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Safeguards for civil interests in the diplomatic correspondence of Crimean khans (on the base of yarlighs given to monarchs of Russia and Polish-Lithuanian states) 克里米亚可汗外交信函中对公民利益的保障(以给俄罗斯和波兰立陶宛君主的yarlight为基础)
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.2.84-98
R. Pochekaev
The article is an analysis of legal safeguards for civil interests in the foreign policy acts of the Crimean Khanate of 16th–18th cc. The source base for research includes yarlighs sent by khans from Giray dynasty to rulers of Moscow State and Kingdom of Poland-Lithuania. Author paid attention to regulations related to protection of trade between these states and legal safeguards for merchants and their property. Such safeguards includes as general rules of free trade with payment minimal taxes and duties as well as rights of traders to go to law in case of breach of their interests and encroachments on their money, property, etc. Khans pledged themselves to restore their rights by return of unlawful taxes and duties and to call offenders to account although there were high officials. Sometimes regulations in yarlighs concerned personal private interests of khans and sometimes there were decisions on the property of died persons. Some regulations in this field were inherited by Girays from khans of the Golden Horde, but we could suppose that substantial part of such rules could be adopted from reciprocal acts of Russian and Polish-Lithuanian monarchs. At the same time we should not consider that such safeguards were determined by protection of interests of Crimean merchants: in most cases there was care of khans’ treasury and more than one such safeguards were instruments to reach diplomatic and political goals in the relations with Moscow or Krakow.
本文分析了公元16 - 18世纪克里米亚汗国外交政策行为中对公民利益的法律保障,研究的来源基础包括吉拉伊王朝的汗送给莫斯科国和波兰立陶宛王国统治者的衙门。作者关注了这些州之间贸易保护的相关法规以及对商人及其财产的法律保障。这些保障措施包括自由贸易的一般规则,即支付最低限度的税收和关税,以及贸易商在其利益受到侵犯和其金钱、财产等受到侵犯时诉诸法律的权利。汗们发誓要通过归还非法的税收和义务来恢复他们的权利,并将违法者绳之以法,尽管有高级官员。有时,yarlights中的规定涉及可汗的个人私人利益,有时还涉及对死者财产的决定。在这方面的一些规定是由吉拉斯从金帐汗国的可汗那里继承的,但我们可以假设,这些规定的实质性部分可以从俄罗斯和波兰立陶宛君主的相互行为中采用。与此同时,我们不应该认为这些保障措施是由保护克里米亚商人的利益决定的:在大多数情况下,他们照顾可汗的国库,而且不止一种这样的保障措施是在与莫斯科或克拉科夫的关系中实现外交和政治目标的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Crimean Tatar records from Alan Kelly’s catalog 艾伦·凯利唱片目录里的克里米亚鞑靼人唱片
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.1.155-166
Refat A. Izzetov
The article discusses the issues related to emergence of the first gramophone recordings of the Crimean Tatars at the beginning of the XX century. The list of companies that produced gramophone records with the Crimean Tatar songs and music is given. The article provides an English transliteration of the names of the Crimean Tatar records, which were taken from the catalog of the British scientist, discographer, professor of music at Sheffield University Alan Kelly (1928–2015), indicating recording dates and serial numbers. Finally, the biography of Appaz Sandykchi, one of the performers, is partially restored and presented.
本文讨论了与二十世纪初克里米亚鞑靼人的第一批留声机录音出现有关的问题。提供了制作克里米亚鞑靼歌曲和音乐留声机唱片的公司名单。这篇文章提供了克里米亚鞑靼人唱片名称的英文音译,这些唱片取自英国科学家、唱片编纂者、谢菲尔德大学音乐教授艾伦·凯利(Alan Kelly, 1928-2015)的目录,并注明了记录日期和序列号。最后,部分还原并呈现了表演者之一Appaz Sandykchi的传记。
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引用次数: 0
Abdullah ibn Rizvan-Pasha. The Chronicle “Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kiptchak”. Part 4 (end) Abdullah ibn Rizvan-Pasha。纪事报“Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kiptchak”。第4部分(结束)
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.1.167-188
R. Abduzhemilev
The column presents one of the principal narrative sources reflecting the history of the Golden Horde and the Crimean Khanate – the work “Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kiptchak” (“The Chronicle of the Desht-i Kiptchak”, 1638) from under the pen of Abdullah ibn Rizvan. Notwithstanding the presence of works in the scientific literature on this chronicle, they still have a superficial character. The artistic and literary merits of the work have not been fully analyzed. The chronicle is a vivid example of evolution of the Crimean Ottoman traditions of verbal creativity and chronology, which later gave impetus to the emergence of other universal histories. The text of “Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kiptchak” is given in the original transliteration from two manuscripts (National Library of France S 874 and The Library of Topkapı Palace Museum B 289) and in Russian translation (author of transliteration and translation – R.R. Abduzhemilev). The translation is made up of the combined text from two manuscript copies in the book Ananiasz Zajaczkowski “La Chronique des Steppes Kıptchak Tevarih-i Deşt-ı Qıpçaq du XVIIe siècle” (Warszawa 1966).
本专栏介绍了反映金帐汗国和克里米亚汗国历史的主要叙述来源之一-阿卜杜拉·伊本·里兹万(Abdullah ibn Rizvan)笔下的“Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kiptchak”(“The Chronicle of The Desht-i Kiptchak”,1638年)。尽管在科学文献中有关于这个编年史的作品,但它们仍然是肤浅的。这部作品的艺术和文学价值还没有得到充分的分析。编年史是克里米亚奥斯曼帝国语言创造力和编年史传统演变的生动例子,后来推动了其他普遍历史的出现。“Tevarikh-i Desht-i Kiptchak”的文本以两份手稿(法国国家图书馆S 874和托普卡比宫博物馆B 289)的原始音译和俄语翻译(音译和翻译的作者- R.R. Abduzhemilev)提供。该译文是由Ananiasz Zajaczkowski《La Chronique des Steppes Kıptchak Tevarih-i de - yi Qıpçaq du XVIIe si》(华沙1966)一书中两份手稿副本的合并文本组成的。
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引用次数: 0
Situation of Tatars and other Muslim minorities in communist Bulgaria 共产主义保加利亚的鞑靼人和其他穆斯林少数民族的情况
Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.2.20-32
E. K. Seidametov
The article examines the situation of the Tatars and other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria during the communist period. The policy of the state in relation to Muslim minorities after the proclamation of the People`s Republic of Bulgaria and the establishment of socialism in the state according to the Soviet model, when the political, economic and social models of the USSR were imported and introduced without taking into account the national characteristics of Bulgaria, are analyzed. As in the Soviet Union (especially in the early stage of its formation, religion was banned and this applied to all confessions without exception. The Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) made every effort eradicate religious identity and, in particular, Islamic identity. It was planned to replace the religious ideological fragment with a socialist one, and then, on its platform, form and stimulate the development of the national, modernist and Soviet identity of Muslims. Moreover, the emphasis was also placed on improving the way of life and the material situation of the Muslim population, which, according to the Marxist theory of culture, should have contributed to a more effective formation of socialist consciousness. The ruling party saw in the Muslim religious consciousness and rudiments of the Ottoman past, an obstacle on the way of socialist progress and formation of socialist consciousness. Emasculating elements of the religious worldview from the mind of people, the BCP set itself the task of creating a modern, secular, socialist personality. To this end, in 1946–1989 the government implemented a number of economic, educational and cultural establishments.
本文考察了共产主义时期保加利亚鞑靼人和其他穆斯林少数民族的情况。分析了保加利亚人民共和国成立后,国家对穆斯林少数民族的政策,并根据苏联模式在该国建立社会主义,当时苏联的政治、经济和社会模式是在不考虑保加利亚民族特征的情况下引进和引进的。与苏联一样(尤其是在其成立初期),宗教被禁止,这无一例外地适用于所有忏悔。保加利亚共产党(BCP)尽一切努力消除宗教身份,尤其是伊斯兰身份。它计划用社会主义意识形态碎片取代宗教意识形态碎片,然后在其平台上形成并刺激穆斯林民族、现代主义和苏联身份的发展。此外,还强调改善穆斯林人口的生活方式和物质状况,根据马克思主义文化理论,这应该有助于更有效地形成社会主义意识。执政党在奥斯曼帝国的穆斯林宗教意识和萌芽中看到了社会主义进步和社会主义意识形成的障碍。BCP将宗教世界观的元素从人们的脑海中抹去,为自己设定了创造现代、世俗、社会主义人格的任务。为此,1946年至1989年,政府实施了一些经济、教育和文化机构。
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引用次数: 0
Reasons that influenced the closure of the journal «Alem-i nisvan» («Women’s World») (On the 170th anniversary of the birth of Ismail Gasprinsky) 影响《Alem-i nisvan》杂志(《妇女世界》)停刊的原因(纪念伊斯梅尔·加斯普林斯基诞辰170周年)
Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.2.97-114
E. E. Abibullaeva
The article considers two copies of the magazine: the model issue of the magazine “Alem-i Nisvan” (“Women’s World”) for 1905 and the issue for 1906, from the funds of the Bakhchisarai Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Museum-reserve. The reasons for interruptions and closure of the magazine are disclosed in the article. Separate chapters of the journal, translated into Russian, and the transliterated text of the content of the publication for 1905, will allow you to get acquainted with its materials in more detailed way.
这篇文章考虑了该杂志的两份副本:1905年的《Alem-i Nisvan》杂志范本和1906年的《妇女世界》杂志范本,由Bakhchisarai历史、文化和考古博物馆保护区提供资金。文章披露了杂志中断和关闭的原因。该杂志的单独章节,翻译成俄语,以及1905年出版物内容的音译文本,将使您能够更详细地了解其材料。
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引用次数: 0
Publication of Works of the Classic of the Crimean Area Studies is Completed: Collected works of Usein Bodaninsky in 3 volumes (2018–2020) 克里米亚地区研究经典著作出版完成:乌辛·博达尼斯基文集3卷(2018-2020)
Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.2.280-288
V. Bobrovnikov
The reviews is devoted to the three-volume collection of the well-known Crimean Tatar ethnographer and Turkologist, the first director of the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum Usein Bodaninsky, whose works were published by Sh. Mardzhani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan in Kazan and Simferopol in 2018–2020. The first volume, which appeared in 2019, includes different research works published by Bodaninsky from 1917 to the beginning of the 1930s. The second volume (2018) contains unpublished diaries of the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum written by Bodaninsky in 1924–1926, when he was the director of this scientific and cultural institution. The third volume (2020) is divided into three parts. The first of them includes commented written materials, ethnographic and archeological sketches in facsimiles of the expeditions carried out by Bodaninsky in the Crimea in 1925–1928, as well as his notes of the Crimean earthquakes happened in 1927. The second part includes unpublished documentation, annual reports and plans of the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum dated 1922–1929 and the beginning of 1934. The third section contains letters, statements, notes composed by Bodaninsky from 1920 to 1932. The materials published in three volumes should be evaluated as a valuable contribution to the study of the history and ethnography of the Muslim Crimea, archeology and early Soviet museum work among the Crimean Tatars.
这些评论专门介绍了著名的克里米亚鞑靼民族志学家和突厥学家的三卷本藏品,他是巴奇萨莱宫博物馆的首任馆长乌辛·博达尼斯基,他的作品于2018-2020年由喀山和辛菲罗波尔的鞑靼斯坦共和国科学院马尔扎尼历史研究所出版。第一卷于2019年出版,收录了博达尼斯基从1917年到20世纪30年代初发表的不同研究著作。第二卷(2018年)收录了博达尼斯基在1924年至1926年担任该科学文化机构负责人时所写的巴奇沙赖故宫博物院未出版的日记。第三卷(2020年)分为三个部分。其中第一本包括博达尼斯基1925年至1928年在克里米亚进行探险的评论性书面材料、人种学和考古草图,以及他对1927年克里米亚地震的笔记。第二部分包括1922年至1929年和1934年初未发表的文献、巴奇萨赖宫博物馆的年度报告和计划。第三部分是博达尼斯基1920年至1932年创作的书信、陈述、笔记。三卷本出版的材料应被评估为对研究穆斯林克里米亚的历史和民族志、克里米亚鞑靼人的考古学和早期苏联博物馆工作的宝贵贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Unknown works of Crimean Tatar writers of the early XX century 二十世纪早期克里米亚鞑靼作家的未知作品
Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.2.73-82
Ismail A. Kerimov
For more than a hundred years many works of the classics of Crimean Tatar literature of the early XX century have remained inaccessible to their contemporaries. One of such authors is Abdulhakim Aji Arif oglu Khilmiy (1884–1962). The article is devoted to the scientific development of the writer of the period 1914-1917. The sources were both: newspaper and archival materials related to this period. Also involved are the published works of Khilmiy`s contemporaries. As an example, is cited a small work by the author of “Revolutionary excitement” (“Inkilyabiy asabiyetler”), published in 1917 and unknown to modern researches. Transliteration of the text from the Arabic script is accompanied by glossaries of rare Arab-Persian borrowings in the Crimean Tatar language.
一百多年来,许多二十世纪初克里米亚鞑靼文学的经典作品一直是同时代人无法接触到的。其中一位作者是Abdulhakim Aji Arif oglu Khilmiy(1884–1962)。这篇文章是关于这位1914-1917年作家的科学发展的。来源包括:与这一时期有关的报纸和档案材料。同时也涉及到赫尔米同时代出版的作品。例如,引用了《革命的兴奋》(Inkilyabiy-asabiyetler)作者的一部小作品,该作品发表于1917年,现代研究人员对此一无所知。阿拉伯语文本的翻译伴随着克里米亚鞑靼语中罕见的阿拉伯-波斯借词的词汇表。
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引用次数: 0
Mary Holderness. Notes relating to the Manners and Customs of the Crim Tatars (Written during the four years` residence among that people) 玛丽·霍尔德内斯。与克里姆鞑靼人的风俗习惯有关的笔记(写在该人居住的四年期间)
Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.2.257-279
Arzy Yu. Alieva
In her essay “Notes Relating to the Manners and Customs of the Crim Tartars (Written during four years of living among that people)”, the English traveler Mary Holderness describes the peculiarities of the Crimean Tatars’ way of life, their customs and traditions, pays attention to musical instruments , wrestling, children’s games, horse racing. The author has done a certain amount of work to study the natural resource potential of the peninsula, specialization and location of the Crimean agricultural sectors, taking into account the influence of climatic and geographical conditions. Agricultural methods, sheep breeding, the interior of the Crimean Tatar smithy, the work of mills are also presented by the author. The presence of a variety of horticultural crops not only in the region of residence of Holderness, but also on the entire peninsula, a variety of flora and fauna, medicinal plants, and the natural landscape of the peninsula are considered in her work. In conclusion, the author indicates the prices for food, goods and services of that period.
英国旅行家玛丽·霍尔德内斯(Mary Holderness)在她的文章《克里米亚鞑靼人的风俗习惯笔记》(写于她与克里米亚鞑靼人一起生活的四年期间)中,描述了克里米亚鞑靼人的生活方式、习俗和传统的特点,他们注重乐器、摔跤、儿童游戏和赛马。考虑到气候和地理条件的影响,作者做了一定的工作来研究半岛的自然资源潜力、克里米亚农业部门的专业化和位置。作者还介绍了农业方法、羊的饲养、克里米亚鞑靼铁匠的内部情况、磨坊的工作。在她的作品中,不仅在Holderness居住的地区,而且在整个半岛上,各种各样的动植物、药用植物和半岛的自然景观都被考虑在内。最后,作者指出了那个时期的食品、商品和服务的价格。
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引用次数: 0
Clothers of the Crimean Tatars in the early years of Soviet power 苏联执政初期克里米亚鞑靼人的外衣
Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.2.171-178
Aliye T. Kerimova
The article examines the process of Sovietization of the traditional costume of the Crimean Tatars in the 1920s. Researches made by scientists and ethnographers of the studied period confirms the fact of gradual loss of the national identity of the Crimean Tatar traditional costume and transition to the general Soviet type. The factors that influenced this process were: the influence of Russian and European fashion, military conditions, and the general decline of the economy in the country and the famine of the 1920 in the Crimea, the loss of traditional sewing and weaving techniques, the replacement of handmade fabrics with factory fabrics, the use of artificial dyes for dyeing threads. The well-to-do strata of the population and the elderly, in particular, those living in some parts of the foothill and southern coastal parts of the Crimea, were the least susceptible to modern fashion. The national attributes that managed to survive the longest period in the clothes of the Crimean Tatars were headdresses – fes and kalpak. The main features of Soviet clothing were simplicity, efficiency and functionality.
本文考察了20世纪20年代克里米亚鞑靼人传统服饰的苏联化过程。所研究时期的科学家和民族志学家的研究证实了克里米亚鞑靼人传统服饰的民族认同逐渐丧失,并向一般苏联风格过渡的事实。影响这一过程的因素有:俄罗斯和欧洲时尚、军事条件的影响,以及该国经济的普遍衰退和1920年克里米亚的饥荒,传统缝纫和编织技术的丧失,用工厂织物取代手工织物,使用人工染料染线。富裕阶层的人口和老年人,尤其是那些生活在克里米亚山麓和南部沿海地区的人,最不容易受到现代时尚的影响。在克里米亚鞑靼人的服装中,民族特征得以存活最长时间,那就是头饰——fes和kalpak。苏联服装的主要特点是简洁、高效和实用。
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引用次数: 1
Report on the vakuf property of mosques, mesjids and mektebs of the city of Bakhchisarai (From the inventory of the former Mufti Efendi) 关于Bakhchisarai市清真寺、清真寺和清真寺的vakuf财产的报告(来自前Mufti Efendi的库存)
Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.2.211-256
Shukri S. Seytumerov
To readers attention is offered a small fragment from the message of the Mufti of Crimea Musallaf Efendi, which provides brief data of the state of vakuf property of Muslim religious sites for 1785–1786 , prepared by the Qadies (Judges) of 5 kaymakans of the Crimean Khanate: Bakhchisarai, Kezlev, Kefe, Akmesjit and Or-Kapu. The message of Mufti Efendi is presented in Arabic script in the Crimean Tatar language. Part of the message, translated from the Arabic script into Cyrilic alphabet, includes a list of recorded vakuf property belonging at that time to Bakhchisarai: the political and administrative center of the Crimean Khanate. The given information makes it possible to establish the number and names of administrative units of the city–mahalla, the variety and location of the vakuf property, recorded not only within the city limits, but also outside it. The message also contains data on the funds, allocated to the minister of the city`s Muslim religious buildings.
为了引起读者的注意,我们提供了克里米亚穆夫提的一小段信息,其中提供了1785年至1786年穆斯林宗教场所瓦库夫财产状况的简要数据,由克里米亚汗国5个卡伊马坎人的卡迪斯(法官)编写:巴奇萨莱、凯兹列夫、凯夫、阿克梅斯吉特和奥尔·卡普。Mufti Efendi的信息是用克里米亚鞑靼语的阿拉伯语书写的。该信息的一部分从阿拉伯语翻译成西里尔字母,其中包括一份记录在案的瓦库夫财产清单,这些财产当时属于克里米亚汗国的政治和行政中心巴奇萨赖。所提供的信息可以确定该市行政单位的数量和名称——马哈拉,瓦库夫财产的种类和位置,不仅记录在城市范围内,也记录在城市之外。该信息还包含分配给该市穆斯林宗教建筑部长的资金数据。
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引用次数: 0
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Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie
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