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Effect of stacking-fault energy on dynamic recrystallization, textural evolution, and strengthening mechanism of Fe−Mn based twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels during friction-stir welding 堆焊缺陷能量对摩擦搅拌焊接过程中铁锰基孪晶诱导塑性 (TWIP) 钢的动态再结晶、纹理演变和强化机制的影响
IF 3.8 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100236
Hyo-Nam Choi , Jeong-Won Choi , Heon Kang , Hidetoshi Fujii , Seung-Joon Lee

This study aims to elucidate the effect of stacking fault energy (SFE) on the microstructural evolution and related hardening mechanisms of Fe−18Mn−0.6C−(0 and 1.5)Al and Fe−30Mn−3Al−3Si (wt.%) twinning−induced plasticity (TWIP) steels during friction stir welding (FSW) using a high−resolution electron backscattered diffractometer. With increasing SFE, the intensities of the Goss, CuT, and Brass components increased via active dynamic recrystallization (DRX) accompanied by twinning. The 30Mn weld, which had the highest SFE, exhibited the highest recrystallization fraction (94.8 %) and an increasing rate of hardness (40.9 %). This is because a higher SFE can enhance dislocation mobility, leading to an active rate of continuous DRX as well as discontinuous DRX. Consequently, the refinement of the recrystallized grains effectively assisted the hardening of the 30Mn weld after FSW. Hence, we concluded that SFE should be considered to improve the properties of TWIP steels after FSW.

本研究旨在利用高分辨率电子反向散射衍射仪阐明堆叠断层能(SFE)对搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)过程中 Fe-18Mn-0.6C-(0 and 1.5)Al 和 Fe-30Mn-3Al-3Si (重量百分比)孪晶诱导塑性(TWIP)钢的微观结构演变和相关硬化机制的影响。随着 SFE 值的增加,Goss、CuT 和黄铜成分的强度通过伴随孪晶的主动动态再结晶(DRX)而增加。SFE 值最高的 30Mn 焊缝显示出最高的再结晶分数(94.8%)和硬度增加率(40.9%)。这是因为较高的 SFE 可提高位错流动性,导致连续 DRX 和不连续 DRX 的活跃率。因此,再结晶晶粒的细化有效地帮助了 FSW 后 30Mn 焊缝的硬化。因此,我们认为应考虑采用 SFE 来改善 FSW 后 TWIP 钢的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Replacing non-renewable lubricants with vegetables oils in threaded joints 用蔬菜油替代螺纹接头中的不可再生润滑剂
IF 3.8 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100234
Dario Croccolo , Massimiliano De Agostinis , Stefano Fini , Mattia Mele , Sayed Nassar , Giorgio Olmi , Chiara Scapecchi , Muhammad Yasir Khan , Muhammad Hassaan Bin Tariq

Lubrication is essential to ensure the proper performance of threaded joints subjected to multiple tightenings. Previous research has investigated the effectiveness of various mineral and synthetic lubricants, but no studies have been conducted on those derived from renewable sources. In this study, the performances of sesame, sunflower, coconut, and castor oil are compared to traditional VG46 oil and MoS2 grease. First, the rheological properties of the oils have been characterized. Then, tightening tests have been carried out to measure the coefficients of friction at the underhead and thread. The results demonstrate that vegetable oils outperform mineral VG46, especially in terms of repeatability. In particular, fractionated coconut oil exhibits exceptionally low coefficients of friction, which are not influenced by the tightening speed, unlike all other tested lubricants.

润滑对于确保多次拧紧的螺纹接头的正常性能至关重要。以往的研究已对各种矿物和合成润滑剂的有效性进行了调查,但尚未对从可再生资源中提取的润滑剂进行研究。本研究将芝麻油、葵花籽油、椰子油和蓖麻油的性能与传统的 VG46 润滑油和 MoS2 润滑脂进行了比较。首先,对油的流变特性进行了表征。然后,进行了拧紧试验,以测量头下和螺纹处的摩擦系数。结果表明,植物油的性能优于矿物 VG46,尤其是在重复性方面。特别是分馏椰子油的摩擦系数特别低,与所有其他测试过的润滑油不同,它不受拧紧速度的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Temporal and spatial determination of solidification rate during pulsed laser beam welding of hot-crack susceptible aluminum alloys by means of high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging 利用高速同步辐射 X 射线成像技术确定脉冲激光束焊接易产生热裂纹的铝合金过程中凝固速率的时间和空间参数
IF 3.8 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100235
M. Seibold , K. Schricker , L. Schmidt , D. Diegel , H. Friedmann , P. Hellwig , F. Fröhlich , F. Nagel , P. Kallage , A. Rack , H. Requardt , Y. Chen , J.P. Bergmann

Pulsed laser beam welding is primarily used to join thin-walled components. The use of 6xxx group aluminum alloys is characterized by good mechanical properties but these alloys are prone to hot cracking during solidification, i.e., requirements regarding strength and tightness, as increasingly important for electromobility related applications, cannot be fulfilled. The solidification rate has been identified as dominant factor in pulsed conduction welding which can be adjusted by the pulse shape, i.e., by varying the beam power over time for a single pulse.

Pulse shapes with different, linear ramp-down slopes were studied to describe the interaction between beam power and resulting solidification rate for spot welds. Based on rotationally symmetric conditions of the spot welds, the solidification rate can be measured in radial and vertical directions. The welding process of EN AW 6082 alloy was examined by in situ high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) for this reason. Frame rates up to 120,000 Hz and subsequent image analysis allowed in-depth analysis of the solidification processes, their dependence on different spatial directions, and the resulting effects on hot crack formation.

脉冲激光束焊接主要用于连接薄壁部件。使用 6xxx 组铝合金具有良好的机械性能,但这些合金在凝固过程中容易产生热裂纹,因此无法满足强度和密封性方面的要求,而这对于电动汽车相关应用来说越来越重要。凝固速率已被确定为脉冲传导焊接中的主导因素,可通过脉冲形状进行调节,即通过改变单个脉冲的束功率随时间的变化来调节凝固速率。根据点焊的旋转对称条件,可在径向和纵向测量凝固速率。为此,我们在欧洲同步辐射设施(ESRF)利用原位高速同步 X 射线成像技术对 EN AW 6082 合金的焊接过程进行了研究。通过高达 120,000 Hz 的帧频和后续图像分析,可以深入分析凝固过程、凝固过程对不同空间方向的依赖性以及由此对热裂纹形成的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Rotary friction welding applied to Cu11.8Al0.45Be shape memory alloy 旋转摩擦焊应用于 Cu11.8Al0.45Be 形状记忆合金
IF 4.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100233
A.A.de Albuquerque , H. Louche , D.F.de Oliveira , I.C.A. Brito

The feasibility of welding a CuAlBe SMA by continuous drive friction welding was evaluated. The metallurgical state (annealed/quenched) before welding and frictional pressure (5 and 10 MPa) were varied and their effects on joint quality were analyzed. Static tensile tests, microhardness, thermal analysis by DSC, and optical microscopy were carried out to characterize the welded joint. The results indicated joints of excellent thermomechanical quality. The welding zones are well-defined, narrow, and have a very refined microstructure compared to the base metal. The phase transition temperatures along the welded assemblies were not changed when welding was performed on the quenched samples, except in the welding zone of the sample welded with 10 MPa. Maximum tensile strength was obtained by using maximum friction pressure during welding of the annealed alloy (quenching after welding). To fill the gap in bibliographical research in this field of study, this work innovatively presents the possibility of welding Cu-based SMAs by rotary friction, including the welding of quenched parts without the need for subsequent heat treatments and without compromising the shape memory effect.

评估了通过连续驱动摩擦焊焊接 CuAlBe SMA 的可行性。改变了焊接前的冶金状态(退火/淬火)和摩擦压力(5 和 10 兆帕),并分析了它们对接头质量的影响。对焊接接头进行了静态拉伸试验、显微硬度、DSC 热分析和光学显微镜检查。结果表明,焊点具有优异的热机械质量。与母材相比,焊接区轮廓分明、狭窄,并且具有非常精细的微观结构。在淬火试样上进行焊接时,除 10 兆帕焊接试样的焊接区外,焊接组件沿线的相变温度没有变化。在退火合金焊接过程中使用最大摩擦压力(焊后淬火)可获得最大抗拉强度。为了填补这一研究领域的文献空白,这项工作创新性地提出了通过旋转摩擦焊接铜基 SMA 的可能性,包括焊接淬火部件,而无需进行后续热处理,也不会影响形状记忆效果。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation on submerged friction stir welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy under the influence of rotation speed 转速影响下 AZ31B 镁合金埋入式搅拌摩擦焊的研究
IF 4.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100232
Kishan Fuse , Kiran Wakchaure , Vishvesh Badheka , Vivek Patel

In this study, submerged friction stir welding (SFSW) was performed to weld 6 mm thick AZ31B Mg alloy plates, aiming to explore the impact of rotation speed on microstructure and tensile behavior. The water medium was used to submerge the samples. The SFSW was conducted at three different speeds (815, 960, and 1200 rpm), to assess the impact of rotation speed on SFSWed joint performance. As the rotation speed increased from 815 to 960 rpm, tensile strength increased plateauing over a range of the rotation speed. However, a significant drop in tensile strength occurred at 1200 rpm due to the formation of void defects. The SZ exhibits a size and width increment in the lower part with increasing rotation speed. The hardness of the stir zone (SZ) gradually rose with increasing rotation speed from 815 to 960 rpm. Fracture locations were observed in the thermal-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) adjacent to the SZ at a rotation speed of 815 rpm, and in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the TMAZ at a rotation speed of 960 rpm. The joint welded at 1200 rpm fractured within the SZ. This study offers valuable insights into the welding and joining field, particularly regarding their mechanical characteristics.

本研究采用埋入式搅拌摩擦焊(SFSW)焊接 6 毫米厚的 AZ31B Mg 合金板,旨在探索旋转速度对微观结构和拉伸行为的影响。样品浸没在水介质中。在三种不同的转速(815、960 和 1200 rpm)下进行 SFSW,以评估转速对 SFSW 焊接接头性能的影响。随着旋转速度从 815 转/分提高到 960 转/分,拉伸强度在一定的旋转速度范围内呈高位增长。然而,由于空隙缺陷的形成,拉伸强度在 1200 转/分钟时出现明显下降。随着转速的增加,搅拌区下部的尺寸和宽度也在增加。搅拌区(SZ)的硬度随着转速从 815 转/分到 960 转/分的增加而逐渐上升。在 815 转/分的转速下,在 SZ 附近的热机械影响区 (TMAZ) 观察到断裂位置;在 960 转/分的转速下,在 TMAZ 附近的热影响区 (HAZ) 观察到断裂位置。以 1200 rpm 的转速焊接的接头在 SZ 内断裂。这项研究为焊接和连接领域提供了宝贵的见解,特别是在其机械特性方面。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning-based weld porosity detection using frequency analysis of arc sound in the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding process 利用脉冲气体钨极氩弧焊过程中电弧声音的频率分析,进行基于机器学习的焊缝气孔检测
IF 4.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100231
Seungbeom Jang , Wonjoo Lee , Yuhyeong Jeong , Yunfeng Wang , Chanhee Won , Jangwook Lee , Jonghun Yoon

Automatic welding equipment has replaced human welders in the nuclear industry for safety issues and uniform and high welding quality. However, automatic welding equipment cannot predict porosity defects. So, the weldment must be inspected by non-destructive testing. This inspection was a costly and time-consuming process, and it applies to each weldment even if it welded same material. To improve the welding efficiency, a weld porosity detection system of the same weld material with different material thicknesses was needed. This paper proposed a machine-learned porosity detection system for 3.0 mm plates with welding arc sound data from the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding (P-GTAW) process of 1.6 mm plates. Ensemble-Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) was used to divide the arc sound signal according to the pulse period of P-GTAW. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was used to convert the arc sound into frequencies for features extraction according to porosity. The validity of these weld frequency features was confirmed through k-fold cross-validation across various machine learning techniques, with evaluation of F-1 scores against experimental weld sounds.

在核工业中,自动焊接设备已经取代了人工焊工,以确保安全问题和均匀、高质量的焊接。然而,自动焊接设备无法预测气孔缺陷。因此,必须对焊接件进行无损检测。这种检测既费钱又费时,而且即使焊接的是同一种材料,也要对每个焊接件进行检测。为了提高焊接效率,需要一种针对不同材料厚度的相同焊接材料的焊缝气孔检测系统。本文利用 1.6 毫米板材脉冲气体钨极氩弧焊(P-GTAW)过程中的焊接电弧声数据,为 3.0 毫米板材提出了一套机器学习的气孔检测系统。根据 P-GTAW 的脉冲周期,使用集合-经验模式分解(EEMD)对电弧声信号进行划分。使用快速傅立叶变换 (FFT) 将电弧声转换为频率,以便根据气孔率提取特征。这些焊接频率特性的有效性通过各种机器学习技术的 k 倍交叉验证得到了确认,并根据实验焊接声音对 F-1 分数进行了评估。
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引用次数: 0
An experimental study on the quality of hardfacing layer through resistance seam welding 电阻缝焊接硬面层质量的实验研究
IF 4.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100230
Minh-Tan Nguyen, Van-Nhat Nguyen, Van-The Than, Thi-Thao Ngo

Shaft-shaped parts work normally in wear-resistant conditions. Over time, the shaft might experience wear and fail to maintain the required size, affecting its workability and efficacy. This study examines the hardfacing layer quality of a restored steel shaft obtained through resistance welding. The researchers of this study designed nine welding conditions according to Taguchi's experimental matrix and applied each to experimentally weld steel shaft samples. A recovery welding machine system, which includes a resistance seam welding machine combined with a designed fixture, was used to weld the samples. The experimental results revealed that the welding layers’ surface is flat and has no surface defects. Meanwhile, the hardfacing layer and the retorted shaft surface have good cohesion, as observed through macrostructure photography. The hardness and wear resistance of the hardfacing layer were relatively high and closely resembled those of a new high-frequency quenched steel shaft. The influence level and the relationship of the welding parameters on hardness and wear resistance were also considered in this study. In addition, this study proposes the appropriate welding conditions for obtaining the highest hardness and the smallest worn metal weight. The findings presented in this study offer valuable insights for mechanical manufacturers engaged in the reconditioning process of shafts, aiding in time and cost savings.

轴类零件在耐磨条件下正常工作。随着时间的推移,轴可能会出现磨损,无法保持所需的尺寸,从而影响其工作性能和功效。本研究探讨了通过电阻焊接获得的修复钢轴的堆焊层质量。本研究的研究人员根据田口试验矩阵设计了九种焊接条件,并分别应用于钢轴样品的焊接试验。恢复焊接机系统包括电阻焊机和设计的夹具,用于焊接样品。实验结果表明,焊接层表面平整,无表面缺陷。同时,通过宏观结构摄影观察,硬面堆焊层和回火轴表面具有良好的内聚力。堆焊层的硬度和耐磨性相对较高,与新型高频淬火钢轴的硬度和耐磨性非常接近。本研究还考虑了焊接参数对硬度和耐磨性的影响程度和关系。此外,本研究还提出了获得最高硬度和最小磨损金属重量的适当焊接条件。本研究的结果为从事轴修复过程的机械制造商提供了宝贵的见解,有助于节省时间和成本。
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引用次数: 0
Experimentally-guided finite element modeling on global tensile responses of AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy joints by laser welding 激光焊接 AA6061-T6 铝合金接头全局拉伸响应的实验指导有限元建模
IF 4.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100229
Jie Sheng , Fanrong Kong , Wei Tong

There are still some technical issues involved in laser welding of aluminum alloys, such as porosity, cracking, deformation, and so forth. In this study, AA6061-T6 sheets of 2.54 mm in thickness were welded by a disk laser in the bead-on-plate with two different welding parameter sets. Full penetration depths were achieved with decent surface appearances for both cases. The digital image correlation method was successfully applied in experiments to identify material model parameters of tensile welded specimens from various weldment regions. The identified parameters were utilized to numerically simulate the uniaxial tensile tests of laser-welded specimens. The effect of welded joint geometry on global tensile responses was investigated in experimentally-guided finite element modeling. With the help of X-ray computed microtomography, internal defects of the welded bead were detected and used as an input variable in the simulations. Strain development was observed through experimental and numerical data. The results showed that axial deformation was initiated at the top surface of welded metals. The considerable axial deformation occurred at the bottom surface (weld root) of the welded joint just before failure. The numerical results indicated that the geometry of welded joints greatly affected tensile responses. The results also concluded that the diameter of a single void significantly influenced tensile responses compared to its distributed location and the total volume of multiple voids with smaller sizes. Compared between the two sets of welding parameter sets used in this study, the welded joints of this particular AA6061-T6 material with the first parameter set of 2.40 kW laser power and 1.27 m/min traveling speed employed could give better tensile properties and be verified by both experimental and numerical results.

铝合金激光焊接仍存在一些技术问题,如气孔、裂纹、变形等。在这项研究中,采用两种不同的焊接参数设置,用盘式激光对厚度为 2.54 毫米的 AA6061-T6 板材进行了珠焊。两种情况都达到了全熔深,且表面外观良好。在实验中成功应用了数字图像相关方法,以确定不同焊接区域拉伸焊接试样的材料模型参数。利用确定的参数对激光焊接试样的单轴拉伸试验进行了数值模拟。在实验指导的有限元建模中,研究了焊接接头几何形状对整体拉伸响应的影响。在 X 射线计算机显微层析技术的帮助下,检测出了焊接珠的内部缺陷,并将其作为模拟的输入变量。通过实验和数值数据观察了应变的发展。结果表明,轴向变形始于焊接金属的顶面。相当大的轴向变形发生在焊接接头的下表面(焊缝根部),就在失效之前。数值结果表明,焊接接头的几何形状对拉伸响应有很大影响。结果还得出结论,与空隙的分布位置和尺寸较小的多个空隙的总体积相比,单个空隙的直径对拉伸响应的影响更大。与本研究中使用的两组焊接参数相比,采用第一组参数(2.40 kW 激光功率和 1.27 m/min 移动速度)的 AA6061-T6 材料焊接接头的拉伸性能更好,实验和数值结果都验证了这一点。
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引用次数: 0
Development of an indirect measurement method for the Contact Tube to Workpiece Distance (CTDW) in the Direct Energy Deposition – Arc (DED-ARC) process for different arc types 针对不同电弧类型,开发直接能量沉积-电弧 (DED-ARC) 工艺中接触管到工件距离 (CTDW) 的间接测量方法
IF 4.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100228
M. Rohe, M. Knester, J. Hildebrand, J.P. Bergmann

During the layer-by-layer build-up in the Direct Energy Deposition (DED) - Arc additive manufacturing (AM) process, the distance between the contact tube and the workpiece, effectively the welded layer, changes. Since the weld paths are predefined by the path planning software, a constant Contact Tube to Workpiece Distance (CTWD) and weld bead height is assumed. However, even small changes in geometry, such as crossovers of weld paths, result in higher weld beads than assumed. Similarly, an incorrectly assumed bead height as input to the path planning will result in a change in the CTWD. The sum of the deviations of the real weld geometries from the assumed ones in the path planning can greatly influence the CTWD. This implies that the dimensional accuracy may be significantly compromised. This research presents an approach for a general indirect measurement method using the welding current to obtain the CTWD during the actual welding process. A real-time process control method is implemented and validated using the mechanically controlled short arc and the pulsed arc process. Varying process parameters are used to validate the general applicability for a specific material. For the mechanically controlled short arc process, the model underestimates the measured CTWD by a mean error of 3.4 mm. The pulse process is overestimated by a mean error of 2.2 mm. The standard deviation for the pulse process with 1.3 mm is slightly smaller than for the short arc process with 1.7 mm.

在直接能量沉积(DED)-电弧增材制造(AM)工艺的逐层堆积过程中,接触管与工件(即焊接层)之间的距离会发生变化。由于焊接路径是由路径规划软件预定义的,因此假定接触管到工件的距离 (CTWD) 和焊缝高度恒定不变。然而,即使是几何形状的微小变化,如焊接路径的交叉,也会导致焊缝高度高于假定值。同样,路径规划输入的焊缝高度假设错误也会导致 CTWD 发生变化。实际焊接几何形状与路径规划中假定几何形状的偏差总和会极大地影响 CTWD。这意味着尺寸精度可能会大打折扣。本研究提出了一种在实际焊接过程中利用焊接电流获取 CTWD 的通用间接测量方法。使用机械控制的短弧和脉冲电弧过程,实施并验证了一种实时过程控制方法。使用不同的工艺参数来验证特定材料的一般适用性。对于机械控制的短弧工艺,模型低估了测量的 CTWD,平均误差为 3.4 毫米。脉冲工艺高估的平均误差为 2.2 毫米。脉冲工艺 1.3 毫米的标准偏差略小于短弧工艺 1.7 毫米的标准偏差。
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引用次数: 0
Cross-process chain influence of process variations in self-piercing riveting with regard to semi-finished product dimensions 自冲铆接工艺变化对半成品尺寸的跨工艺链影响
IF 4.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100227
Clara-Maria Kuball , Benedikt Uhe , Gerson Meschut , Marion Merklein

Semitubular self-piercing riveting is an important and well-established mechanical joining process. A new approach, which involves the use of high strain hardening rivet materials, has the potential advantage of increasing resource efficiency in rivet production by eliminating the normally necessary post-treatment of the rivets by means of heat treatment and coating. However, as the high strain hardening of the rivet materials leads to extraordinarily high tool loads during rivet forming, process fluctuations can be particularly critical. For example, fluctuations in the dimensions of the semi-finished products used can influence the forming process itself, but also the quality of the formed rivets, which in turn can affect the subsequent joining process and the joint formation. An increased reject rate or premature tool failure caused by this is detrimental to the resource efficiency of the entire process chain. Therefore, a fundamental knowledge of the cross-process chain cause-and-effect relationships in conjunction with fluctuating billet dimensions is needed and is acquired within this research work. The investigations show that the forming and the joining process as well as the manufactured components themselves are influenced by the billet dimensions. The forming forces and tool stresses rise with increasing billet volume. Tool failure due to excessive or uneven stress can be the result. As the billet volume increases, the head diameter and the head thickness of the rivets increase. Consequently, the joining process and the joint are also indirectly influenced by the billet volume. With increasing volume, the joining force rises and, due to the increase in the head diameter, so does the joint strength. Knowledge of the detailed relationships is therefore highly relevant for the successful use of high strain hardening rivet materials.

半管状自冲铆接是一种重要而成熟的机械连接工艺。一种使用高应变硬化铆钉材料的新方法,省去了通常需要的热处理和涂层等铆钉后处理工序,具有提高铆钉生产资源利用效率的潜在优势。然而,由于铆钉材料的高应变硬化导致铆钉成型过程中的工具载荷极高,因此加工过程中的波动尤为关键。例如,所用半成品尺寸的波动不仅会影响成型工艺本身,还会影响成型铆钉的质量,进而影响后续的连接工艺和接头成型。由此导致的废品率增加或工具过早失效会损害整个工艺链的资源效率。因此,本研究工作需要获得有关钢坯尺寸波动的跨工艺链因果关系的基本知识。研究表明,成型和连接过程以及制造的部件本身都受到钢坯尺寸的影响。成型力和工具应力随着钢坯体积的增加而增加。应力过大或不均匀都会导致工具失效。随着坯料体积的增加,铆钉头部直径和头部厚度也会增加。因此,铆接工艺和接头也间接受到坯料体积的影响。随着坯料体积的增大,铆接力也随之增大,由于铆头直径增大,接头强度也随之增大。因此,了解详细的关系对于成功使用高应变硬化铆钉材料非常重要。
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Journal of Advanced Joining Processes
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