper the data has been made smoother by using Neuro Fuzzy Controller. Design of a neuro fuzzy controller is considered in this work because of its insensitivity to disturbances and uncertainties of model parameters. The design and optimization process of neuro fuzzy controller is based on an extended learning technique derived from adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and implementation of this haptic scissors control system had been realized under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The experimental results demonstrates the efficiency of this design procedure.
{"title":"Design and validation of real time neuro fuzzy controller for haptic scissors","authors":"Sania Partovian, Mohammad Goli, M. A. Shoorehdeli","doi":"10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225618","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents construction of haptic scissors that can be used for surgical training, using the MATLAB-Simulink Real-Time Workshop environment and SolidWorks software. In this instrument we have force feedback in every position and angle of the scissors. The data which was already gathered in [1,2] for different tissues were used here. However, the previous simulations lack flexibility because only the exact information obtained during data acquisition are used. In this paper the data has been made smoother by using Neuro Fuzzy Controller. Design of a neuro fuzzy controller is considered in this work because of its insensitivity to disturbances and uncertainties of model parameters. The design and optimization process of neuro fuzzy controller is based on an extended learning technique derived from adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and implementation of this haptic scissors control system had been realized under MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The experimental results demonstrates the efficiency of this design procedure.","PeriodicalId":343071,"journal":{"name":"2012 ELEKTRO","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123740870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-21DOI: 10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225670
E. Ušák
The influence of relax annealing aimed at removal of the residual stresses (so-called stress-relief annealing) on various magnetic parameters, such as the relative magnetic amplitude permeability, coercivity, remanent flux density, etc. is discussed. Samples of steel cable tray material which is a part of commercially available cable routing system were investigated in order to find information about the properties important from the point of view of EMC requirements in extremely demanding industrial environment.
{"title":"Influence of heat treatment on magnetic properties of steel sheet material for cable routing system","authors":"E. Ušák","doi":"10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225670","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of relax annealing aimed at removal of the residual stresses (so-called stress-relief annealing) on various magnetic parameters, such as the relative magnetic amplitude permeability, coercivity, remanent flux density, etc. is discussed. Samples of steel cable tray material which is a part of commercially available cable routing system were investigated in order to find information about the properties important from the point of view of EMC requirements in extremely demanding industrial environment.","PeriodicalId":343071,"journal":{"name":"2012 ELEKTRO","volume":"4306 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127758123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-21DOI: 10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225658
M. Kučera, M. Šebok, M. Bartłomiejczyk
Electromagnetic compatibility - EMC and functional safety can no longer be treated as two separate disciplines when electrical or electronic systems are considered performing safety-related functions. Furthermore the usual EMC approach to define immunity requirements on the basis of availability and economical conditions cannot be applied to immunity issues regarding safety-related systems. And on the other hand the approach within functional safety to emphasize the relevance of the SIL cannot be transferred in a simple way into the EMC area. An appropriate approach to combine both disciplines consists of the introduction of special immunity levels and test methods in connection with a particular performance criterion “Functional Safety”.
{"title":"Electromagnetic compatibility of ISDN equipments","authors":"M. Kučera, M. Šebok, M. Bartłomiejczyk","doi":"10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ELEKTRO.2012.6225658","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic compatibility - EMC and functional safety can no longer be treated as two separate disciplines when electrical or electronic systems are considered performing safety-related functions. Furthermore the usual EMC approach to define immunity requirements on the basis of availability and economical conditions cannot be applied to immunity issues regarding safety-related systems. And on the other hand the approach within functional safety to emphasize the relevance of the SIL cannot be transferred in a simple way into the EMC area. An appropriate approach to combine both disciplines consists of the introduction of special immunity levels and test methods in connection with a particular performance criterion “Functional Safety”.","PeriodicalId":343071,"journal":{"name":"2012 ELEKTRO","volume":"2653 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127776241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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