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A new stage in the study of the medieval Solkhat and its districts (Review of the Book: A Code of Monuments of History, Architecture and Culture of the Crimean Tatars. Volume IV. Old Crimea) 中世纪索尔哈特及其地区研究的新阶段(书评:克里米亚鞑靼人历史、建筑和文化古迹法典)。第四卷:旧克里米亚)
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.261-268
V. Maiko
The review considered the next IV Volume of a multi-volume publication: A Code of monuments of history, architecture and culture of the Crimean Tatars, prepared jointly by the Crimean Scientific Center of Sh. Marjani Institute of history of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Department of History of Fevzi Yakubov “Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University” and the State Hermitage with the involvement of specialists studying the history and archeology of Solkhat. This volume is entirely devoted to the monuments of history, archeology and architecture of Solkhat – Stary Krym and its district of the second half of the XIII-XIX centuries. For the first time in Russian historiography, the most complete list of cultural heritage objects has been collected. All archaeological works were carried out in Solkhat and its district from the second half of the 1920s and up to today. Previously unpublished photographs and drawings are given in the volume. This publication is rightly considered a new stage in the study of this unique historical place of the Crimea.
审查审议了多卷出版物的下一卷第四卷:克里米亚鞑靼人历史、建筑和文化古迹法典,该法典由鞑靼斯坦共和国科学院Sh. Marjani历史研究所克里米亚科学中心、“克里米亚工程和教育大学”Fevzi Yakubov历史系和国家冬宫联合编写,研究索尔哈特历史和考古的专家参与。本卷完全致力于历史古迹,考古和索尔哈特的建筑-故事克里姆及其地区的第二半十三至十九世纪。这是俄罗斯历史上第一次收集到最完整的文化遗产清单。从20世纪20年代下半叶到今天,所有的考古工作都在索尔哈特及其地区进行。以前未发表的照片和图纸是在卷。该出版物被正确地认为是研究克里米亚这一独特历史地点的新阶段。
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引用次数: 0
Heritage Inherited from Steppe Culture and Golden Horde Khanate: Tribal Aristocracy and Karachu Beys in the Crimean Khanate 草原文化与金帐汗国的传承——克里米亚汗国的部落贵族与喀喇昆仑
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.51-82
D. D. Paşaoğlu
The tribal aristocracy in The Golden Horde Khanate and its successors, shaped by the steppe culture, developed with the elements inherited from the ancient heritage of geography. Since the Asian Hun State, the legacy of four numbers, which has come to the forefront in political, military and social life, has found its place in the name of the Four Beys System / Four Karaçu Beys. The four beys system has become one of the essential elements of the administration in addition to the Khanate position in the Crimean Khanate. The beginning of this system is based on the 4000 soldiers given to Cuçi in the land and tribal division made by Genghis Khan to his sons and the Kıyat, Seycut, Kinhit and Hüşin tribes to which they belong. Although the Mongolian tribes, which were a few in number in the ancient Turkish homeland of Cumania, they tried to keep the rule under the leadership of the Kıyat, and lost their authority after the silence of the Ak Orda (White Horde) dynasty. With the leadership that changed hands between the Mangit and the Sirins, the intertribal balance of power was transferred to the Sirin, Barın, Argin, Kipchak and Mangit tribes under the leadership of the Sirins, who played an active role in the establishment of the Crimean Khanate. The Tribes played an active role in both, internal and external affairs of the Crimean Khanate under the chief Karaçu of the Sirin tribe. After the Crimean Khanate came under the Ottoman protection, the Karachu beys, on the one hand, became the assurance of the Genghisids to hold the throne, on the other hand, they became the control element of power of the Genghisids. The Karachu beys’ keeping the interests of their tribes above everything, has turned the relations in the north of the Black Sea into a slippery ground where the balances were constantly changing.
金帐汗国的部落贵族及其继承者,在草原文化的影响下,继承了古代地理遗产。自亚洲匈奴国以来,在政治、军事和社会生活中处于最前列的四个数字的遗产以四贝贝制度/四卡拉帕鲁贝贝的名义找到了自己的位置。在克里米亚汗国,除了汗国地位之外,四贝制度已经成为行政管理的基本要素之一。这一制度的开始是基于成吉思汗给他的儿子和他们所属的Kıyat、Seycut、Kinhit和h 部落的土地和部落划分的4000名士兵。蒙古部落虽然在古土耳其人的故乡库马尼亚为数不多,但他们试图在Kıyat的领导下保持统治,但在Ak Orda(白部落)王朝的沉默之后,他们失去了权威。随着芒吉特族和西林族领导权的易手,部落间的权力平衡转移到西林族领导下的西林族、Barın、阿尔金族、基普恰克族和芒吉特族,他们在克里米亚汗国的建立中发挥了积极作用。在西林部落首领卡拉帕茹的领导下,各部落在克里米亚汗国的内政和外交事务中都发挥了积极作用。在克里米亚汗国受到奥斯曼帝国的保护后,卡拉丘贝一方面成为成吉思人保持王位的保证,另一方面成为成吉思人权力的控制要素。卡拉丘人将部落的利益置于一切之上,这使得黑海北部的关系变得滑溜溜,平衡不断变化。
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引用次数: 0
Turkestan educators and Ismail Gasprinsky (Based on the materials of the Bakhchisarai Museum-Reserve and the newspaper «Terdzhiman») 突厥斯坦教育工作者和伊斯梅尔·加斯普林斯基(根据Bakhchisarai博物馆保护区和报纸《Terdzhiman》的材料)
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.188-198
S. Seitmemetova
Based on the materials of the newspaper “Terzhiman” and books with gift inscriptions stored in the funds of the Bakhchisarai historical, cultural and archaeological museum-preserve, the closest circle of Turkestan acquaintances, like-minded people and associates of the famous all-Turkic educator, editor, and publisher Ismail Bey Gasprinsky (1851–1914) is considered. The article reveals the role of the educator in the formation of the national periodical press, new-fashioned educational literature and the dissemination of the Jadid education system in the territory of Turkestan. Through the editorial notes of the newspaper “Terzhiman”, books and periodicals lost from the personal collection of I. Gasprinsky were identified. His personal and creative contacts with prominent Turkestan teachers, publishers and public figures are considered, such as: M. Behbudi, K. Khalidi, A. Shakuri, A. Avloni, M. Kary, etc.
根据报纸《Terzhiman》的材料和Bakhchisarai历史、文化和考古博物馆保护区资金中储存的带有礼品铭文的书籍,考虑了著名的全突厥教育家、编辑和出版商伊斯梅尔·贝伊·加斯普林斯基(1851–1914)的突厥斯坦熟人、志同道合的人和同事的最亲密圈子。本文揭示了教育家在突厥斯坦地区国家期刊出版社的形成、新式教育文学和贾德教育体系的传播中的作用。通过《捷尔日曼报》的编辑笔记,对I·加斯普林斯基个人收藏的遗失书刊进行了鉴定。考虑到他与突厥斯坦著名教师、出版商和公众人物的个人和创造性联系,如:M.Behbudi、K.Khalidi、A.Shakuri、A.Avloni、M.Kary等。
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引用次数: 0
Crimea and the Crimean Tatars of the early XX century through the eyes of the English traveler Mary Holderness 二十世纪初的克里米亚和克里米亚鞑靼人通过英国旅行家玛丽·霍尔德尼斯的眼睛
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.228-237
Leylya S. Seytkhalilova, Arzy Yu. Alieva
The given article analyzes the material contained in the essay of the English traveler Mary Holderness “Notes relating to the Manners and Customs of the Crim Tartars” as a part of work published in London in 1823 based on the results of her travels across the Russian Federation. In 1816, Mary Holderness made a trip to the Crimea, where for four years until 1820 she lived in the village of Karagoss in the Crimea.
本文分析了英国旅行家玛丽·霍尔德内斯(Mary Holderness) 1823年在伦敦发表的一篇文章《与克里米亚鞑靼人的风俗习惯有关的笔记》(Notes to The Manners and Customs of The Crim Tartars)中所包含的材料,这篇文章是基于她在俄罗斯联邦旅行的结果。1816年,玛丽·霍尔德内斯去了克里米亚,在那里她住了四年,直到1820年。
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引用次数: 0
Mary Holderness. Notes relating to the Manners and Customs of the Crim Tatars. Written during the four years` residence among that people 玛丽·霍尔德内斯。关于克里姆鞑靼人的风俗习惯的注释。在那些人中间居住的四年里写的
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.238-260
Arzy Yu. Alieva
This translation is based on the work “Notes Relating to the Manners and Customs of the Crim Tartars…” by the English traveler Mary Holderness. This work was published in London in 1821. It contains detailed information about the way of life of the Crimean Tatars, among whom Mary Holderness lived for four years in the village of Karagoz (Karagoss, at present the village of Pervomayskoye, Kirovsky district of the Crimea) since 1816 to 1820. The work is based on the author’s personal testimonies about the conduct of marriage, funeral and many other ceremonies of the Crimean Tatars: their customs, traditions, methods of housekeeping and education, especially intra-family relations. In her notes, Mary Holderness describes the development of women’s handicrafts and leather production. The author notes that all the Crimean footwear production was made in Bakhchisarai and Karasubazar, and subsequently sent to other Crimean cities. The author provides information on the development of sheep breeding among the Crimean Tatars. Lamb skins, after appropriate processing, were highly valued and exported to Moscow. Jewelry production was also well developed. Various jewelry decorations were made by them: jewelry made of silver, glass, brass, lead, as well as gold with colored stones. The significance of work lies in the fact that it provided the modern reader with the opportunity to get acquainted with the way of life and customs of the Crimean Tatars of the period described. An abundance of background information: food prices, Russian equivalents of British measures, indication of the distance between settlements make it possible to assess the standard of living of the Crimean Tatar people in the period under review.
本译本基于英国旅行家玛丽·霍尔德内斯的作品《与克里姆鞑靼人的风俗习惯有关的笔记》。这部作品于1821年在伦敦出版。它包含了关于克里米亚鞑靼人生活方式的详细信息,其中玛丽·霍尔德内斯自1816年至1820年在卡拉戈兹村(卡拉戈斯,目前是克里米亚基洛夫斯基区的佩尔沃迈斯科耶村)生活了四年。这部作品基于作者对克里米亚鞑靼人的婚姻、葬礼和许多其他仪式的个人证词:他们的习俗、传统、家务和教育方法,特别是家庭内部关系。Mary Holderness在她的笔记中描述了妇女手工艺品和皮革生产的发展。提交人指出,克里米亚的所有鞋类生产都是在巴奇萨赖和卡拉苏巴扎尔生产的,随后被送往克里米亚的其他城市。作者提供了克里米亚鞑靼人绵羊养殖发展的信息。经过适当加工后的羊皮受到高度重视,并出口到莫斯科。珠宝生产也得到了很好的发展。他们制作了各种各样的珠宝装饰:由银、玻璃、黄铜、铅制成的珠宝,以及带有彩色石头的黄金。作品的意义在于,它为现代读者提供了一个机会,让他们了解所描述时期克里米亚鞑靼人的生活方式和习俗。丰富的背景信息:食品价格、与英国措施相当的俄罗斯措施、定居点之间距离的指示,使评估本报告所述期间克里米亚鞑靼人的生活水平成为可能。
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引用次数: 0
Crimean Tatars in the socio-economic processes in the Crimean ASSR (20–30 years of the XX century) 克里米亚鞑靼人在克里米亚ASSR的社会经济进程(20世纪20-30年)
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.8-20
G. Kondratjuk
The article analyzes the relationship between the measures of the new economic policy and social processes in the Crimean ASSR. The NEP of 1920 was supposed not only to destroy economy, but also to form a national proletariat in the republic. The Crimean Tatars were supposed to become a social base for supporting the transformations of the Bolshevics. In the Crimean cities, unlike the industrial regions of the RSFSR, there was no proletariat. NEP formed it. Despite of the beginning of the industrialization policy, a radical change in the methods of economic regulation, this task was embodied in the 1990s as well.
本文分析了克里米亚自治区新经济政策措施与社会进程之间的关系。1920年的《新经济政策》不仅要摧毁经济,还要在共和国建立一个民族无产阶级。克里米亚鞑靼人本应成为支持布尔什维克变革的社会基础。与俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国的工业区不同,克里米亚城市没有无产阶级。尽管工业化政策开始,经济调控方法发生了根本性的变化,但这一任务在20世纪90年代也得到了体现。
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引用次数: 0
Historical and geographical analysis of the Cronicle of Remmal Khodja “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan” Remmal Khodja“Tarih-i-Sahib Giray Khan”王冠的历史地理分析
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.95-117
M. E. Shalak
This article is devoted to the analysis of the historical work of the famous Ottoman scholar Muhammad Nidai Kaisuni-zade, well known as Remmal Khodja, his work “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan”, which was written in the middle of the XVI century. This source, is dedicated to the history of the reign of Khan Sahib Giray (1532–1551), it will be studied here for the purpose of revealing information on the historical geography of the Crimean Khanate and adjacent territories. The beginning of this analysis was published in № 2, 2018 of this journal. In his chronicle Remmal Khodja describes nine military campaigns of Sahib Giray. He describes in details the routes of movement of the Tatar troops, gives the places of crossings and location sites of the troops. Very valuable are the characteristics given by the court historian to the opponents of the khan and descriptions of the terrain on which the fighting was conducted. From the above I mentioned information, it may seem, that Remmal Khodja described the events as if he was its direct witness. In all the military campaigns of Sahib Giray, described by Remmal Khodja, can be traced four directions of those campaigns. To the west – to Moldavia, to the north – to Russia and Lithuania, to the east – to the Astrakhan Khanate, and south-east – to the Caucasus. Of all the directions, the North Caucasus region is described in more detailed way in the source, since Sahib Giray made four campaigns to this territory. The revealed information gives us the chance to clarify the boundaries of the Crimean Khanate, the lands that were in its vassal dependence, the location of sites and fortresses, as well as the areas of residence of some North Caucasian tribes. The only publication of “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan” was implemented in 1973 by O. Gökbilgin. The scientist published a Chronicle in the modern Turkish transcription, providing it with a French translation.
本文分析了奥斯曼帝国著名学者穆罕默德·尼代·凯苏尼扎德(Muhammad Nidai Kaisuni-zade,又名Remmal Khodja)十六世纪中叶的历史著作《塔里赫·伊·萨希布·吉雷汗》。该资料来源于Khan Sahib Giray(1532–1551)统治时期的历史,将在这里进行研究,以揭示克里米亚汗国及其邻近领土的历史地理信息。该分析的开头发表在№ 2018年2月2日。Remmal Khodja在他的编年史中描述了Sahib Giray的九次军事战役。他详细描述了鞑靼军队的行动路线,给出了部队的过境点和地点。宫廷历史学家向可汗的对手提供的特征以及对战斗地形的描述非常有价值。从我提到的上述信息来看,Remmal Khodja描述这些事件时,似乎他是事件的直接目击者。在Remmal Khodja所描述的Sahib Giray的所有军事战役中,可以追溯到这些战役的四个方向。西面是摩尔达维亚,北面是俄罗斯和立陶宛,东面是阿斯特拉罕汗国,东南面是高加索。在所有方向中,北高加索地区在资料来源中有更详细的描述,因为萨希布·吉雷对该地区进行了四次战役。披露的信息使我们有机会澄清克里米亚汗国的边界、其附属的土地、遗址和堡垒的位置,以及一些北高加索部落的居住区。“Tarih-iSahib Giray Khan”的唯一出版物于1973年由O.Gökbilgin出版。这位科学家出版了一本现代土耳其语的编年史,并提供了法语翻译。
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引用次数: 0
Osman Akchokrakly: unknown biography pages Osman Akchokrakly:未知的传记页面
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2021.1.154-187
A. Nepomnyashchiy
This article presents the biography of the prominent ascetic of the study of the oriental monuments of the Crimea Osman Akchokrakly (1879–1938), compiled on the basis of documents from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the epistolary heritage of the Crimean scholars. The author restored contacts of this scientist with A. Bertier de la Garde and V. Smirnov –they are prominent figures of the historical Crimean studies. The study contains the complete texts of unique documents – «Curriculum vitae» by O. Akchokrakly, which was presented when joining the university, and a letter of recommendation from Professor Bekir Choban-zade. The role of the researcher in the large-scale scientific expedition in Solkhat (Stary Krym) held in 1925-1926 is also noted. Finally, participation of O. Akchokrakly in the work of the Tauride Society of History, Archeology and Ethnography, All-Union Conferences of Archaeologists of the USSR, All-Union and All-Ukrainian Scientific Associations of Orientalists is revealed.
本文介绍了研究克里米亚东方纪念碑的著名禁欲主义者奥斯曼·阿克乔克拉克利(1879–1938)的传记,该传记是根据俄罗斯联邦国家档案馆的文件和克里米亚学者的书信遗产编撰的。作者恢复了这位科学家与A.Bertier de la Garde和V.Smirnov的联系——他们是克里米亚历史研究的杰出人物。该研究包含了O.Akchokrakly在加入大学时提交的独特文件的完整文本——《简历》,以及Bekir Choban zade教授的推荐信。研究人员在1925-1926年索尔哈特(Stary Krym)举行的大规模科学考察中的作用也得到了注意。最后,O.Akchokrakly参与了陶里德历史、考古和民族志学会、苏联所有联盟考古学家会议、所有联盟和所有乌克兰东方学家科学协会的工作。
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引用次数: 2
Our “Emel” (“Aspiration”) (1930–1940) 我们的“Emel”(《渴望》)(1930–1940)
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/KIO.2020.1.136-150
Ismail A. Kerimov
One of the most respected journals in the Crimean Tatar language, in 1930s was “Emel” (“Aspiration”), which was published in Pazarchik (Romania) from the 1st of January of 1930s up to the 1940s. “Emel“ was arabographic up to the end of the 1930s, and only the last issues were published in Latin. Totally there were published 154 issues. The style of the journal in logotype was shown like this: “Scientific, literary, public and economical journal. Published once in 15 days”. Chief editor of the journal was popular Crimean Tatar writer, publicist and public figure Mistergip Fazil (Ulkusal). Different problems of the language, literature, culture and public life were highlighted regularly and published in the journal. At the same time there were given critical articles, reviews on the results of the scientific conferences of 1927, 1929, 1934 and discussions of Crimean Tatar literary language materials. A very big amount of literary material was published and discussed there: fiction literature, poetry, drama. Lots of articles were devoted to Stalin` s policy in the USSR. Real reasons of repressions against kulaks (wealthy citizens of the USSR) were presented and analyzed, severe repressions against Crimean Tatar specialists: scholars, writers and teachers of the Crimea were highlighted on the pages of the journal. The given article also analyzes the content of the journal connected with the Crimean Tatar diaspora in Romania. The attribution of some pseudonyms and abbreviations are given as well.
在20世纪30年代,克里米亚鞑靼语中最受尊敬的期刊之一是“Emel”(“抱负”),从20世纪30年代1月1日到40年代在帕扎奇克(罗马尼亚)出版。直到20世纪30年代末,《Emel》都是阿拉伯语的,只有最后几期是用拉丁语出版的。总共出版了154期。会标的风格为:“科学、文学、公众、经济期刊”。每15天出版一次”。该杂志的主编是颇受欢迎的克里米亚鞑靼作家、公关家和公众人物米斯特里基普·法齐尔(Ulkusal)。语言、文学、文化和公共生活的不同问题被定期强调并发表在杂志上。与此同时,还提供了对1927年、1929年和1934年科学会议结果的批评文章和评论,以及对克里米亚鞑靼文学语言材料的讨论。大量的文学材料在那里出版和讨论:小说文学,诗歌,戏剧。许多文章都是关于斯大林在苏联的政策的。对富农(苏联富裕公民)镇压的真正原因进行了介绍和分析,对克里米亚鞑靼专家的严重镇压:克里米亚的学者,作家和教师在杂志的页面上突出显示。本文还分析了与罗马尼亚的克里米亚鞑靼侨民有关的期刊内容。并给出了一些笔名和缩略语的归属。
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引用次数: 0
«And more than hundred thousands of troops are with me…». Military science of the Crimean Khanate during the Modern Times: the review of A.A.Sheykhumerov’s monograph “Army of the Crimean Khanate: the organization and tactics (XV–XVIII centuries)” “还有超过十万的军队和我在一起……”近代克里米亚汗国的军事科学——评谢库默洛夫专著《克里米亚汗国的军队:组织与战术(15 - 18世纪)》
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/KIO.2020.1.225-240
V. V. Penskoy
A study “The Army of the Crimean Khanate” of a young Crimean historian A. A. Sheykhumerov was published last year. It is devoted to the Crimean Khanate’s warfare in Modern Times (XV–XVIII centuries). The purpose of work, chosen by the author, is not clearly related to the number of popular and actively developed by domestic historical science topics. As the basic topic of research the historian took this problematic method and concentrated on analyzing key stories from the history of the Crimean warfare development in the New Times. This book in modern Russian historiography is the first essay on warfare of the Crimean Tatars. It allows us to have a holistic view of its main features and characteristics. The review gives a brief description of the structure and content of work and makes notes of some disputable points in the author’s concept and interpretations of individual moments in the history of the Crimean warfare evolution.
去年,年轻的克里米亚历史学家A·A·谢库穆罗夫(A. A. Sheykhumerov)发表了一篇研究报告《克里米亚汗国的军队》(The Army of The Crimean Khanate)。它致力于克里米亚汗国在现代(15 - 18世纪)的战争。作者选择的工作目的,与国内流行和积极发展的历史科学课题的数量没有明显的关系。作为研究的基本主题,历史学家采取了这种有问题的方法,集中分析了新时期克里米亚战争发展史上的关键故事。在现代俄罗斯史学中,这本书是关于克里米亚鞑靼人战争的第一篇论文。它使我们对它的主要特征和特点有一个整体的看法。本文简要介绍了作品的结构和内容,并指出了作者对克里米亚战争演变历史中个别时刻的概念和解释中的一些争议点。
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引用次数: 0
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Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie
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