Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering最新文献

Parametric assessment of injection dynamics for metal and polymer rapid-tooling using in-line process measurements and modelling of micro-injection moulding 使用在线过程测量和微注射成型建模的金属和聚合物快速成型注射动力学参数评估

IF 6 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2025.100179

Mert Gülçür , Olivia Griffiths , Adam Rich , Xiangyu Gao , Barbara Groh , James Garcia , Luis Arturo Aguirre , Gregory Gibbons , Michael Cullinan

Optimising injection dynamics in micro-injection moulding (μIM) enhances efficiency, reduces defects, and improves repeatability. The current study examines the injection dynamics of μIM using both rapid-tooling, fabricated via material jetting, and conventional aluminium metal tooling. A 20 mg micro-moulding cavity was used to assess injection behaviour, injection pressure profiles, and process variation through in-line process monitoring and computational modelling. Results reveal significant differences between rapid and metal tooling in terms of drag, pressure build-up during injection and mechanical properties of the final products. The low thermal conductivity of rapid-tooling has led to prolonged low melt viscosity retention, resulting in significantly reduced peak injection pressures and dampened pressure overshoots, improving process repeatability. Metal tooling in contrast showed increased pressure fluctuations, making the injection dynamics more complex and affecting process repeatability. Computational modelling captured the major trends and exhibited deviations in pressure profiles, particularly for rapid-tooling, where accurate heat transfer coefficient estimation remains a challenge. Mechanical property correlations with injection dynamics further highlight the data-rich nature of μIM, with shear stress effects at higher injection rates influencing part performance. This study provides new insights into μIM process dynamics, emphasising the role of thermal properties and the challenges in modelling heat transfer effects in rapid-tooling. The findings support the optimisation of μIM for improved process control, predictive modelling, and data-driven quality monitoring for both industrial and rapid prototyping settings.

在微注射成型（μIM）中优化注射动力学可提高效率，减少缺陷并提高可重复性。本研究采用材料喷射制造的快速模具和传统铝金属模具对μIM的注射动力学进行了研究。通过在线过程监测和计算建模，使用20 mg微成型腔来评估注射行为、注射压力分布和工艺变化。结果显示，在阻力、注射过程中的压力积聚和最终产品的机械性能方面，快速模具和金属模具之间存在显著差异。快速成型的低导热性使得熔体粘度保持时间更长，从而显著降低峰值注射压力，抑制压力超调，提高工艺的可重复性。相比之下，金属模具的压力波动增加，使注射动力学更加复杂，影响了过程的可重复性。计算模型捕捉了压力分布的主要趋势和偏差，特别是对于快速加工，准确的传热系数估计仍然是一个挑战。力学性能与注射动力学的相关性进一步突出了μIM数据丰富的性质，高注射速率下的剪切应力效应影响了零件的性能。这项研究为μIM过程动力学提供了新的见解，强调了热性能的作用和在快速加工中模拟传热效应的挑战。该研究结果支持μIM的优化，以改进工业和快速原型设置的过程控制，预测建模和数据驱动的质量监测。

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引用次数: 0

Joining-by-hydroforming of aluminum and poly(ether ether ketone) – A model experiment 铝与聚醚醚酮的液压成形连接。模型试验

IF 6 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2025.100180

Florian Weber , Ulrich A. Handge , Tanmoy Rakshit , Hamed Dardaei Joghan , Marlon Hahn , Yannis P. Korkolis , A. Erman Tekkaya

Joining-by-hydroforming is a process in which components are joined through expansion under internal pressure. Depending on the required fluid pressure and application rate, this process can be technically demanding and challenging to implement on industrial equipment. To address this, a simplified experimental setup was developed to investigate the fundamental joining mechanisms. In this setup, aluminum 6061-T6 (AA6061-T6) and poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) rings are force-fitted using a conical punch and segmented conical expansion elements, enabling controlled radial expansion. The resulting assemblies are subsequently separated in a dedicated push-out test. Experimental results show that the required separation force increases with rising elastic strain in the polymer, attributable to an increase in contact pressure according to Coulomb's friction law. This effect diminishes once plastic deformation of the thermoplastic initiates. Furthermore, stress relaxation in PEEK causes a time-dependent decrease in joint strength, reaching a quasi-equilibrium after approximately 10⁴ s, as confirmed by relaxation experiments on PEEK coupons. To analyze thermal effects, the entire ring assembly is preheated to defined temperatures in a laboratory furnace. An inverse correlation between joining temperature and joint strength is observed, consistent with the trend identified in the dynamic-mechanical-thermal analysis (DMTA) of PEEK.

The proposed experimental method enables rapid identification of the most influential parameters for joining-by-hydroforming, without requiring dedicated hydroforming equipment or production machine time.

液压成形连接是一种在内压作用下通过膨胀将零件连接起来的过程。根据所需的流体压力和应用速率，该过程在技术上要求很高，并且在工业设备上实施具有挑战性。为了解决这个问题，开发了一个简化的实验装置来研究基本的连接机制。在这种设置中，铝6061-T6 （AA6061-T6）和聚醚醚酮（PEEK）环使用锥形冲床和分段锥形膨胀元件进行强制装配，从而实现可控的径向膨胀。结果组件随后在专用的推出测试中分离。实验结果表明，根据库仑摩擦定律，随着聚合物中弹性应变的增加，所需的分离力也随之增加，这是由于接触压力的增加。一旦热塑性塑料开始塑性变形，这种效应就会减弱。此外，PEEK的应力松弛导致接头强度随时间的降低，在大约104 s后达到准平衡，这一点在PEEK的松弛实验中得到了证实。为了分析热效应，整个环组件在实验室炉中预热到规定的温度。观察到连接温度与连接强度之间呈负相关，与PEEK动态-机械-热分析（DMTA）中确定的趋势一致。所提出的实验方法能够快速识别液压成形连接最具影响的参数，而不需要专用的液压成形设备或生产机器时间。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical analysis of compaction of fine powder bed under artificial high gravity for additive manufacturing 增材制造中人工高重力下细粉床压实的实验与数值分析

IF 6 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2025.100178

Zhazira Berkinova , Assem Sauirbayeva , Almaz Kenzheshov , Boris Golman , Christos Spitas

Additive manufacturing (AM) has advanced rapidly, expanding its applications across various fields. A key challenge in AM is fabricating fine, high-precision parts, which requires uniform and densely packed powder layers. While fine particles (<20 μm) hold promise for these components, their poor flowability and compactability present significant obstacles. This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on overcoming these limitations through high artificial gravity. Fine Inconel 625 particles immersed in epoxy adhesive were compacted using a lab-scale centrifuge at 1010G, 2030G, and 2810G, and a customized large-scale centrifuge at 71.7G, 101.6G, and 123G. The packing fraction of the green body increased up to 0.52 in the lab-scale centrifuge and up to 0.35 in the customized centrifuge. A validated Discrete Element Method (DEM) model simulated compaction of a fine metal powder bed without epoxy adhesive at various gravitational levels, confirming an 82.8 % improvement in packing fraction, reaching 0.53. Cross-sectional analysis of materials produced by laser melting of fine-particle powder beds without epoxy adhesive revealed substantial voids in samples fabricated under normal gravity. In contrast, samples produced under high artificial gravity (71.7G) exhibited significantly reduced void formation.

增材制造（AM）发展迅速，其应用范围遍及各个领域。增材制造的一个关键挑战是制造精细、高精度的零件，这需要均匀而密集的粉末层。虽然细颗粒（<20 μm）有望用于这些组件，但其流动性差和致密性存在重大障碍。本文介绍了利用高人工重力克服这些限制的实验和数值研究。采用1010G、2030G、2810G的实验室离心机和71.7G、101.6G、123G的定制大型离心机对浸入环氧胶粘剂中的细小Inconel 625颗粒进行压实。在实验室离心机中，绿体的填料分数增加到0.52，在定制离心机中增加到0.35。经过验证的离散元法（DEM）模型模拟了不同重力水平下无环氧胶粘剂的细金属粉末床的压实，证实了填料率提高了82.8%，达到0.53。对无环氧胶粘剂的细颗粒粉末层激光熔融制备的材料进行了截面分析，发现在正常重力下制备的样品中存在大量空隙。相比之下，在高人工重力（71.7G）下产生的样品显示出明显减少的孔隙形成。

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引用次数: 0

Data-driven framework for extracting steady-state deformation resistance from transient experimental data without inverse finite element analysis 从瞬态实验数据中提取稳态变形抗力的数据驱动框架，无需反有限元分析

IF 6 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2025.100177

Eiichi Ota, Minami Fujimura, Yasumoto Sato

Accurate characterization of the steady-state deformation resistance of materials is a prerequisite for high-precision forming simulations. However, controlling the temperature and strain rate in high-temperature tensile experiments is difficult and can hinder data acquisition under ideal isothermal and constant strain-rate conditions. Although the inverse finite element method (iFEM) has been conventionally employed for this purpose, it suffers from limitations such as dependence on constitutive equations, non-uniqueness of solutions, and requirement for expert-level implementation. This study introduces a data-driven framework for extracting steady-state deformation resistance from transient experimental data without using iFEM. The proposed framework acquires transient experimental data, performs regression-based interpolation and optimal model selection, and extracts steady-state responses using regression techniques, which includes a pre-defined material model, artificial neural network, and Gaussian process regression. Two case studies with aluminum and magnesium alloys, each under distinct variable conditions, are conducted to assess validity and scalability. ANN and GPR enhance the prediction accuracy of interpolated values compared to that of the pre-defined material model. This finding validates the feasibility of accurately estimating steady-state deformation resistance through flexible model selection. The plausibility of the predicted responses is supported by visualizing the corresponding response surfaces. The proposed framework provides a flexible, scalable, and practical alternative to conventional iFEM-based approaches with promising future applicability to higher-dimensional scenarios.

准确表征材料的稳态变形抗力是高精度成形模拟的先决条件。然而，在高温拉伸实验中控制温度和应变速率是困难的，并且会阻碍理想等温和恒定应变速率条件下的数据采集。尽管逆有限元法（iFEM）通常用于此目的，但它存在诸如依赖本构方程、解的非唯一性以及需要专家级实现等局限性。本文提出了一种数据驱动的框架，用于在不使用有限元法的情况下从瞬态实验数据中提取稳态变形抗力。该框架获取瞬态实验数据，进行基于回归的插值和最优模型选择，并使用包括预定义材料模型、人工神经网络和高斯过程回归在内的回归技术提取稳态响应。以铝和镁合金为例，分别在不同的变量条件下进行了两个案例研究，以评估有效性和可扩展性。与预定义的材料模型相比，人工神经网络和探地雷达提高了插值值的预测精度。这一发现验证了通过柔性模型选择精确估计稳态变形抗力的可行性。通过可视化相应的响应面来支持预测响应的合理性。提出的框架为传统的基于ifem的方法提供了一种灵活、可扩展和实用的替代方案，并有望在未来适用于高维场景。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of partial rolling on structural integrity and mechanical properties of AA7075 Tailor Alloyed Blanks 局部轧制对AA7075定制合金板坯结构完整性和力学性能的影响

IF 6 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2025.100176

Henrik Zieroth , Marcel Stephan , Michael Schmidt , Marion Merklein

This study investigates partial rolling as a post processing method to improve the microstructure and formability of Tailor Alloyed Blanks (TAB) fabricated from AA7075 via laser-induced element evaporation and filler wire alloying. While prior work demonstrated the feasibility of adapting the alloying concept to enhance ductility in targeted regions, process-induced porosity, surface irregularities and insufficient process robustness continue to limit industrial applicability. To overcome these limitations, partial rolling was applied to the modified region. A parametric study identified rolling pass as the dominant factor influencing work hardening, surface smoothing and defect closure. Applying a 0.35 mm rolling pass led to a 92 % reduction in surface irregularities, complete closure of hydrogen-related porosity and a 38 % improvement in true strain compared to the unrolled condition. The enhanced process robustness was confirmed by a significant reduction in true stress deviation, determined by upsetting tests on miniaturized specimens extracted from the adapted zone. 3-point bending tests further validated the improvement in formability, revealing a 50 % increase in bending angle compared to the unrolled TAB and double the value observed in the base material. Rolling speed had no measurable impact, whereas longitudinal rolling outperformed transverse rolling in achieving uniform strain and hardness distributions. These results establish partial rolling as an effective and scalable refinement step for TAB. It enables the translation of localized compositional tailoring into functional mechanical performance, thereby expanding the process window for high-strength aluminum alloys in forming applications.

本文研究了采用局部轧制作为后处理方法，通过激光诱导元素蒸发和填充丝合金化，改善AA7075定制合金板坯（TAB）的组织和成形性能。虽然先前的工作证明了采用合金概念来提高目标区域延展性的可行性，但工艺引起的孔隙率、表面不规则性和工艺鲁棒性不足仍然限制了工业应用。为了克服这些局限性，对改进区域进行了局部轧制。参数化研究表明，轧制孔道是影响加工硬化、表面平滑和缺陷闭合的主要因素。采用0.35 mm轧制孔型可减少92%的表面不规则性，完全消除与氢相关的孔隙，与未轧制条件相比，真应变提高38%。通过对从适应区提取的小型化试样进行镦粗试验，证实了真实应力偏差的显著减少，从而增强了工艺稳健性。三点弯曲测试进一步验证了成形性的改善，与展开的TAB相比，弯曲角度增加了50%，是基材中观察到的值的两倍。轧制速度没有可测量的影响，而纵向轧制在获得均匀的应变和硬度分布方面优于横向轧制。这些结果表明，部分轧制是TAB的有效和可扩展的改进步骤。它能够将本地化的成分定制转化为功能性机械性能，从而扩大了成形应用中高强度铝合金的工艺窗口。

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引用次数: 0

Laser directed energy deposition of FeSi/SS 316L advanced bimetallic high-speed rotors: From material characterization to performance evaluation 激光定向能沉积FeSi/SS 316L先进双金属高速转子：从材料表征到性能评价

IF 6 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2025.100175

Chiara Gianassi , Erica Liverani , Andrea Cavagnino , Luca Zarri , Alessandro Ascari , Yulong Cui , Alessandro Fortunato

The demand for high-speed electric machinery has significantly increased, driving innovation in motor design. While permanent magnet rotors dominate due to their superior torque density and efficiency, their reliance on rare earth elements raises environmental and supply chain concerns. Synchronous Reluctance motors, which do not require permanent magnets, present a promising alternative, though their design limits rotor mechanical performance. Additive manufacturing, particularly Directed Energy Deposition (DED), addresses these challenges by enabling the production of multi-material structures.

This study investigates the potential of DED to fabricate high-speed rotors using FeSi_2.9, a soft magnetic alloy with high permeability, and the paramagnetic stainless steel AISI 316L. Single-material depositions were analyzed through microstructural and microhardness tests in both as-deposited and heat-treated conditions. Magnetic and mechanical characterization were performed on heat-treated samples. Annealing improved the magnetic properties of FeSi_2.9 without compromising the mechanical performance of AISI 316L. A bimetallic blank with alternating layers of the two materials was fabricated and characterized similarly. Subsequently, a rotor was extracted, machined, and tested.

Results demonstrated excellent printability, achieving crack-free deposits with >99 % relative densities. The fabricated SynRel rotor operated at speeds up to 100,000 rpm, underscoring the suitability of DED for producing advanced multi-material components for high-speed machinery.

对高速电机的需求显著增加，推动了电机设计的创新。虽然永磁转子因其优越的扭矩密度和效率而占据主导地位，但它们对稀土元素的依赖引发了对环境和供应链的担忧。不需要永磁体的同步磁阻电机是一个很有前途的选择，尽管它们的设计限制了转子的机械性能。增材制造，特别是定向能沉积（DED），通过实现多材料结构的生产，解决了这些挑战。本研究探讨了利用高磁导率软磁合金FeSi2.9和顺磁不锈钢AISI 316L制备高速转子的潜力。通过沉积态和热处理条件下的显微组织和显微硬度测试分析了单材料沉积。对热处理后的样品进行了磁性和力学表征。退火提高了FeSi2.9的磁性能，但不影响AISI 316L的机械性能。制备了具有两种材料交替层的双金属毛坯，并对其进行了相似的表征。随后，提取转子，加工和测试。结果证明了优异的印刷性能，实现了99%相对密度的无裂纹沉积。制造的SynRel转子运行速度高达100,000 rpm，强调了DED用于生产高速机械的先进多材料部件的适用性。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of paint baking conditions on the mechanical performance of thin aluminum-steel blanks 烤漆条件对薄铝钢坯料力学性能的影响

IF 6 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2025.100174

Zahra Silvayeh , Josef Domitner , Peter Auer , Gean Henrique Marcatto de Oliveira , Marta Lipińska , Christof Sommitsch

This work investigates the influence of the automotive paint baking (PB) process, a heat treatment typically applied to assembled and dip-coated car bodies-in-white (BIW), on the basic mechanical performance of lightweight aluminum-steel blanks. For this purpose, 1.2 mm-thin sheets of AW-6016-T4 aluminum alloy were butt-welded-brazed to 0.8 mm-thin sheets of DC04 zinc-coated steel using the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) process and an AA-4020 aluminum alloy filler. The aluminum-steel blanks were subjected to a post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) for 20 min at 185 ± 2 °C, simulating industrial paint baking conditions. Samples for microstructure analysis, hardness testing and quasi-static and cyclic tensile testing were prepared from the blanks. Under all loading conditions, fracture of the as-welded and heat-treated samples primarily occurred in the aluminum-based weld, but fracture in the steel sheet occurred in cases of low porosity or high reinforcement of the weld. The heat treatment slightly improved the quasi-static tensile and low-cycle fatigue performance, but it decreased the high-cycle fatigue performance. Moreover, it reduced the hardness mismatch between different zones, causing more homogeneous properties across the joints. Nevertheless, the primary failure mode of the blanks did not change, as the influence of the weld porosity was more significant than the influence of the heat treatment. The results provide a fundamental understanding of the bake hardening response, reveal insights into the porosity-related failure behavior under quasi-static and cyclic tensile loadings, and highlight the importance for avoiding weld defects to exploit the load-bearing capacity of butt-welded-brazed aluminum-steel blanks.

这项工作研究了汽车烤漆（PB）工艺的影响，这是一种通常应用于组装和浸涂白色车身（BIW）的热处理，对轻质铝钢毛坯的基本机械性能的影响。为此，采用冷金属转移（CMT）工艺和AA-4020铝合金填料将1.2 mm薄的AW-6016-T4铝合金片与0.8 mm薄的DC04镀锌钢片进行对接钎焊。在185±2°C的温度下，模拟工业涂料烘烤条件，对铝-钢坯料进行20分钟的焊后热处理（PWHT）。从坯料中制备试样进行显微组织分析、硬度测试、准静态和循环拉伸测试。在所有加载条件下，焊态和热处理试样的断裂主要发生在铝基焊缝中，而在低孔隙率或高补强焊缝中发生钢板断裂。热处理略微提高了准静态拉伸和低周疲劳性能，但降低了高周疲劳性能。此外，它减少了不同区域之间的硬度不匹配，使整个接头的性能更加均匀。然而，坯料的主要破坏模式没有改变，焊缝孔隙率的影响大于热处理的影响。研究结果提供了对烘烤硬化响应的基本理解，揭示了准静态和循环拉伸载荷下孔隙率相关的破坏行为，并强调了避免焊缝缺陷以开发对接焊-钎焊铝钢坯料承载能力的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Archetypes of assistance systems and their impacts on manufacturing performance and job quality 辅助系统的原型及其对制造性能和工作质量的影响

IF 6 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2025.100173

Koen Nijland , Aijse de Vries , Paul Preenen , Sri Kolla , Sebastian Thiede

As workplaces become increasingly complex, manufacturing companies must adopt technologies that not only fulfill customer requirements but also prioritize high-quality jobs for production workers. Assistance systems are gaining popularity because they can enhance manufacturing performance and support sufficient job quality. However, there is a lack of detailed insights into the application-specific impact of the systems. This study classifies the use of assistance systems in manufacturing, deriving characteristic archetypes and mapping their impacts through a systematic review of existing literature. Analyzing 56 cases from 40 studies using descriptive and cluster analysis, four main archetypes are identified: (1) manually operated physical execution support for routine assembly tasks, (2) automatically operated and adaptable visual task guidance for routine assembly tasks, (3) automatically operated and adaptive visual support for non-routine diagnostics tasks, and (4) automatically operated and adaptive physical execution support for routine assembly. Findings suggest that these archetypes offer potential benefits and risks for job quality and manufacturing performance. However, their successful use requires careful consideration of role division, task execution capabilities, task support capabilities, and long-term impacts. The current literature on assistance systems needs more longitudinal empirical studies to provide clear guidance for both researchers and industry practitioners.

随着工作场所变得越来越复杂，制造企业必须采用技术，不仅要满足客户的需求，还要优先考虑为生产工人提供高质量的工作。辅助系统越来越受欢迎，因为它们可以提高制造性能并支持足够的工作质量。然而，缺乏对系统特定于应用程序的影响的详细了解。本研究通过对现有文献的系统回顾，对制造业中辅助系统的使用进行分类，得出特征原型并绘制其影响图。采用描述分析和聚类分析方法对40项研究中的56个案例进行分析，确定了4种主要原型：(1)常规装配任务的手动操作物理执行支持，(2)常规装配任务的自动操作和适应性视觉任务指导，(3)非常规诊断任务的自动操作和自适应视觉支持，以及(4)常规装配的自动操作和自适应物理执行支持。研究结果表明，这些原型为工作质量和制造性能提供了潜在的利益和风险。然而，它们的成功使用需要仔细考虑角色划分、任务执行能力、任务支持能力和长期影响。目前关于辅助系统的文献需要更多的纵向实证研究，为研究者和行业从业者提供明确的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Hardfacing on high-strength steels: Properties of multiple times heated heat-affected zones 高强度钢堆焊：多次加热热影响区的性能

IF 6 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2025.100172

Ákos Meilinger, Gábor Terdik

The use of high-strength steels as base materials for hardfacing is becoming increasingly important, particularly in applications subjected to frequent dynamic loads (e.g., demolition shears). The heat-affected zone (HAZ) of hardfaced components is significantly more complex than that in conventional welded joints. Adjacent hardfacing layers lead to the formation of HAZ subzones that undergo multiple thermal cycles, and these zones have not been thoroughly investigated before. High-strength steels are more sensitive to thermal cycles, and the properties of the HAZ subzones fundamentally determine the load-bearing capacity of hardfaced parts. In this study, S690QL, S960QL, and S1100QL base materials were used. Hardness testing identified the subzones subjected to three thermal cycles as the most critical. These specific subzones were reproduced using a Gleeble physical simulator by applying three successive thermal cycles. Instrumented impact tests were performed on the simulated specimens, and the results were analyzed statistically. Fractographic analysis was also conducted, revealing clear differences between fractured specimens through quantitative evaluation. For S690QL, the impact properties of the critical subzones did not show significant changes. In contrast, for S960QL, the subzones exposed to three thermal cycles demonstrated improved impact energy with reduced impact force. Surprisingly, the HAZ subzones of S1100QL exhibited impact energies more than three times higher than those of the base material. These results clearly indicate that the subzones subjected to three thermal cycles are softer, yet their impact properties are equal to or better than those of the base material.

使用高强度钢作为堆焊的基础材料正变得越来越重要，特别是在经常受到动态载荷的应用中（例如，拆卸剪）。表面焊件的热影响区比传统焊接接头的热影响区复杂得多。相邻堆焊层导致热影响区亚区形成，这些区域经历了多次热循环，而这些区域以前没有被彻底研究过。高强钢对热循环更为敏感，热影响区分区的性能从根本上决定了硬面件的承载能力。本研究采用S690QL、S960QL和S1100QL基材。硬度测试确定经受三次热循环的亚区是最关键的。使用Gleeble物理模拟器通过施加三个连续的热循环来重现这些特定的亚层。对模拟试样进行了仪器冲击试验，并对试验结果进行了统计分析。同时进行了断口分析，通过定量评价揭示了断裂试样之间的明显差异。对于S690QL，关键分区的冲击性能没有明显变化。相比之下，对于S960QL，暴露于三个热循环的亚区显示出提高的冲击能量和降低的冲击力。令人惊讶的是，S1100QL的热影响区表现出的冲击能比基材高3倍以上。这些结果清楚地表明，经过三次热循环的亚区更柔软，但其冲击性能等于或优于基材。

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引用次数: 0

Characterization of sheet formability limits using a novel diagonal-cruciform test specimen 用一种新型的对角-十字形试样表征板材的成形性极限

IF 6 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL

Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2025.100171

Rui F.V. Sampaio , Eduardo B.G. Dias , João M.A. Viegas , João P.M. Pragana , Ivo M.F. Bragança , Carlos M.A. Silva , Paulo A.F. Martins

This paper introduces an innovative diagonal-cruciform test specimen that significantly enhances the characterization of formability limits in sheet metal forming. The specimen's unique design features a reticular two-dimensional geometric structure, with four triangular arms connecting at the center, which effectively induce biaxial tension stress states when subjected to uniaxial loading. Furthermore, the incorporation of machined spherical cups at its center to locally reduce thickness ensures that damage accumulates in this region. Experimental strain loading paths are captured using digital image correlation (DIC) and analyzed with in-house software developed specifically for research and education on material formability. The software identifies and plots the onsets of necking and fracture in principal strain space, and results prove that the diagonal-cruciform specimen is highly effective in generating stable biaxial tension strain loading paths in C11000 copper sheets, operating under friction-independent conditions without the necessity for specialized testing equipment. The fracture limits are subsequently validated by comparing them against the strain loading paths obtained from a single-point incremental sheet-formed part up to failure. The investigation confirms the versatility and robustness of the novel diagonal-cruciform test specimen for evaluating the formability of C11000 copper sheets and provides valuable insights into its potential application across the broader field of sheet formability characterization.

本文介绍了一种创新的对角-十字形试样，显著提高了板料成形极限的表征。试件独特的设计特点是网状的二维几何结构，四个三角形臂在中心连接，在单轴加载时有效地诱导双轴拉伸应力状态。此外，在其中心加入加工球形杯以局部减少厚度，确保了该区域的损伤积累。使用数字图像相关（DIC）捕获实验应变加载路径，并使用专门用于材料成形性研究和教育的内部软件进行分析。该软件在主应变空间中识别并绘制了颈缩和断裂的起始点，结果证明，对角-十字形试样在C11000铜片中产生稳定的双轴拉伸应变加载路径是非常有效的，在不依赖摩擦的条件下运行，无需专门的测试设备。随后，通过将断裂极限与单点增量薄板成形部件直至失效的应变加载路径进行比较，验证断裂极限。该研究证实了用于评估C11000铜片可成形性的新型对角-十字形试样的通用性和稳健性，并为其在更广泛的板材可成形性表征领域的潜在应用提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0