Resume L’expertise psychiatrique est un instrument d’evaluation devenu indispensable dans le champ judiciaire tout en etant regulierement conteste. Comment comprendre ce paradoxe apparent ? En decrivant, repond l’article, comment le droit formalise une partie de la morale autour de la categorie de personne. A partir d’une etude de cas fondee sur une observation des usages de l’expertise dans une chambre correctionnelle, la premiere partie montre comment les acteurs de la justice evaluent l’instrument d’evaluation ; la seconde partie se penche sur la construction d’une alterite deviante, celle du delinquant sexuel.
{"title":"Comment évaluer une personne ? L'expertise judiciaire et ses usages moraux","authors":"F. Fernandez, S. Lézé, H. Strauss","doi":"10.3917/CIS.128.0177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/CIS.128.0177","url":null,"abstract":"Resume L’expertise psychiatrique est un instrument d’evaluation devenu indispensable dans le champ judiciaire tout en etant regulierement conteste. Comment comprendre ce paradoxe apparent ? En decrivant, repond l’article, comment le droit formalise une partie de la morale autour de la categorie de personne. A partir d’une etude de cas fondee sur une observation des usages de l’expertise dans une chambre correctionnelle, la premiere partie montre comment les acteurs de la justice evaluent l’instrument d’evaluation ; la seconde partie se penche sur la construction d’une alterite deviante, celle du delinquant sexuel.","PeriodicalId":344334,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers Internationaux De Sociologie","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126645105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In present-day societies inter-personal conflicts assume many different configurations. The contexts in which confrontation and resolution take place are multiple, while, at the same time, the number of professional killers is increasing. Homicides related to the practice of resorting to gunmen are found in political campaigns, unrequited love situations, family feuds, « suspected » persons, etc. A planned murder involves two persons : the gunman who commits the crime and the interested party who pays the gunman for the criminal act. This article analyses these practices and endeavors to understand the changes and continuity in contemporary urban society. The articles divulged by the press and interviews with people directly or indirectly involved in the cases reveal changes in gunmen’s practices and their links with the social interaction in the urban world. We demonstrate that not only the hired killers and their sponsors are changing but so are the victims. These changes are shaping this practice into a kind of diffuse violence which basically results in a growing number of people resorting to the use of professional killers.
{"title":"Tueurs à gages et conflits interpersonnels dans le Brésil urbain : d'anciennes pratiques reconsidérées","authors":"César Barreira","doi":"10.3917/CIS.127.0315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/CIS.127.0315","url":null,"abstract":"In present-day societies inter-personal conflicts assume many different configurations. The contexts in which confrontation and resolution take place are multiple, while, at the same time, the number of professional killers is increasing. Homicides related to the practice of resorting to gunmen are found in political campaigns, unrequited love situations, family feuds, « suspected » persons, etc. A planned murder involves two persons : the gunman who commits the crime and the interested party who pays the gunman for the criminal act. This article analyses these practices and endeavors to understand the changes and continuity in contemporary urban society. The articles divulged by the press and interviews with people directly or indirectly involved in the cases reveal changes in gunmen’s practices and their links with the social interaction in the urban world. We demonstrate that not only the hired killers and their sponsors are changing but so are the victims. These changes are shaping this practice into a kind of diffuse violence which basically results in a growing number of people resorting to the use of professional killers.","PeriodicalId":344334,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers Internationaux De Sociologie","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127367333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les sociologues ont peu attendre de la theorie economique dominante, neoclassique, notamment en raison de la forme d'organisation sociale qu'elle suppose.
社会学家对占主导地位的新古典主义经济理论没有什么期望，尤其是因为它所假定的社会组织形式。
{"title":"Quelle synthèse entre économie et sociologie","authors":"Pétronille Harnay, B. Guerrien","doi":"10.3917/CIS.127.0339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/CIS.127.0339","url":null,"abstract":"Les sociologues ont peu attendre de la theorie economique dominante, neoclassique, notamment en raison de la forme d'organisation sociale qu'elle suppose.","PeriodicalId":344334,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers Internationaux De Sociologie","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127907240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the main features of the contemporary forms of exercising power has made itself particularly obvious through the implementation of systems where individuals are put in the position of active subjects/agents of their actions, thereby encouraging them to assume a growing number of responsibilities, which can be described as the logical and necessary consequences of their actions. The field of modern biopolitics has yielded numerous examples of the implementation of such systems, in stark contrast with the more visible and coercive forms of exercising constraint that were the norm in the past. Would it be reasonable to infer that individual agents are incapable of approaching these post-coercive configurations of power from a critical perspective ? We will show on the basis of an empirical survey, both qualitative and quantitative, of DNA « donors » for medical research - that the frames of perception and interpretation of individuals as well as their resistance strategies tend to reach a raised level of awareness when confronted with potential power imbalances that could arise from an ethical and juridical procedure known as informed consent – a procedure a priori designed to serve their autonomy and freedom of choice.
{"title":"Acteurs face la biopolitique: capacits critiques et tactiques de rsistance","authors":"P. Ducournau","doi":"10.3917/CIS.127.0291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/CIS.127.0291","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main features of the contemporary forms of exercising power has made itself particularly obvious through the implementation of systems where individuals are put in the position of active subjects/agents of their actions, thereby encouraging them to assume a growing number of responsibilities, which can be described as the logical and necessary consequences of their actions. The field of modern biopolitics has yielded numerous examples of the implementation of such systems, in stark contrast with the more visible and coercive forms of exercising constraint that were the norm in the past. Would it be reasonable to infer that individual agents are incapable of approaching these post-coercive configurations of power from a critical perspective ? We will show on the basis of an empirical survey, both qualitative and quantitative, of DNA « donors » for medical research - that the frames of perception and interpretation of individuals as well as their resistance strategies tend to reach a raised level of awareness when confronted with potential power imbalances that could arise from an ethical and juridical procedure known as informed consent – a procedure a priori designed to serve their autonomy and freedom of choice.","PeriodicalId":344334,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers Internationaux De Sociologie","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128576528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article recalls the gradual recognition of age as grounds of discrimination and as an aspect of diversity in France over the past decade. We begin by studying this emergence through the two dynamics – the concern for older workers employment rate and the anti-discriminatory dynamic – as defined by the European Union Legislation in which they originate. While the former has had a limited impact on the diffusion of the concept of age discrimination, competing with the notion of age management, the latter, initially more discrete, has been finally more operational. We then present three cases studies which aim to show how the concepts of discrimination and diversity in relation to age have been appropriated in different contexts : associations for over-50s, the National Employment Agency, major firms. Finally, we discuss the ambivalence of the age discrimination condemnation in the French public debate.
{"title":"Quand la discrimination et la diversité se déclinent selon l'âge : émergence, appropriations, ambivalences","authors":"V. Caradec, C. Lefrançois, A. Poli","doi":"10.3917/CIS.127.0223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/CIS.127.0223","url":null,"abstract":"This article recalls the gradual recognition of age as grounds of discrimination and as an aspect of diversity in France over the past decade. We begin by studying this emergence through the two dynamics – the concern for older workers employment rate and the anti-discriminatory dynamic – as defined by the European Union Legislation in which they originate. While the former has had a limited impact on the diffusion of the concept of age discrimination, competing with the notion of age management, the latter, initially more discrete, has been finally more operational. We then present three cases studies which aim to show how the concepts of discrimination and diversity in relation to age have been appropriated in different contexts : associations for over-50s, the National Employment Agency, major firms. Finally, we discuss the ambivalence of the age discrimination condemnation in the French public debate.","PeriodicalId":344334,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers Internationaux De Sociologie","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126187649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The category of narrative syndrome as constructed here is mobilized as an aspect of the sociology of knowledge, of forms of conscience and of sensibility. It aims to promote an understanding of the subjective genesis of worldviews and of the mode of existence of the social individuals in the world, in relation to the fundamental narratives which found their identity. This analysis, at once genealogical and constructivist, brings into play the theories of Halbwachs and also draws inspiration from phenomenology and psychoanalysis, in order to apprehend the actors’internal perceptions, emotions and cognitions as part and parcel of the situations in which they occur. These syndromes can be observed in real life and in literature alike, they are the context within which the experience of discourse and the discourse of experience are inextricably linked in the perpetual narration of the events of the world.
{"title":"Le syndrome narratif : théorie et terrain","authors":"F. Farrugia","doi":"10.3917/CIS.127.0269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/CIS.127.0269","url":null,"abstract":"The category of narrative syndrome as constructed here is mobilized as an aspect of the sociology of knowledge, of forms of conscience and of sensibility. It aims to promote an understanding of the subjective genesis of worldviews and of the mode of existence of the social individuals in the world, in relation to the fundamental narratives which found their identity. This analysis, at once genealogical and constructivist, brings into play the theories of Halbwachs and also draws inspiration from phenomenology and psychoanalysis, in order to apprehend the actors’internal perceptions, emotions and cognitions as part and parcel of the situations in which they occur. These syndromes can be observed in real life and in literature alike, they are the context within which the experience of discourse and the discourse of experience are inextricably linked in the perpetual narration of the events of the world.","PeriodicalId":344334,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers Internationaux De Sociologie","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114608532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to demonstrate the effects of references to an imagined democracy in South Africa and in Brazil by focusing on the gap between democratic ideals and social reality. In both countries the ideals of reconciliation and of racial democracy do not correspond to the contours of the actual social situation revealed by democracy. This does not prevent these ideals from acting as a constituting force at the core of many of the tensions in democratic dynamics. First we will examine the issues at stake in the interpretations of mixed race. We shall then consider how the way in which ordinary people relate to racial discrimination varies in the two countries. The last part will deal with the controversies created by affirmative action and the issue of memory in South Africa.
{"title":"De l'écart entre la fiction et la réalité.","authors":"D. Vidal","doi":"10.3917/CIS.127.0199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/CIS.127.0199","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to demonstrate the effects of references to an imagined democracy in South Africa and in Brazil by focusing on the gap between democratic ideals and social reality. In both countries the ideals of reconciliation and of racial democracy do not correspond to the contours of the actual social situation revealed by democracy. This does not prevent these ideals from acting as a constituting force at the core of many of the tensions in democratic dynamics. First we will examine the issues at stake in the interpretations of mixed race. We shall then consider how the way in which ordinary people relate to racial discrimination varies in the two countries. The last part will deal with the controversies created by affirmative action and the issue of memory in South Africa.","PeriodicalId":344334,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers Internationaux De Sociologie","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114648878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article explore la problematique de l’autonomisation et de la differenciation de l’expertise dans la regulation de l’ethique parlementaire aux Etats-Unis, au Canada et en Grande-Bretagne. Les organismes de regulation de l’ethique parlementaire operent dans un environnement hautement partisan, institutionnellement manipulable, et mobilisent une expertise contestee par les elus, ceux-ci s’estimant etre les seuls a disposer de l’experience pratique et vecue leur permettant de juger les dilemmes ethiques souleves par la representation politique. La ou les conflits sont regules par la politique partisane et les rapports de force, l’expertise peine a se developper.
{"title":"La régulation de l'éthique parlementaire : l'institutionnalisation d'un champ d'expertise contesté","authors":"D. Saint-martin","doi":"10.3917/CIS.126.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/CIS.126.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article explore la problematique de l’autonomisation et de la differenciation de l’expertise dans la regulation de l’ethique parlementaire aux Etats-Unis, au Canada et en Grande-Bretagne. Les organismes de regulation de l’ethique parlementaire operent dans un environnement hautement partisan, institutionnellement manipulable, et mobilisent une expertise contestee par les elus, ceux-ci s’estimant etre les seuls a disposer de l’experience pratique et vecue leur permettant de juger les dilemmes ethiques souleves par la representation politique. La ou les conflits sont regules par la politique partisane et les rapports de force, l’expertise peine a se developper.","PeriodicalId":344334,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers Internationaux De Sociologie","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131343753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A partir d’une mise en lumiere des liens entre l’univers academique, l’univers du conseil et celui des organisations clientes de ces derniers, cet article s’interroge sur la place et l’influence croissante des consultants dans le monde economique, administratif et meme associatif. Il propose de comprendre ces dernieres comme le resultat d’une dynamique qui amene chacun des acteurs de ces univers a se comporter en « professionnel », c’est-a-dire a asseoir ses pratiques sur la maitrise de savoirs, techniques, outils specialises et appropries. Ceux-ci leur permettent de pretendre legitimement intervenir sur la resolution des problemes organisationnels. C’est en tant qu’experts de ces savoirs que les consultants se presentent. Ils repondent ainsi, tout en la nourrissant, a l’exigence d’une figure professionnelle institutionnalisee par le monde academique et partagee par leurs clients. Cette figure est celle du « manager », repute seul capable de faire advenir les principes gestionnaires de Maitrise, Performance et Rationalite.
{"title":"Les consultants au cŒur des interdépendances de l'espace de la gestion","authors":"V. Boussard","doi":"10.3917/CIS.126.0099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/CIS.126.0099","url":null,"abstract":"A partir d’une mise en lumiere des liens entre l’univers academique, l’univers du conseil et celui des organisations clientes de ces derniers, cet article s’interroge sur la place et l’influence croissante des consultants dans le monde economique, administratif et meme associatif. Il propose de comprendre ces dernieres comme le resultat d’une dynamique qui amene chacun des acteurs de ces univers a se comporter en « professionnel », c’est-a-dire a asseoir ses pratiques sur la maitrise de savoirs, techniques, outils specialises et appropries. Ceux-ci leur permettent de pretendre legitimement intervenir sur la resolution des problemes organisationnels. C’est en tant qu’experts de ces savoirs que les consultants se presentent. Ils repondent ainsi, tout en la nourrissant, a l’exigence d’une figure professionnelle institutionnalisee par le monde academique et partagee par leurs clients. Cette figure est celle du « manager », repute seul capable de faire advenir les principes gestionnaires de Maitrise, Performance et Rationalite.","PeriodicalId":344334,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers Internationaux De Sociologie","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129594078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parmi les transformations qui touchent le dispositif public de recherche francais, il en est une, dans un espace situe entre savoir et politique, qui demeure inapercue et que cet article vise a explorer : le role renforce de nouveaux experts proposant sous une forme operationnelle des competences destinees a aider decideurs politico-administratifs et gestionnaires dans leurs actions. Issus non plus des laboratoires en sciences exactes et de la nature mais d’une fraction des sciences sociales, economiques et de gestion, parfois de formation ingenieur, ces intervenants, de statuts varies, fournissent diagnostics, concepts et outils censes accroitre l’efficacite de la recherche publique. En depit de leur aspect techniquement neutre, ces contributions, qui s’eloignent souvent du contenu scientifique, favorisent la diffusion d’une conception manageriale de la recherche et de son organisation, affaiblissant l’autonomie des professionnels de la science.
{"title":"DES PAIRS AUX EXPERTS: l'ÉMERGENCE D'UN « NOUVEAU MANAGEMENT » DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE ?","authors":"Catherine Vilkas","doi":"10.3917/CIS.126.0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/CIS.126.0061","url":null,"abstract":"Parmi les transformations qui touchent le dispositif public de recherche francais, il en est une, dans un espace situe entre savoir et politique, qui demeure inapercue et que cet article vise a explorer : le role renforce de nouveaux experts proposant sous une forme operationnelle des competences destinees a aider decideurs politico-administratifs et gestionnaires dans leurs actions. Issus non plus des laboratoires en sciences exactes et de la nature mais d’une fraction des sciences sociales, economiques et de gestion, parfois de formation ingenieur, ces intervenants, de statuts varies, fournissent diagnostics, concepts et outils censes accroitre l’efficacite de la recherche publique. En depit de leur aspect techniquement neutre, ces contributions, qui s’eloignent souvent du contenu scientifique, favorisent la diffusion d’une conception manageriale de la recherche et de son organisation, affaiblissant l’autonomie des professionnels de la science.","PeriodicalId":344334,"journal":{"name":"Cahiers Internationaux De Sociologie","volume":"14 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126044958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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