Poultry slaughterhouses (PSH) face serious challenges in wastewater treatment due to the high volume of wastewater and its pollutant content. This manuscript integrates a literature review with laboratory research to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the topic. Using bibliometric analysis to identify research gaps, the study then experimentally evaluated the system by investigating the synergistic effectiveness of an integrated microfiltration and ozonation system to optimize the quality of PSH wastewater effluent. All combination treatments significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the pollution load compared to the control, except for the BOD value (p > 0.05). Optimal conditions achieved in the treatment A1B3 (20 μm filter + 15 g O3 for 90 minutes) resulted in a 33.2 % reduction in COD (from 549.33 to 366.67 mg/L) and a 52 % reduction in TSS (from 337.33 to 162.00 mg/L). The smaller filter pore size increased filtration effectiveness and further enhanced the biodegradability of wastewater through partial oxidation. The integrated microfiltration and ozonation system demonstrated significant potential for improving the quality of PSH wastewater effluent. Furthermore, a preliminary techno-economic analysis reveals that the system is highly feasible for industrial-scale application (100 m3/day) with an estimated operational cost of USD 0.15/ m3, confirming its suitability for resource-limited settings.
{"title":"The effect of the combined process of microfiltration and ozonation on the effluent quality of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater","authors":"Donny Yuslan Cortheo , Rita Purwasih , Budiyono Budiyono , Sutaryo Sutaryo","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poultry slaughterhouses (PSH) face serious challenges in wastewater treatment due to the high volume of wastewater and its pollutant content. This manuscript integrates a literature review with laboratory research to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the topic. Using bibliometric analysis to identify research gaps, the study then experimentally evaluated the system by investigating the synergistic effectiveness of an integrated microfiltration and ozonation system to optimize the quality of PSH wastewater effluent. All combination treatments significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the pollution load compared to the control, except for the BOD value (p > 0.05). Optimal conditions achieved in the treatment A1B3 (20 μm filter + 15 g O<sub>3</sub> for 90 minutes) resulted in a 33.2 % reduction in COD (from 549.33 to 366.67 mg/L) and a 52 % reduction in TSS (from 337.33 to 162.00 mg/L). The smaller filter pore size increased filtration effectiveness and further enhanced the biodegradability of wastewater through partial oxidation. The integrated microfiltration and ozonation system demonstrated significant potential for improving the quality of PSH wastewater effluent. Furthermore, a preliminary techno-economic analysis reveals that the system is highly feasible for industrial-scale application (100 m<sup>3</sup>/day) with an estimated operational cost of USD 0.15/ m<sup>3</sup>, confirming its suitability for resource-limited settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, an environmentally benign dual-additive modification strategy was investigated by incorporating magnesium hydroxide and silica into PES membranes to simultaneously tailor surface chemistry and pore morphology during non-solvent-induced phase separation. Membranes were fabricated using a fixed Mg(OH)2 content with varying silica concentrations and characterized by FESEM, ATR-FTIR, gravimetric porosity analysis, water contact angle measurements, and filtration performance testing, including pure-water flux, humic acid rejection, and flux recovery ratio. All modified membranes retained the asymmetric structure of pristine PES but developed thinner selective layers and more elongated finger-like macrovoids as silica content increased up to the optimum composition (M-MS2.5). At this condition, porosity increased to 67.73 %, the O–H absorption band became more pronounced, and the water contact angle decreased from ∼80° to 53.4° (≈33 % reduction), indicating enhanced interfacial hydrophilicity. These structural and chemical enhancements led to improved transport and fouling behavior, with water flux approaching ∼80 L m−2 h−1 and the flux recovery ratio increasing to 90.91 %. Although humic acid rejection decreased from 79.8 % (pristine) to 69.19 % at the optimum silica loading (2.5 %), it remained within a reasonable ultrafiltration performance range. At higher silica concentrations, however, particle agglomeration and localized structural densification were observed, resulting in increased contact angle, reduced flux, and partial recovery of rejection, indicating a limited compositional window for effective synergy between silica and Mg(OH)2. Overall, the intermediate silica loading (2.5 wt%) provided the most favorable balance between permeability, antifouling stability, and rejection, suggesting strong potential for application in high-throughput treatment of NOM-rich waters.
在这项研究中，研究了一种环境友好的双添加剂改性策略，将氢氧化镁和二氧化硅掺入PES膜中，同时调整非溶剂诱导相分离过程中的表面化学和孔隙形态。采用固定的Mg(OH)2含量和不同的二氧化硅浓度制备膜，并通过FESEM、ATR-FTIR、重量孔隙度分析、水接触角测量和过滤性能测试（包括纯水通量、腐植酸截留率和通量回收率）进行表征。所有改性膜都保留了原始PES的不对称结构，但随着二氧化硅含量的增加（M-MS2.5），选择性层变薄，手指状巨孔变长。在此条件下，孔隙率增加到67.73%，O-H吸收带变得更加明显，水接触角从~ 80°减小到53.4°（≈33%），表明界面亲水性增强。这些结构和化学的增强导致了输运和污染行为的改善，水通量接近~ 80 L m−2 h−1，通量回收率提高到90.91%。虽然在最佳二氧化硅负载（2.5%）下，腐植酸截留率从79.8%（原始）下降到69.19%，但仍在合理的超滤性能范围内。然而，在较高的二氧化硅浓度下，观察到颗粒团聚和局部结构致密化，导致接触角增加，通量降低和部分排斥恢复，这表明二氧化硅和Mg(OH)2之间有效协同作用的成分窗口有限。总体而言，中间二氧化硅负载（2.5 wt%）在渗透性、防污稳定性和截留性之间提供了最有利的平衡，表明在高通量处理富氮氧化物水方面具有很大的应用潜力。
{"title":"Unveiling the synergistic mechanism of magnesium hydroxide and silica in modulating polyethersulfone membrane structure and function","authors":"Umi Fathanah , Abubakar Abubakar , Syawaliah Muchtar , Cut Meurah Rosnelly , Zuhra Zuhra , Mirna Rahmah Lubis , Sidik Marsudi","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, an environmentally benign dual-additive modification strategy was investigated by incorporating magnesium hydroxide and silica into PES membranes to simultaneously tailor surface chemistry and pore morphology during non-solvent-induced phase separation. Membranes were fabricated using a fixed Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> content with varying silica concentrations and characterized by FESEM, ATR-FTIR, gravimetric porosity analysis, water contact angle measurements, and filtration performance testing, including pure-water flux, humic acid rejection, and flux recovery ratio. All modified membranes retained the asymmetric structure of pristine PES but developed thinner selective layers and more elongated finger-like macrovoids as silica content increased up to the optimum composition (M-MS2.5). At this condition, porosity increased to 67.73 %, the O–H absorption band became more pronounced, and the water contact angle decreased from ∼80° to 53.4° (≈33 % reduction), indicating enhanced interfacial hydrophilicity. These structural and chemical enhancements led to improved transport and fouling behavior, with water flux approaching ∼80 L m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> and the flux recovery ratio increasing to 90.91 %. Although humic acid rejection decreased from 79.8 % (pristine) to 69.19 % at the optimum silica loading (2.5 %), it remained within a reasonable ultrafiltration performance range. At higher silica concentrations, however, particle agglomeration and localized structural densification were observed, resulting in increased contact angle, reduced flux, and partial recovery of rejection, indicating a limited compositional window for effective synergy between silica and Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>. Overall, the intermediate silica loading (2.5 wt%) provided the most favorable balance between permeability, antifouling stability, and rejection, suggesting strong potential for application in high-throughput treatment of NOM-rich waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rapid urbanization has led to a reduction in green spaces and an increase in the discharge of untreated wastewater, posing significant environmental challenges. Green roof systems offer a sustainable solution by integrating vegetation into urban infrastructure to deliver ecological and wastewater treatment benefits. This study evaluated the performance of two ornamental climbers, Vernonia elliptica and Campsis radicans, in treating septic tank effluent under two hydraulic loading rates (16 and 50 L/m2.d) in green roof systems. Both plant species demonstrated good adaptability and growth under effluent exposure. At a high hydraulic loading rate (50 L/m2.d), green roofs planted with Campsis radicans achieved removal rates of 13.96 ± 2.14 gCOD/m2.d for organic matter, 0.96 ± 0.24 gN/m2.d for total nitrogen, and 0.02 ± 0.01 gP/m2.d for total phosphorus. These values were nearly four times higher than those at the lower hydraulic loading rate (16 L/m2.d). Vernonia elliptica showed slightly better pollutant removal efficiency compared to Campsis radicans and also provided a larger green coverage area (6 m2), enhancing the aesthetic and ecological value of the green roof. These findings highlight the dual functionality of green roofs as a decentralized wastewater treatment system and a contributor to urban greening.
{"title":"Phytoremediation of septic tank effluent using green roof systems planted with Vernonia elliptica and Campsis radicans","authors":"Cong-Sac Tran , Thi-Yen-Phuong Nguyen , Mai-Nhu Hoang , Thi-Kim-Quyen Vo , Phuoc-Dan Nguyen , Veeriah Jegatheesan , Van-Tung Tra , Xuan-Thanh Bui","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid urbanization has led to a reduction in green spaces and an increase in the discharge of untreated wastewater, posing significant environmental challenges. Green roof systems offer a sustainable solution by integrating vegetation into urban infrastructure to deliver ecological and wastewater treatment benefits. This study evaluated the performance of two ornamental climbers, <em>Vernonia elliptica</em> and <em>Campsis radicans</em>, in treating septic tank effluent under two hydraulic loading rates (16 and 50 L/m<sup>2</sup>.d) in green roof systems. Both plant species demonstrated good adaptability and growth under effluent exposure. At a high hydraulic loading rate (50 L/m<sup>2</sup>.d), green roofs planted with <em>Campsis radicans</em> achieved removal rates of 13.96 ± 2.14 gCOD/m<sup>2</sup>.d for organic matter, 0.96 ± 0.24 gN/m<sup>2</sup>.d for total nitrogen, and 0.02 ± 0.01 gP/m<sup>2</sup>.d for total phosphorus. These values were nearly four times higher than those at the lower hydraulic loading rate (16 L/m<sup>2</sup>.d). <em>Vernonia elliptica</em> showed slightly better pollutant removal efficiency compared to <em>Campsis radicans</em> and also provided a larger green coverage area (6 m<sup>2</sup>), enhancing the aesthetic and ecological value of the green roof. These findings highlight the dual functionality of green roofs as a decentralized wastewater treatment system and a contributor to urban greening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101322
Mohammad Mohammad Hosseini , Melika Solouki , Zahra Ghobadi-Nejad , Soheila Yaghmaei
Metformin is one of the most used pharmaceuticals, and its transformation products frequently appear in elevated concentrations within aquatic environments, where they may pose toxicity risks to non-target organisms. This study combines electrochemical and biological treatments to improve the removal of metformin and its associated by-products. The electrochemical process achieved 97.98 % removal within 60 min, and the treated effluent was subsequently introduced into a biological system to target remaining intermediates, including dimethyl formamide, which was reduced by up to 95 % within five days. Scavenger tests and photoluminescence analysis confirmed the central role of hydroxyl radicals in pollutant degradation. Enzyme activity measurements, including naphthalene dioxygenase and laccase, suggested their involvement in the biodegradation mechanism. Operational variables were optimized using Response Surface Methodology, and the energy consumption required for complete electrochemical decomposition of metformin was 1.33 kWh/m3. Following electrochemical treatment, TOC and COD removals were 48 % and 55 %, respectively, and these values increased to 90 % and 95 % after the combined process. Additional experiments assessed metformin removal in different water matrices and evaluated phytotoxicity to verify the effectiveness of the integrated system. Finally, the degradation pathway of metformin within the combined treatment system is presented in this integrated treatment study.
{"title":"Integrated electrochemical–biological treatment for efficient removal of metformin and its by-products: Optimization, mineralization, and toxicity assessment","authors":"Mohammad Mohammad Hosseini , Melika Solouki , Zahra Ghobadi-Nejad , Soheila Yaghmaei","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metformin is one of the most used pharmaceuticals, and its transformation products frequently appear in elevated concentrations within aquatic environments, where they may pose toxicity risks to non-target organisms. This study combines electrochemical and biological treatments to improve the removal of metformin and its associated by-products. The electrochemical process achieved 97.98 % removal within 60 min, and the treated effluent was subsequently introduced into a biological system to target remaining intermediates, including dimethyl formamide, which was reduced by up to 95 % within five days. Scavenger tests and photoluminescence analysis confirmed the central role of hydroxyl radicals in pollutant degradation. Enzyme activity measurements, including naphthalene dioxygenase and laccase, suggested their involvement in the biodegradation mechanism. Operational variables were optimized using Response Surface Methodology, and the energy consumption required for complete electrochemical decomposition of metformin was 1.33 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>. Following electrochemical treatment, TOC and COD removals were 48 % and 55 %, respectively, and these values increased to 90 % and 95 % after the combined process. Additional experiments assessed metformin removal in different water matrices and evaluated phytotoxicity to verify the effectiveness of the integrated system. Finally, the degradation pathway of metformin within the combined treatment system is presented in this integrated treatment study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates a compact pilot-scale continuous-flow system for turbidity removal from raw water, integrating chemical and hydrodynamic optimization. A horizontal sedimentation tank was designed and evaluated under varying conditions, including a hybrid inorganic-organic coagulant-flocculant system using polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM), coagulant dosages, influent flow rates, aeration, baffle number, and inclination angle. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to predict and optimize system performance. Optimization indicated that 45 ppm PAC and 2 ppm PAM achieved the highest turbidity removal efficiency of 94.3 % at a low flow rate of 0.5 L/min with aeration at 300 mL/min. At a moderate flow rate of 1.25 L/min, thirteen baffles set at a 75° inclination provided optimal hydraulic performance, yielding 85.3 % removal. Integration of a gravel-sand-anthracite filtration unit further increased removal to 98.3 %. RSM revealed significant interactions between influent flow rate and baffle configuration, enabling prediction and optimization of overall system performance. Mechanistic analysis illustrated floc formation behavior under different PAC and PAM dosages. By combining chemical optimization, hydraulic design, and multiple unit processes in a compact pilot-scale system, this study demonstrates an effective and adaptable approach for decentralized water treatment, suitable for rural, emergency, or resource-limited environments.
{"title":"Design and process optimization of an integrated turbidity removal unit in a pilot-scale continuous-flow system using hybrid coagulants for decentralized water treatment","authors":"Jedsada Chuiprasert , Sutthichai Boonprasop , Krittawit Sopawanit , Tinn Intraluk , Natthapong Taithipmathukon , Thotsatham Takkawatakarn , Weerawut Chaiwat","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates a compact pilot-scale continuous-flow system for turbidity removal from raw water, integrating chemical and hydrodynamic optimization. A horizontal sedimentation tank was designed and evaluated under varying conditions, including a hybrid inorganic-organic coagulant-flocculant system using polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM), coagulant dosages, influent flow rates, aeration, baffle number, and inclination angle. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to predict and optimize system performance. Optimization indicated that 45 ppm PAC and 2 ppm PAM achieved the highest turbidity removal efficiency of 94.3 % at a low flow rate of 0.5 L/min with aeration at 300 mL/min. At a moderate flow rate of 1.25 L/min, thirteen baffles set at a 75° inclination provided optimal hydraulic performance, yielding 85.3 % removal. Integration of a gravel-sand-anthracite filtration unit further increased removal to 98.3 %. RSM revealed significant interactions between influent flow rate and baffle configuration, enabling prediction and optimization of overall system performance. Mechanistic analysis illustrated floc formation behavior under different PAC and PAM dosages. By combining chemical optimization, hydraulic design, and multiple unit processes in a compact pilot-scale system, this study demonstrates an effective and adaptable approach for decentralized water treatment, suitable for rural, emergency, or resource-limited environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101325
Shaikha S. AlNeyadi, Hamad K. Alblooshi, Muneb R. Mukhtar
The persistence of neonicotinoid insecticides such as thiamethoxam (THM) and acetamiprid (ACP) in aquatic systems poses significant ecological and health risks, necessitating effective remediation strategies. In this work, we report the synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) functionalized with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as integrated adsorbent–photocatalyst systems for simultaneous capture and degradation of THM and ACP. The COFs, engineered with nitrogen-rich, π-conjugated backbones, combine strong π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions with high surface area, crystallinity, and magnetic recoverability (confirmed by FT-IR, XRD, BET, and VSM analyses). Fe3O4@HMN-COF delivered exceptional adsorption performance, achieving maximum capacities of 520 mg g−1 (THM) and 450 mg g−1 (ACP), fitting a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir monolayer adsorption, with thermodynamic analysis indicating a spontaneous and endothermic process. Under optimized UV conditions (1:1 Fe3O4:COF ratio, 0.01 g catalyst, pH 11.0, 30 °C), Fe3O4@HMN-COF achieved 96.2 % degradation of THM and 95 % of ACP within 5 h, with complete mineralization confirmed by GC–MS and rate constants up to 0.198 h−1—substantially outperforming conventional adsorbents and photocatalysts. The material retained >85 % of its performance over five regeneration cycles and maintained high activity in complex real matrices (honey, fruit extracts), underscoring its structural robustness and selectivity. These results position hydrophilic magnetic COFs as scalable, reusable, and high-efficiency platforms for the sustainable removal of neonicotinoid pesticides from contaminated water.
噻虫脒（THM）和啶虫脒（ACP）等新烟碱类杀虫剂在水生系统中的持久性造成了重大的生态和健康风险，需要有效的修复策略。在这项工作中，我们报道了用Fe3O4纳米粒子功能化的亲水磁性共价有机框架（COFs）的合成，作为同时捕获和降解THM和ACP的集成吸附剂-光催化剂体系。COFs采用富氮、π共轭骨架，结合了强π -π堆积、氢键和疏水相互作用，具有高表面积、结晶度和高磁可恢复性（经FT-IR、XRD、BET和VSM分析证实）。Fe3O4@HMN-COF提供了优异的吸附性能，达到了520 mg g - 1 （THM）和450 mg g - 1 （ACP）的最大容量，符合伪二级动力学模型和Langmuir单层吸附，热力学分析表明这是一个自发的吸热过程。在优化的紫外条件下（Fe3O4:COF比为1:1，催化剂为0.01 g， pH为11.0,30°C）， Fe3O4@HMN-COF在5 h内对THM的降解率为96.2%，对ACP的降解率为95%，GC-MS证实其矿化完全，速率常数高达0.198 h−1，大大优于传统的吸附剂和光催化剂。该材料在五个再生循环中保持了85%的性能，并在复杂的真实基质（蜂蜜，水果提取物）中保持了高活性，强调了其结构稳健性和选择性。这些结果将亲水磁性COFs定位为可扩展的、可重复使用的、高效的平台，用于从受污染的水中可持续去除新烟碱类农药。
{"title":"High-performance magnetic COFs for synergistic adsorption–photocatalysis of thiamethoxam and acetamiprid in water","authors":"Shaikha S. AlNeyadi, Hamad K. Alblooshi, Muneb R. Mukhtar","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The persistence of neonicotinoid insecticides such as thiamethoxam (THM) and acetamiprid (ACP) in aquatic systems poses significant ecological and health risks, necessitating effective remediation strategies. In this work, we report the synthesis of hydrophilic magnetic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) functionalized with Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles as integrated adsorbent–photocatalyst systems for simultaneous capture and degradation of THM and ACP. The COFs, engineered with nitrogen-rich, π-conjugated backbones, combine strong π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions with high surface area, crystallinity, and magnetic recoverability (confirmed by FT-IR, XRD, BET, and VSM analyses). Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@HMN-COF delivered exceptional adsorption performance, achieving maximum capacities of 520 mg g<sup>−1</sup> (THM) and 450 mg g<sup>−1</sup> (ACP), fitting a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir monolayer adsorption, with thermodynamic analysis indicating a spontaneous and endothermic process. Under optimized UV conditions (1:1 Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>:COF ratio, 0.01 g catalyst, pH 11.0, 30 °C), Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@HMN-COF achieved 96.2 % degradation of THM and 95 % of ACP within 5 h, with complete mineralization confirmed by GC–MS and rate constants up to 0.198 h<sup>−1</sup>—substantially outperforming conventional adsorbents and photocatalysts. The material retained >85 % of its performance over five regeneration cycles and maintained high activity in complex real matrices (honey, fruit extracts), underscoring its structural robustness and selectivity. These results position hydrophilic magnetic COFs as scalable, reusable, and high-efficiency platforms for the sustainable removal of neonicotinoid pesticides from contaminated water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid growth of industrial zones has increased wastewater generation and placed pressure on industrial water supplies. This study evaluated the performance, membrane fouling, and energy consumption of a lab-scale RO system at different wastewater sources and recovery rates for potential reuse. The results showed that the quality of effluent after membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment was higher permeate quality than that after physicochemical 2 (PC2), with overall removals of about 90–96 % for EC, TDS, Ca2+, and total hardness, except for total Fe and color. As the recovery increased from 40 to 80 %, removal efficiencies decreased slightly (≤5 %), with the highest overall removal at 60 %. The specific energy consumption (SEC) of the RO system when operating with MBR effluent was 0.96 kWh/m3, about 8 % higher than that after PC2 effluent, and decreased from 0.68 to 0.58 kWh/m3 when the recovery rate increased from 40 % to 80 %. Furthermore, the membrane fouling index when operating with after MBR effluent was 1.1 times lower than that after PC2 effluent and increased with increasing recovery. Therefore, the quality of feed wastewater and recovery rate should be considered when RO systems are applied for wastewater reuse purposes.
{"title":"Effects of feed wastewater characteristics and recovery rate on industrial wastewater reuse by reverse osmosis process","authors":"Cong-Sac Tran , Quang-Huy Hoang , Van-Truc Nguyen , Phuong-Thao Nguyen , Mai-Nhu Hoang , Huu-Viet Nguyen , Thi-Kim-Quyen Vo , Xuan-Thanh Bui","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of industrial zones has increased wastewater generation and placed pressure on industrial water supplies. This study evaluated the performance, membrane fouling, and energy consumption of a lab-scale RO system at different wastewater sources and recovery rates for potential reuse. The results showed that the quality of effluent after membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment was higher permeate quality than that after physicochemical 2 (PC2), with overall removals of about 90–96 % for EC, TDS, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and total hardness, except for total Fe and color. As the recovery increased from 40 to 80 %, removal efficiencies decreased slightly (≤5 %), with the highest overall removal at 60 %. The specific energy consumption (SEC) of the RO system when operating with MBR effluent was 0.96 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>, about 8 % higher than that after PC2 effluent, and decreased from 0.68 to 0.58 kWh/m<sup>3</sup> when the recovery rate increased from 40 % to 80 %. Furthermore, the membrane fouling index when operating with after MBR effluent was 1.1 times lower than that after PC2 effluent and increased with increasing recovery. Therefore, the quality of feed wastewater and recovery rate should be considered when RO systems are applied for wastewater reuse purposes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transition to sustainable production in the chemical industry is essential for achieving global decarbonization targets. This study explores the electrification of an ethylene plant by replacing its conventional natural gas (NG) boilers with electric boilers powered by renewable energy sources. Unlike previous works that focus on single-technology substitution, this paper provides a comprehensive, system-level assessment of ethylene plant electrification by comparing integrated scenarios of concentrated solar power (CSP), photovoltaic (PV) solar energy, and wind power. The optimal configuration is evaluated based on economic feasibility, environmental impact, and land requirements, offering a methodology that can be adopted for other energy-intensive petrochemical processes. The analysis reveals that while wind energy presents the lowest cost among the available renewable sources, its significant land footprint poses a major challenge, particularly when direct power supply to electric boilers is required. Conversely, CSP, despite being the most expensive option, offers the advantage of simultaneously generating steam and power, enhancing system efficiency. PV-based electrification, positioned between wind and CSP in terms of cost and land use, presents a balanced alternative. The study also investigates the prospects of supplementing on-site renewable generation with imported clean electricity to overcome land constraints and improve operational resilience. The findings provide valuable insights into the trade-offs between cost, sustainability, and spatial constraints in electrifying ethylene production, and they outline potential pathways toward a low-carbon, robust and scalable future for the petrochemical sector.
{"title":"Decarbonizing ethylene production via renewable energy electrification: A techno-economic and environmental assessment","authors":"Rachid Klaimi , Sabla Y. Alnouri , Aleksa Miladinović , Mirko Stijepović","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2026.101323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition to sustainable production in the chemical industry is essential for achieving global decarbonization targets. This study explores the electrification of an ethylene plant by replacing its conventional natural gas (NG) boilers with electric boilers powered by renewable energy sources. Unlike previous works that focus on single-technology substitution, this paper provides a comprehensive, system-level assessment of ethylene plant electrification by comparing integrated scenarios of concentrated solar power (CSP), photovoltaic (PV) solar energy, and wind power. The optimal configuration is evaluated based on economic feasibility, environmental impact, and land requirements, offering a methodology that can be adopted for other energy-intensive petrochemical processes. The analysis reveals that while wind energy presents the lowest cost among the available renewable sources, its significant land footprint poses a major challenge, particularly when direct power supply to electric boilers is required. Conversely, CSP, despite being the most expensive option, offers the advantage of simultaneously generating steam and power, enhancing system efficiency. PV-based electrification, positioned between wind and CSP in terms of cost and land use, presents a balanced alternative. The study also investigates the prospects of supplementing on-site renewable generation with imported clean electricity to overcome land constraints and improve operational resilience. The findings provide valuable insights into the trade-offs between cost, sustainability, and spatial constraints in electrifying ethylene production, and they outline potential pathways toward a low-carbon, robust and scalable future for the petrochemical sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101317
Lorgio Valdiviezo-Gonzales , Gabriel De-la-Torre , Fernando García Avila
Antifouling paint particles (APPs) are an emerging but poorly characterized component of particulate contamination in port environments, particularly in the Global South. This study presents the first sediment-based assessment of APPs in the Port of Callao, Peru, one of the most active and industrialized ports in the southeast Pacific. Surface sediment samples were collected across functionally distinct port zones associated with shipyard operations, fueling of small vessels, commercial shipping, fishing activities, and recreational use. APPs and plastic particles larger than 500 μm were isolated, morphologically characterized, and chemically identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. APPs were detected at all sites, with concentrations ranging from 11.7 to 4725 μg g−1, and the highest loads were observed near the shipyard and fueling areas, indicating that maintenance-related activities were the dominant sources. APPs exhibited a flake-like, brittle morphology and were enriched in metal-based pigments, whereas polyethylene and polypropylene fragments and fibers predominated among plastics. The co-occurrence of APPs and plastics highlights port sediments as sinks for mixed particulate contaminants linked to maritime activities. Although sediment normalization parameters were not assessed, the results provide a baseline dataset for the region and offer conceptual insight into how port zoning and activity types influence APP accumulation. The findings suggest the need to improve the management of hull-cleaning practices and the routine monitoring of paint-derived particles in port environments.
{"title":"Evaluation of antifouling paint particles and plastic in the port of Callao-Peru","authors":"Lorgio Valdiviezo-Gonzales , Gabriel De-la-Torre , Fernando García Avila","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antifouling paint particles (APPs) are an emerging but poorly characterized component of particulate contamination in port environments, particularly in the Global South. This study presents the first sediment-based assessment of APPs in the Port of Callao, Peru, one of the most active and industrialized ports in the southeast Pacific. Surface sediment samples were collected across functionally distinct port zones associated with shipyard operations, fueling of small vessels, commercial shipping, fishing activities, and recreational use. APPs and plastic particles larger than 500 μm were isolated, morphologically characterized, and chemically identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. APPs were detected at all sites, with concentrations ranging from 11.7 to 4725 μg g<sup>−1</sup>, and the highest loads were observed near the shipyard and fueling areas, indicating that maintenance-related activities were the dominant sources. APPs exhibited a flake-like, brittle morphology and were enriched in metal-based pigments, whereas polyethylene and polypropylene fragments and fibers predominated among plastics. The co-occurrence of APPs and plastics highlights port sediments as sinks for mixed particulate contaminants linked to maritime activities. Although sediment normalization parameters were not assessed, the results provide a baseline dataset for the region and offer conceptual insight into how port zoning and activity types influence APP accumulation. The findings suggest the need to improve the management of hull-cleaning practices and the routine monitoring of paint-derived particles in port environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrometallurgical methods, particularly leaching, provide an effective approach for recovering copper from low-grade materials. This study experimentally investigates the influence of temperature, time, and acid concentration on leaching of copper from flash furnace dust containing oxide and sulfide forms, focusing on recovery efficiency. Results show that a 10 % increase in temperature (297–327 K) improves copper extraction efficiency by approximately 25 % (from 76 % to 95 %) within 40 min while acid concentration also effects on the extraction efficiency according to 75 % increasing in acid concentration (100–175) improve the efficiency 18 % within 40 min. Additionally by integrating the Shrinking Core Model (SCM) with artificial neural network, a new correlation for diffusion coefficient of acid within the dust is determined as D = 8.62 × 10−10exp(-2.57/T) × C0.0253. Determination of the acid diffusion coefficient within solid particles enables precise prediction of process kinetics and facilitates optimization. This simulation achieved a relative error of approximately 2 %, demonstrating high predictive accuracy in the leaching progress.
{"title":"Experimental investigation of copper leaching from flash furnace dust and integrated mathematical-artificial neural network modeling of kinetics","authors":"Hassan Razzani , Hassan Hashemipour , Amirhossain Karimi","doi":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrometallurgical methods, particularly leaching, provide an effective approach for recovering copper from low-grade materials. This study experimentally investigates the influence of temperature, time, and acid concentration on leaching of copper from flash furnace dust containing oxide and sulfide forms, focusing on recovery efficiency. Results show that a 10 % increase in temperature (297–327 K) improves copper extraction efficiency by approximately 25 % (from 76 % to 95 %) within 40 min while acid concentration also effects on the extraction efficiency according to 75 % increasing in acid concentration (100–175) improve the efficiency 18 % within 40 min. Additionally by integrating the Shrinking Core Model (SCM) with artificial neural network, a new correlation for diffusion coefficient of acid within the dust is determined as D = 8.62 × 10<sup>−10</sup>exp(-2.57/T) × C<sup>0.0253</sup>. Determination of the acid diffusion coefficient within solid particles enables precise prediction of process kinetics and facilitates optimization. This simulation achieved a relative error of approximately 2 %, demonstrating high predictive accuracy in the leaching progress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34388,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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