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Erratum to “Influence of changing loading directions on damage in sheet metal forming” [Adv. Ind. Manuf. Eng. 8 (2024) 100139] 对 "改变加载方向对金属板材成型中损坏的影响 "的勘误 [Adv. Ind. Manuf. Eng. 8 (2024) 100139]
IF 3.9 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2024.100147
Philipp Lennemann, Joshua Grodotzki, Yannis P. Korkolis, A. Erman Tekkaya
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引用次数: 0
Modeling of equivalent strain in 2D cross-sections of open die forged components using neural networks 利用神经网络建立开模锻造部件二维截面等效应变模型
IF 3.9 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2024.100152
Nikhil Vijay Jagtap , Niklas Reinisch , Rasul Abdusalamov , David Bailly , Mikhail Itskov
Open die forging is one of the oldest manufacturing methods known to remove defects in the ingot resulting from the casting process. The improved properties of the final component are highly dependent on the strain distribution. Although sinusoidal equations and empirical formulations have been already used to estimate the strain, they have been applied only to the core of the workpiece. In this work, a novel approach is presented to model the equivalent strain distribution in 2D cross-sections, in the direction of the press, of open die forged components using neural networks. The proposed method efficiently combines a parametric sinusoidal function with a neural network to learn the complex relationships between the process parameters and the resulting local strain. The neural network is trained on a dataset of finite element (FE) simulations of rectangular geometries that cover a wide range of aspect ratios, bite ratios, and height reductions. The presented methodology with near real-time prediction capabilities shows good agreement with FE results. Moreover, the parametric function captures the characteristic pattern of the strain distribution and reveals certain physical relationships affecting the deformation of the material. These patterns are later examined by analyzing the parameters identified in the parametric sinusoidal function.
开模锻造是已知的最古老的制造方法之一,用于消除铸造过程中产生的钢锭缺陷。最终部件性能的改善在很大程度上取决于应变分布。虽然正弦方程和经验公式已被用于估算应变,但它们只适用于工件的核心部分。在这项工作中,提出了一种新方法,利用神经网络对开模锻造部件的二维横截面在冲压方向上的等效应变分布进行建模。所提出的方法将参数正弦函数与神经网络有效地结合起来,以学习工艺参数与所产生的局部应变之间的复杂关系。神经网络是在矩形几何形状的有限元(FE)模拟数据集上进行训练的,该数据集涵盖了宽广的长宽比、咬合比和高度缩减范围。所提出的方法具有近乎实时的预测能力,与 FE 结果显示出良好的一致性。此外,参数函数捕捉到了应变分布的特征模式,并揭示了影响材料变形的某些物理关系。随后,通过分析正弦参数函数中确定的参数,对这些模式进行了研究。
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引用次数: 0
Influence on micro-geometry and surface characteristics of laser powder bed fusion built 17-4 PH miniature spur gears in laser shock peening 激光冲击强化对激光粉末床熔融 17-4 PH 微型直齿轮微观几何形状和表面特征的影响
IF 3.9 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2024.100151
Sunil Pathak , Ondřej Stránský , Jan Šmaus , Jaromír Kopeček , Jinoop Arackal Narayanan , Jan Kaufman , Libor Beránek , Marek Böhm , Jan Brajer , Tomáš Mocek
Micro-geometrical errors, surface roughness, and surface integrity (microstructure, residual stresses, microhardness) play an important role in defining the quality of the gears as they directly affect their noise, vibration characteristics and service life during their use. In the present work, underwater laser shock peening (LSP) is employed to improve the quality of the laser powder bed fusion built 17-4 PH small-size spur gears (12 mm outside diameter). LSP was employed near the spur gear root, and effects were measured in terms of residual stresses, variation in microgeometry errors, surface roughness, porosity, microstructure, and microhardness. It was observed that LSP could impart compressive residual stresses up to 0.4 mm of measured depth, while the surface roughness has improved by 32%. Microgeometry and microhardness of gears showed minor variations. Additionally, LSP has shown an impact on the microstructure as the grain orientation was altered and grain size reduced by 15.6% due to shock wave transmission. The study paves the way to use LSP as a post-processing technique to modify the surface characteristics of LPBF-built miniature spur gears with minimal impact on the gear microgeometry.
微观几何误差、表面粗糙度和表面完整性(微观结构、残余应力、微硬度)在确定齿轮质量方面起着重要作用,因为它们直接影响齿轮在使用过程中的噪音、振动特性和使用寿命。在本研究中,采用了水下激光冲击强化(LSP)技术来提高激光粉末熔床制造的 17-4 PH 小型正齿轮(外径 12 毫米)的质量。在正齿轮根部附近采用了 LSP,并测量了残余应力、微观几何误差变化、表面粗糙度、孔隙率、微观结构和显微硬度等方面的影响。结果表明,LSP 可在测量深度 0.4 mm 范围内产生压缩残余应力,而表面粗糙度则提高了 32%。齿轮的显微几何形状和显微硬度变化不大。此外,LSP 还对微观结构产生了影响,由于冲击波的传播,晶粒取向发生了改变,晶粒尺寸减小了 15.6%。这项研究为将 LSP 作为一种后处理技术来改变 LPBF 制成的微型正齿轮的表面特性铺平了道路,同时对齿轮微观几何的影响最小。
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引用次数: 0
An inline point-tracking approach for the real-time monitoring of the free-form bending process 用于实时监控自由曲面弯曲过程的在线点跟踪方法
IF 3.9 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2024.100150
Lorenzo Scandola, Viktor Böhm, Daniel Maier, Jeremias Tschannerl, Florian Steinlehner, Christoph Hartmann, Wolfram Volk

In order to make free-form bending a process of choice for the manufacturing of structural components, a robust strategy for process monitoring is required. Although the technology is particularly suitable for the production of bending components with variable and complex geometry, fluctuations in the process conditions, as well as in the quality of the semi-finished products can results in geometrical deviations from the target geometry. Currently, the quality assessment of the bent components can be done only offline by random sampling, with a considerable time and cost effort. In this contribution, a real-time process monitoring is realised and applied to free-form bending for the first time. First of all, an inline strategy based on single-point tracking for the assessment of the geometry is investigated through an extensive numerical sensitivity analysis. Successively, the method is implemented experimentally and validated with real tests. Finally, a small-batch series of deviating components is produced, and the developed strategy is adopted to perform a real-time process monitoring. The study highlights the potential of an inline measurement strategy for the process monitoring in free-form bending, and its advantages compared to the current offline methods.

为了使自由曲面折弯成为制造结构部件的首选工艺,需要有一套强大的工艺监控策略。虽然该技术特别适用于生产几何形状多变且复杂的折弯部件,但工艺条件的波动以及半成品质量的波动会导致几何形状偏离目标几何形状。目前,对弯曲部件的质量评估只能通过随机抽样的方式离线进行,耗费大量的时间和成本。在本论文中,首次实现了对自由曲面折弯的实时过程监控。首先,通过广泛的数值敏感性分析,研究了基于单点跟踪的几何评估在线策略。随后,在实验中实施了该方法,并通过实际测试进行了验证。最后,制作了一系列小批量偏差部件,并采用所开发的策略来执行实时过程监控。这项研究强调了在线测量策略在自由形态弯曲过程监控中的潜力,以及与当前离线方法相比的优势。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental investigations on the formation mechanisms of shrink lines in powder bed fusion of metals using a laser beam 利用激光束对金属粉末床熔化过程中收缩线形成机理的实验研究
IF 3.9 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2024.100149
Dominik Rauner, David L. Wenzler, Daniel Wolf, Felix Granz, Michael F. Zaeh

The powder bed fusion of metals using a laser beam enables the tool-free fabrication of complex part geometries with merging areas and rapid cross-sectional changes. Together, these geometry features represent a structural transition leading to the formation of shrink lines. These notches on the surface of the part reduce the dimensional accuracy and the fatigue resistance. Shrink lines arise in various materials, with the dimensions of the shrink line depending on the geometric design. The formation mechanisms and influencing parameters of shrink lines have not been investigated yet. This paper demonstrates the extent of influence of the part geometry on the shrink line formation, which was quantified by varying the design of a representative structural transition. In addition, the positions of the specimens on the build platform and the scanning strategy were varied for deriving a cause-effect relationship using process monitoring. The results demonstrated that the shrink line formation was mainly caused by a local overheating at the structural transition and the global cooling behavior. The radius at the structural transition indicated the most significant impact among the investigated geometric parameters. The shrink line dimensions depended significantly on the orientation of the specimens on the build platform and the local scanning strategy applied at the height of the structural transition. The results can be used to reduce shrink lines by re-designing the part and to adjust the manufacturing strategy for structural transitions.

使用激光束对金属进行粉末床熔融,可以免工具制造出具有合并区域和快速截面变化的复杂零件几何形状。这些几何特征共同代表了一种结构转变,导致收缩线的形成。零件表面的这些缺口会降低尺寸精度和抗疲劳性。收缩纹出现在各种材料中,收缩纹的尺寸取决于几何设计。收缩纹的形成机理和影响参数尚未得到研究。本文展示了零件几何形状对收缩线形成的影响程度,并通过改变具有代表性的结构过渡设计对其进行了量化。此外,还改变了试样在构建平台上的位置和扫描策略,以便利用过程监控得出因果关系。结果表明,收缩线的形成主要是由结构过渡处的局部过热和整体冷却行为造成的。在所研究的几何参数中,结构过渡处的半径影响最大。收缩线的尺寸在很大程度上取决于试样在构建平台上的方向以及在结构过渡高度应用的局部扫描策略。这些结果可用于通过重新设计零件来减少收缩线,并调整结构过渡的制造策略。
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引用次数: 0
A strain acceleration method to identify the onset of diffuse necking 应变加速法确定弥漫性缩颈的起始点
IF 3.9 Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2024.100148
Rui F.V. Sampaio , João P.M. Pragana , Ivo M.F. Bragança , Carlos M.A. Silva , Paulo A.F. Martins

This paper presents an innovative ‘strain acceleration method’ for determining the onset of diffuse necking in sheet forming tests using data obtained from digital image correlation (DIC). The method identifies the onset time of diffuse necking and provides the corresponding in-plane principal strain values by detecting a local extreme in the second derivative of the minor principal in-plane strain with respect to time at the edges of the sheet surface region where diffuse necking occurs. Results obtained from applying the method to tensile testing on two different materials and comparisons with available methods based on force-time or principal strain rate evolutions confirm its accuracy and validity. The new method was implemented in a computer software to be used for research and education that also enables determination of localized necking and fracture and plotting the strain loading paths in principal strain space.

本文提出了一种创新的 "应变加速法",用于利用数字图像相关(DIC)获得的数据确定板材成形试验中扩散缩颈的开始时间。该方法通过检测板材表面区域边缘处发生扩散缩颈时,次要平面内主应变相对于时间的二阶导数的局部极值,来确定扩散缩颈的开始时间,并提供相应的平面内主应变值。将该方法应用于两种不同材料的拉伸测试所获得的结果,以及与基于力-时间或主应变率演变的现有方法进行的比较,都证实了该方法的准确性和有效性。新方法已在计算机软件中实施,该软件可用于研究和教育,还能确定局部缩颈和断裂,并绘制主应变空间中的应变加载路径。
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引用次数: 0
Retrofitting enables sustainability, Industry 4.0 connectivity, and improved usability 改造可实现可持续性、工业 4.0 连接性和更高的可用性
Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2024.100146
Tero Kaarlela , Tero Niemi , Tomi Pitkäaho , Jari Harjula

Retrofitting is a sustainable approach to improving the capabilities and extending the life of aging machine tools. Reusing the mechanical construction and replacing only the control electronics and software is a viable option to upgrade an aging machine tool to a cutting-edge level. During the last decades, the evolution of machine tools has focused on developing computer numerical control (CNC) rather than on mechanical construction. Retrofitting the CNC enables Industry 4.0 connectivity and improved usability sustainably, preserving finite raw material resources and reducing carbon emissions created during the casting process of heavy blank parts for physically large machine tools.

This publication presents methods to retrofit machine tools using open-source CNC software and a feasibility study after seven years of operation. Our study highlights retrofitting as more profitable than repairing an aging CNC and compares the sustainability of retrofitting or replacing the aging machine tool with a new unit. In conclusion, retrofitting enables sustainability, connectivity, and accuracy comparable to modern machine tools. Retrofitting also paves the way for using artificial intelligence to monitor and adapt to tool wear, chatter, and surface roughness.

改造是提高老旧机床性能和延长其使用寿命的一种可持续方法。重复使用机械结构,仅更换控制电子元件和软件,是将老旧机床升级到最先进水平的可行方案。在过去几十年中,机床的发展重点是开发计算机数控系统(CNC),而不是机械结构。本出版物介绍了使用开源数控软件改造机床的方法,以及运行七年后的可行性研究。我们的研究强调了改造比维修老化的数控系统更有利可图,并比较了改造或用新设备替换老化机床的可持续性。总之,改造可实现与现代机床相当的可持续性、连接性和精确性。改造还为利用人工智能监测和适应刀具磨损、颤动和表面粗糙度铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
A simulated annealing metaheuristic approach to hybrid flow shop scheduling problem 混合流水车间调度问题的模拟退火元智方法
Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2024.100144
Mohamed Karim Hajji , Oumayma Hamlaoui , Hatem Hadda

This study investigates a complex hybrid flow shop scheduling problem prevalent in the industrial sector, characterized by dedicated machines, availability dates, and delivery times. The primary objective is to minimize the total completion time (makespan) in a two-stage workshop setting. We conducted a comprehensive literature review, revealing a scarcity of research on this specific configuration, and employed the Simulated Annealing metaheuristic as our main resolution method. Special emphasis was placed on the meticulous parameterization and configuration of this metaheuristic, crucial for navigating the complexity of the problem.

Our findings demonstrate the remarkable effectiveness of the Simulated Annealing method, particularly in achieving low deviation from the lower bound in larger problem sizes and specific instance classes. This consistency highlights the method’s robustness and suitability for complex scheduling scenarios. The study also reveals varying degrees of problem solvability across different instance classes, with computation times generally reasonable except in more challenging scenarios.

本研究探讨的是工业领域普遍存在的复杂混合流程车间调度问题,其特点是专用机器、可用日期和交货时间。主要目标是在两阶段车间环境中最大限度地减少总完成时间(makespan)。我们进行了全面的文献综述,发现对这一特定配置的研究很少,因此我们采用了模拟退火元启发式作为主要的解决方法。我们的研究结果表明,模拟退火法效果显著,特别是在问题规模较大和特定实例类别中,偏离下限的程度较低。这种一致性凸显了该方法的稳健性和对复杂调度场景的适用性。这项研究还揭示了不同实例类别中问题的不同程度的可解决性,除更具挑战性的情况外,计算时间一般都比较合理。
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引用次数: 0
Hydro-assisted incremental forming (HAIF): A formability-enhanced incremental forming process; presenting an experimental method for determination of forming limits with generalized non-planar stress state 水力辅助增量成形(HAIF):一种成形能力增强的增量成形工艺;介绍一种确定广义非平面应力状态下成形极限的实验方法
Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2024.100143
Afshin Fatemi, Bijan Mollaei Dariani

Hydro-assisted incremental forming (HAIF) as a hybrid process of incremental forming and hydromechanical deep drawing with enhanced formability resulted of simultaneous exertion of normal and through thickness stresses is introduced in this paper. Based on this process, a test method is invented for experimental and finite element assessment of forming limits under generalized non-planar stress state. Previous analytical forming limit curves predicted by the present authors are evaluated using experimental tests and finite element simulations and good compatibility is observed. It is again confirmed that application of normal and through thickness stresses enhance formability in all strain paths specially in plane strain mode.

本文介绍了水力辅助增量成形(HAIF),它是增量成形和水力机械拉深的混合工艺,通过同时施加法向应力和贯穿厚度应力提高了成形性。在此基础上,发明了一种试验方法,用于在广义非平面应力状态下对成形极限进行实验和有限元评估。本文作者利用实验测试和有限元模拟对之前预测的分析成形极限曲线进行了评估,发现两者具有良好的兼容性。实验再次证实,施加法向应力和贯穿厚度应力可提高所有应变路径下的成形性,尤其是平面应变模式下的成形性。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of argon, helium, and their mixtures on the powder bed fusion of an Al–Cu–Li–Ti alloy using a laser beam: Evaporation, microstructure, and mechanical properties 氩气、氦气及其混合物对使用激光束的铝-铜-锂-钛合金粉末床熔化的影响:蒸发、微观结构和机械性能
Q2 ENGINEERING, INDUSTRIAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aime.2024.100142
Siegfried Baehr , Graham Matheson , Thomas Ammann , Peter Mayr , Michael F. Zaeh

The role of the inert processing gas during the powder bed fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M) is to prevent oxidation and remove process by-products, such as metal vapor and spatter particles. The present study aims to unveil additional impacts of using argon (Ar), helium (He), and two mixtures thereof as the processing gas on the material properties of a high-strength Al–Cu–Li–Ti alloy fabricated by PBF-LB/M. The part density, microstructure, static tensile properties, and volatile element evaporation were characterized as functions of the processing gas. Decreased porosity levels and increased melt penetration depths were found across a range of processing parameters when increasing the fraction of He in Ar indicating a more stable process and melt pool dynamics. A trend towards increasing yield and ultimate tensile strength was also observed and was attributed to a slightly refined grain size when processing under He-containing gases. The process gas had no significant influence on the evaporation of alloying constituents in the material. Overall, several advantages of using He-containing process gases over pure Ar in PBF-LB/M are demonstrated and discussed.

© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

在使用激光束进行金属粉末床熔化(PBF-LB/M)的过程中,惰性加工气体的作用是防止氧化和去除加工副产物,如金属蒸气和飞溅颗粒。本研究旨在揭示使用氩气(Ar)、氦气(He)及其两种混合物作为加工气体对通过 PBF-LB/M 制造的高强度铝-铜-锂-钛合金材料性能的其他影响。零件密度、微观结构、静态拉伸性能和挥发性元素蒸发的特征是加工气体的函数。当增加氦气在氩气中的比例时,在一系列加工参数中发现孔隙率降低,熔体渗透深度增加,这表明加工过程和熔池动力学更加稳定。此外,还观察到屈服强度和极限拉伸强度呈上升趋势,这归因于在含 He 气体中加工时晶粒尺寸略有细化。加工气体对材料中合金成分的蒸发没有明显影响。总之,在 PBF-LB/M 中使用含 He 的工艺气体比使用纯 Ar 更有优势,本文对此进行了论证和讨论。保留所有权利。
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引用次数: 0
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Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
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