Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.261-268
V. Maiko
The review considered the next IV Volume of a multi-volume publication: A Code of monuments of history, architecture and culture of the Crimean Tatars, prepared jointly by the Crimean Scientific Center of Sh. Marjani Institute of history of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Department of History of Fevzi Yakubov “Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University” and the State Hermitage with the involvement of specialists studying the history and archeology of Solkhat. This volume is entirely devoted to the monuments of history, archeology and architecture of Solkhat – Stary Krym and its district of the second half of the XIII-XIX centuries. For the first time in Russian historiography, the most complete list of cultural heritage objects has been collected. All archaeological works were carried out in Solkhat and its district from the second half of the 1920s and up to today. Previously unpublished photographs and drawings are given in the volume. This publication is rightly considered a new stage in the study of this unique historical place of the Crimea.
{"title":"A new stage in the study of the medieval Solkhat and its districts (Review of the Book: A Code of Monuments of History, Architecture and Culture of the Crimean Tatars. Volume IV. Old Crimea)","authors":"V. Maiko","doi":"10.22378/kio.2021.1.261-268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/kio.2021.1.261-268","url":null,"abstract":"The review considered the next IV Volume of a multi-volume publication: A Code of monuments of history, architecture and culture of the Crimean Tatars, prepared jointly by the Crimean Scientific Center of Sh. Marjani Institute of history of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Department of History of Fevzi Yakubov “Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University” and the State Hermitage with the involvement of specialists studying the history and archeology of Solkhat. This volume is entirely devoted to the monuments of history, archeology and architecture of Solkhat – Stary Krym and its district of the second half of the XIII-XIX centuries. For the first time in Russian historiography, the most complete list of cultural heritage objects has been collected. All archaeological works were carried out in Solkhat and its district from the second half of the 1920s and up to today. Previously unpublished photographs and drawings are given in the volume. This publication is rightly considered a new stage in the study of this unique historical place of the Crimea.","PeriodicalId":34588,"journal":{"name":"Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41980638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.51-82
D. D. Paşaoğlu
The tribal aristocracy in The Golden Horde Khanate and its successors, shaped by the steppe culture, developed with the elements inherited from the ancient heritage of geography. Since the Asian Hun State, the legacy of four numbers, which has come to the forefront in political, military and social life, has found its place in the name of the Four Beys System / Four Karaçu Beys. The four beys system has become one of the essential elements of the administration in addition to the Khanate position in the Crimean Khanate. The beginning of this system is based on the 4000 soldiers given to Cuçi in the land and tribal division made by Genghis Khan to his sons and the Kıyat, Seycut, Kinhit and Hüşin tribes to which they belong. Although the Mongolian tribes, which were a few in number in the ancient Turkish homeland of Cumania, they tried to keep the rule under the leadership of the Kıyat, and lost their authority after the silence of the Ak Orda (White Horde) dynasty. With the leadership that changed hands between the Mangit and the Sirins, the intertribal balance of power was transferred to the Sirin, Barın, Argin, Kipchak and Mangit tribes under the leadership of the Sirins, who played an active role in the establishment of the Crimean Khanate. The Tribes played an active role in both, internal and external affairs of the Crimean Khanate under the chief Karaçu of the Sirin tribe. After the Crimean Khanate came under the Ottoman protection, the Karachu beys, on the one hand, became the assurance of the Genghisids to hold the throne, on the other hand, they became the control element of power of the Genghisids. The Karachu beys’ keeping the interests of their tribes above everything, has turned the relations in the north of the Black Sea into a slippery ground where the balances were constantly changing.
{"title":"Heritage Inherited from Steppe Culture and Golden Horde Khanate: Tribal Aristocracy and Karachu Beys in the Crimean Khanate","authors":"D. D. Paşaoğlu","doi":"10.22378/kio.2021.1.51-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/kio.2021.1.51-82","url":null,"abstract":"The tribal aristocracy in The Golden Horde Khanate and its successors, shaped by the steppe culture, developed with the elements inherited from the ancient heritage of geography. Since the Asian Hun State, the legacy of four numbers, which has come to the forefront in political, military and social life, has found its place in the name of the Four Beys System / Four Karaçu Beys. The four beys system has become one of the essential elements of the administration in addition to the Khanate position in the Crimean Khanate. The beginning of this system is based on the 4000 soldiers given to Cuçi in the land and tribal division made by Genghis Khan to his sons and the Kıyat, Seycut, Kinhit and Hüşin tribes to which they belong. Although the Mongolian tribes, which were a few in number in the ancient Turkish homeland of Cumania, they tried to keep the rule under the leadership of the Kıyat, and lost their authority after the silence of the Ak Orda (White Horde) dynasty. With the leadership that changed hands between the Mangit and the Sirins, the intertribal balance of power was transferred to the Sirin, Barın, Argin, Kipchak and Mangit tribes under the leadership of the Sirins, who played an active role in the establishment of the Crimean Khanate. The Tribes played an active role in both, internal and external affairs of the Crimean Khanate under the chief Karaçu of the Sirin tribe. After the Crimean Khanate came under the Ottoman protection, the Karachu beys, on the one hand, became the assurance of the Genghisids to hold the throne, on the other hand, they became the control element of power of the Genghisids. The Karachu beys’ keeping the interests of their tribes above everything, has turned the relations in the north of the Black Sea into a slippery ground where the balances were constantly changing.","PeriodicalId":34588,"journal":{"name":"Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48762637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.188-198
S. Seitmemetova
Based on the materials of the newspaper “Terzhiman” and books with gift inscriptions stored in the funds of the Bakhchisarai historical, cultural and archaeological museum-preserve, the closest circle of Turkestan acquaintances, like-minded people and associates of the famous all-Turkic educator, editor, and publisher Ismail Bey Gasprinsky (1851–1914) is considered. The article reveals the role of the educator in the formation of the national periodical press, new-fashioned educational literature and the dissemination of the Jadid education system in the territory of Turkestan. Through the editorial notes of the newspaper “Terzhiman”, books and periodicals lost from the personal collection of I. Gasprinsky were identified. His personal and creative contacts with prominent Turkestan teachers, publishers and public figures are considered, such as: M. Behbudi, K. Khalidi, A. Shakuri, A. Avloni, M. Kary, etc.
{"title":"Turkestan educators and Ismail Gasprinsky (Based on the materials of the Bakhchisarai Museum-Reserve and the newspaper «Terdzhiman»)","authors":"S. Seitmemetova","doi":"10.22378/kio.2021.1.188-198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/kio.2021.1.188-198","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the materials of the newspaper “Terzhiman” and books with gift inscriptions stored in the funds of the Bakhchisarai historical, cultural and archaeological museum-preserve, the closest circle of Turkestan acquaintances, like-minded people and associates of the famous all-Turkic educator, editor, and publisher Ismail Bey Gasprinsky (1851–1914) is considered. The article reveals the role of the educator in the formation of the national periodical press, new-fashioned educational literature and the dissemination of the Jadid education system in the territory of Turkestan. Through the editorial notes of the newspaper “Terzhiman”, books and periodicals lost from the personal collection of I. Gasprinsky were identified. His personal and creative contacts with prominent Turkestan teachers, publishers and public figures are considered, such as: M. Behbudi, K. Khalidi, A. Shakuri, A. Avloni, M. Kary, etc.","PeriodicalId":34588,"journal":{"name":"Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48860386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.228-237
Leylya S. Seytkhalilova, Arzy Yu. Alieva
The given article analyzes the material contained in the essay of the English traveler Mary Holderness “Notes relating to the Manners and Customs of the Crim Tartars” as a part of work published in London in 1823 based on the results of her travels across the Russian Federation. In 1816, Mary Holderness made a trip to the Crimea, where for four years until 1820 she lived in the village of Karagoss in the Crimea.
本文分析了英国旅行家玛丽·霍尔德内斯(Mary Holderness) 1823年在伦敦发表的一篇文章《与克里米亚鞑靼人的风俗习惯有关的笔记》(Notes to The Manners and Customs of The Crim Tartars)中所包含的材料，这篇文章是基于她在俄罗斯联邦旅行的结果。1816年，玛丽·霍尔德内斯去了克里米亚，在那里她住了四年，直到1820年。
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Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.238-260
Arzy Yu. Alieva
This translation is based on the work “Notes Relating to the Manners and Customs of the Crim Tartars…” by the English traveler Mary Holderness. This work was published in London in 1821. It contains detailed information about the way of life of the Crimean Tatars, among whom Mary Holderness lived for four years in the village of Karagoz (Karagoss, at present the village of Pervomayskoye, Kirovsky district of the Crimea) since 1816 to 1820. The work is based on the author’s personal testimonies about the conduct of marriage, funeral and many other ceremonies of the Crimean Tatars: their customs, traditions, methods of housekeeping and education, especially intra-family relations. In her notes, Mary Holderness describes the development of women’s handicrafts and leather production. The author notes that all the Crimean footwear production was made in Bakhchisarai and Karasubazar, and subsequently sent to other Crimean cities. The author provides information on the development of sheep breeding among the Crimean Tatars. Lamb skins, after appropriate processing, were highly valued and exported to Moscow. Jewelry production was also well developed. Various jewelry decorations were made by them: jewelry made of silver, glass, brass, lead, as well as gold with colored stones. The significance of work lies in the fact that it provided the modern reader with the opportunity to get acquainted with the way of life and customs of the Crimean Tatars of the period described. An abundance of background information: food prices, Russian equivalents of British measures, indication of the distance between settlements make it possible to assess the standard of living of the Crimean Tatar people in the period under review.
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Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.8-20
G. Kondratjuk
The article analyzes the relationship between the measures of the new economic policy and social processes in the Crimean ASSR. The NEP of 1920 was supposed not only to destroy economy, but also to form a national proletariat in the republic. The Crimean Tatars were supposed to become a social base for supporting the transformations of the Bolshevics. In the Crimean cities, unlike the industrial regions of the RSFSR, there was no proletariat. NEP formed it. Despite of the beginning of the industrialization policy, a radical change in the methods of economic regulation, this task was embodied in the 1990s as well.
{"title":"Crimean Tatars in the socio-economic processes in the Crimean ASSR (20–30 years of the XX century)","authors":"G. Kondratjuk","doi":"10.22378/kio.2021.1.8-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/kio.2021.1.8-20","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the relationship between the measures of the new economic policy and social processes in the Crimean ASSR. The NEP of 1920 was supposed not only to destroy economy, but also to form a national proletariat in the republic. The Crimean Tatars were supposed to become a social base for supporting the transformations of the Bolshevics. In the Crimean cities, unlike the industrial regions of the RSFSR, there was no proletariat. NEP formed it. Despite of the beginning of the industrialization policy, a radical change in the methods of economic regulation, this task was embodied in the 1990s as well.","PeriodicalId":34588,"journal":{"name":"Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44800087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.95-117
M. E. Shalak
This article is devoted to the analysis of the historical work of the famous Ottoman scholar Muhammad Nidai Kaisuni-zade, well known as Remmal Khodja, his work “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan”, which was written in the middle of the XVI century. This source, is dedicated to the history of the reign of Khan Sahib Giray (1532–1551), it will be studied here for the purpose of revealing information on the historical geography of the Crimean Khanate and adjacent territories. The beginning of this analysis was published in № 2, 2018 of this journal. In his chronicle Remmal Khodja describes nine military campaigns of Sahib Giray. He describes in details the routes of movement of the Tatar troops, gives the places of crossings and location sites of the troops. Very valuable are the characteristics given by the court historian to the opponents of the khan and descriptions of the terrain on which the fighting was conducted. From the above I mentioned information, it may seem, that Remmal Khodja described the events as if he was its direct witness. In all the military campaigns of Sahib Giray, described by Remmal Khodja, can be traced four directions of those campaigns. To the west – to Moldavia, to the north – to Russia and Lithuania, to the east – to the Astrakhan Khanate, and south-east – to the Caucasus. Of all the directions, the North Caucasus region is described in more detailed way in the source, since Sahib Giray made four campaigns to this territory. The revealed information gives us the chance to clarify the boundaries of the Crimean Khanate, the lands that were in its vassal dependence, the location of sites and fortresses, as well as the areas of residence of some North Caucasian tribes. The only publication of “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan” was implemented in 1973 by O. Gökbilgin. The scientist published a Chronicle in the modern Turkish transcription, providing it with a French translation.
{"title":"Historical and geographical analysis of the Cronicle of Remmal Khodja “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan”","authors":"M. E. Shalak","doi":"10.22378/kio.2021.1.95-117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/kio.2021.1.95-117","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the analysis of the historical work of the famous Ottoman scholar Muhammad Nidai Kaisuni-zade, well known as Remmal Khodja, his work “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan”, which was written in the middle of the XVI century. This source, is dedicated to the history of the reign of Khan Sahib Giray (1532–1551), it will be studied here for the purpose of revealing information on the historical geography of the Crimean Khanate and adjacent territories. The beginning of this analysis was published in № 2, 2018 of this journal. In his chronicle Remmal Khodja describes nine military campaigns of Sahib Giray. He describes in details the routes of movement of the Tatar troops, gives the places of crossings and location sites of the troops. Very valuable are the characteristics given by the court historian to the opponents of the khan and descriptions of the terrain on which the fighting was conducted. From the above I mentioned information, it may seem, that Remmal Khodja described the events as if he was its direct witness. In all the military campaigns of Sahib Giray, described by Remmal Khodja, can be traced four directions of those campaigns. To the west – to Moldavia, to the north – to Russia and Lithuania, to the east – to the Astrakhan Khanate, and south-east – to the Caucasus. Of all the directions, the North Caucasus region is described in more detailed way in the source, since Sahib Giray made four campaigns to this territory. The revealed information gives us the chance to clarify the boundaries of the Crimean Khanate, the lands that were in its vassal dependence, the location of sites and fortresses, as well as the areas of residence of some North Caucasian tribes. The only publication of “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan” was implemented in 1973 by O. Gökbilgin. The scientist published a Chronicle in the modern Turkish transcription, providing it with a French translation.","PeriodicalId":34588,"journal":{"name":"Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48169674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.154-187
A. Nepomnyashchiy
This article presents the biography of the prominent ascetic of the study of the oriental monuments of the Crimea Osman Akchokrakly (1879–1938), compiled on the basis of documents from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the epistolary heritage of the Crimean scholars. The author restored contacts of this scientist with A. Bertier de la Garde and V. Smirnov –they are prominent figures of the historical Crimean studies. The study contains the complete texts of unique documents – «Curriculum vitae» by O. Akchokrakly, which was presented when joining the university, and a letter of recommendation from Professor Bekir Choban-zade. The role of the researcher in the large-scale scientific expedition in Solkhat (Stary Krym) held in 1925-1926 is also noted. Finally, participation of O. Akchokrakly in the work of the Tauride Society of History, Archeology and Ethnography, All-Union Conferences of Archaeologists of the USSR, All-Union and All-Ukrainian Scientific Associations of Orientalists is revealed.
本文介绍了研究克里米亚东方纪念碑的著名禁欲主义者奥斯曼·阿克乔克拉克利（1879–1938）的传记，该传记是根据俄罗斯联邦国家档案馆的文件和克里米亚学者的书信遗产编撰的。作者恢复了这位科学家与A.Bertier de la Garde和V.Smirnov的联系——他们是克里米亚历史研究的杰出人物。该研究包含了O.Akchokrakly在加入大学时提交的独特文件的完整文本——《简历》，以及Bekir Choban zade教授的推荐信。研究人员在1925-1926年索尔哈特（Stary Krym）举行的大规模科学考察中的作用也得到了注意。最后，O.Akchokrakly参与了陶里德历史、考古和民族志学会、苏联所有联盟考古学家会议、所有联盟和所有乌克兰东方学家科学协会的工作。
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22378/KIO.2020.1.136-150
Ismail A. Kerimov
One of the most respected journals in the Crimean Tatar language, in 1930s was “Emel” (“Aspiration”), which was published in Pazarchik (Romania) from the 1st of January of 1930s up to the 1940s. “Emel“ was arabographic up to the end of the 1930s, and only the last issues were published in Latin. Totally there were published 154 issues. The style of the journal in logotype was shown like this: “Scientific, literary, public and economical journal. Published once in 15 days”. Chief editor of the journal was popular Crimean Tatar writer, publicist and public figure Mistergip Fazil (Ulkusal). Different problems of the language, literature, culture and public life were highlighted regularly and published in the journal. At the same time there were given critical articles, reviews on the results of the scientific conferences of 1927, 1929, 1934 and discussions of Crimean Tatar literary language materials. A very big amount of literary material was published and discussed there: fiction literature, poetry, drama. Lots of articles were devoted to Stalin` s policy in the USSR. Real reasons of repressions against kulaks (wealthy citizens of the USSR) were presented and analyzed, severe repressions against Crimean Tatar specialists: scholars, writers and teachers of the Crimea were highlighted on the pages of the journal. The given article also analyzes the content of the journal connected with the Crimean Tatar diaspora in Romania. The attribution of some pseudonyms and abbreviations are given as well.
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.22378/KIO.2020.1.225-240
V. V. Penskoy
A study “The Army of the Crimean Khanate” of a young Crimean historian A. A. Sheykhumerov was published last year. It is devoted to the Crimean Khanate’s warfare in Modern Times (XV–XVIII centuries). The purpose of work, chosen by the author, is not clearly related to the number of popular and actively developed by domestic historical science topics. As the basic topic of research the historian took this problematic method and concentrated on analyzing key stories from the history of the Crimean warfare development in the New Times. This book in modern Russian historiography is the first essay on warfare of the Crimean Tatars. It allows us to have a holistic view of its main features and characteristics. The review gives a brief description of the structure and content of work and makes notes of some disputable points in the author’s concept and interpretations of individual moments in the history of the Crimean warfare evolution.
去年，年轻的克里米亚历史学家A·A·谢库穆罗夫(A. A. Sheykhumerov)发表了一篇研究报告《克里米亚汗国的军队》(The Army of The Crimean Khanate)。它致力于克里米亚汗国在现代(15 - 18世纪)的战争。作者选择的工作目的，与国内流行和积极发展的历史科学课题的数量没有明显的关系。作为研究的基本主题，历史学家采取了这种有问题的方法，集中分析了新时期克里米亚战争发展史上的关键故事。在现代俄罗斯史学中，这本书是关于克里米亚鞑靼人战争的第一篇论文。它使我们对它的主要特征和特点有一个整体的看法。本文简要介绍了作品的结构和内容，并指出了作者对克里米亚战争演变历史中个别时刻的概念和解释中的一些争议点。
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