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About the ethnonym “Crimean Tatars”: analysis of historical sources 关于民族名称“克里米亚鞑靼人”:史料分析
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.2.51-62
El’vira R. Kemal
The article is devoted to the issue of self-designation of the Crimean Tatars. Among the Crimean Tatar people discussions have been going on for a long time on the topic of the true ethnonym: Crimeans or Crimean Tatars. Defenders of the “Crimeans” version claim that this ethnonym is historical and more accurate. Is it so? We analyzed historical sources and described the results in the article.
这篇文章专门讨论克里米亚鞑靼人的自治问题。长期以来,克里米亚鞑靼人一直在讨论真正的民族名称:克里米亚人或克里米亚鞑靼人。“克里米亚”版本的捍卫者声称,这个民族名称符合历史,也更准确。是这样吗?我们分析了历史资料,并在文章中描述了结果。
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引用次数: 0
Features of administration of justice in the Crimean Khanate 克里米亚汗国司法行政的特征
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.2.40-50
E. S. Vaniev
The article analyzes the problems of functioning of judicial system in the Crimean Khanate. The law institute of the Crimean judges was an important component of the Crimean judicial system. Its principals and features of development are analyzed in the article. A brief historical review of the establishment of qadi institution in the Muslim legal system is carried out. The independence of the development of the Crimean judicial system is indicated, its internal structure is considered. It was found out that the structure consisted of three levels, similar to modern. The Crimean khan was endowed with a special set of judicial powers. It was revealed that the administration of the justice in the Crimean Khanate had a high level of organization, characterized by a strict procedural order of court hearings. The author makes hypothesis that the Crimean judicial system had also sectorial specialization similar to modern.
本文分析了克里米亚汗国司法制度运行中存在的问题。克里米亚法官法律学院是克里米亚司法制度的重要组成部分。文章分析了其发展的原理和特点。本文对穆斯林法律体系中卡迪制度的建立进行了简要的历史回顾。指出了克里米亚司法制度发展的独立性,并对其内部结构进行了思考。发现该结构由三层组成,与现代建筑相似。克里米亚可汗被赋予了一套特殊的司法权。据了解,克里米亚汗国的司法管理具有高度的组织性,其特点是严格的法庭听证程序。笔者假设克里米亚的司法制度也有类似于现代的部门专业化。
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引用次数: 0
Girays’ Steppe Diplomacy. The Message of Khan Janibek Giray of 1633 女孩们的草原外交。1633年贾尼克·吉拉伊汗的诏书
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.1.10-22
Salavat Z. Akhmadullin, V. Trepavlov
A letter from the Сrimean Khan Janibek Giray to the Nogay Horde of 1633, preserved in the Stock 123 “Russia’s Relations with the Nogay Tatars” of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, is published here. At that time, the Nogay Horde was in a state of complete decline and decay. Intestine strife of Nogay nobles, destructive strikes against the Kalmyks, who occupied the former Nogai pastures over the Volga river, oppression by Russian Astrakhan local governors led to the fact that the Nogays used to move to neighboring countries – in an intention to find peace and protection there. One of desirable and traditional areas of migration were the North Black Sea steppes, which were under the authority of the Girays. The Khan’s message was addressed to the mirzas and ignorant leaders of the nomadic communities, but not to the nominal ruler of the Horde biy Kanay, because in the 1630s he completely lost his remaining authority. One of the reasons of the Khan’s appeal was the search of new human resources (albeit in the form of relatively poor, but numerous steppe people) to strengthen his power in the state, thoroughly weakened by long internecine turmoil – the feud between the aristocratic clans of Shirins and Mansurs. In addition, extension horsemen were needed for raids on the Russian borders, which became more frequent at a time when the forces of the Moscow state were diverted to the Smolensk war. In the address to Nogays the Khan does not designate specific conditions of their stay in his subjection, he only names the area of the Dnieper, through which migrants from the East would roam. Janibek Giray placed the main emphasis on co-belief and called for Islamic solidarity. Loyal to the Russian authorities, mirzas delivered the Crimean letter to Astrakhan, from where the governors sent it to Moscow. The archive keeps the original letter and its Russian translation, made by the Foreign affairs’ office (Posol’sky prikaz). This publication introduces the facsimile of the document and its translations (of the 17th century and modern).
来自Сrimean Khan Janibek Giray给1633年诺盖部落的一封信,保存在俄罗斯国家古代行为档案馆的123号“俄罗斯与诺盖鞑靼人的关系”中,在这里发表。当时,诺盖部落处于完全衰落和衰败的状态。诺盖贵族的内部冲突,对卡尔梅克人的破坏性罢工,卡尔梅克人占领了伏尔加河上的前诺盖牧场,俄罗斯阿斯特拉罕地方统治者的压迫导致诺盖人过去常常搬到邻国,目的是在那里寻求和平和保护。一个理想的和传统的移民地区是北黑海大草原,它在Girays的统治下。可汗的信息是发给米尔萨和无知的游牧部落领袖的,而不是发给名义上的比·卡纳伊部落的统治者,因为在1630年代,他完全失去了剩余的权威。可汗的诉求之一是寻找新的人力资源(尽管是相对贫穷的,但数量众多的草原人)来加强他在国家中的权力,而长期的内部动乱——希林和曼苏尔贵族家族之间的恩怨——彻底削弱了他在国家中的权力。此外,在莫斯科国家的军队被转移到斯摩棱斯克战争时,对俄罗斯边境的袭击变得更加频繁,需要扩展骑兵。在致Nogays的信中,可汗没有指明他们在他的统治下停留的具体条件,他只提到了第聂伯河的地区,来自东方的移民会在这里漫游。贾尼克·吉拉伊主要强调共同信仰,并呼吁伊斯兰团结。忠于俄国当局的米尔扎斯把克里米亚的信件送到阿斯特拉罕,由阿斯特拉罕的总督把信件送到莫斯科。档案馆保存了由外交事务办公室(Posol ' sky prikaz)制作的原始信件及其俄文翻译。本出版物介绍了该文件的传真及其翻译(17世纪和现代)。
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引用次数: 0
Alan Fisher. The Crimean Tatars 艾伦•费舍尔。克里米亚鞑靼人
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.1.58-114
Leylya S. Seyitkhalilova, Arzy Yu. Alieva
The given article is a translation from English of the well- known scholar, historian Alan Fisher`s work The Crimean Tatars. He was a professor of State University in Michigan, the USA. He had life -long interest to the history of Ottoman Empire and Turkic peoples. His work The Crimean Tatars was published in 1978 in the USA. The work consists of several chapters:1. The Origins of the Crimean Tatar Khanate. 2. Ottoman Hegemony in the Crimea. 3. The Political system of the Crimean Khanate. 4. Economic and Cultural Life in the khanate. 5. The Crimean Role in Eastern European Politics. The first chapter of the work gives a detailed study of the Origins of the Crimean Tatar Khanate, relations with the neighboring countries: Ottoman Empire, Moscovy, Poland and so on. The author represents an in- depth analyses of each ruling khan, his contribution into coming into being of the Khanate: Sahib Giray, Devlet Giray, Gazi Giray, Selim Giray I In the first chapter the author also offers detailed information about political and economic life of the Khanate.
本文翻译自著名学者、历史学家艾伦·费希尔的著作《克里米亚鞑靼人》。曾任美国密歇根州立大学教授。他一生都对奥斯曼帝国和突厥民族的历史感兴趣。他的作品《克里米亚鞑靼人》于1978年在美国出版。全文共分几章:1。克里米亚鞑靼汗国的起源。奥斯曼帝国在克里米亚的霸权。克里米亚汗国的政治制度。汗国的经济和文化生活。5. 克里米亚在东欧政治中的作用。第一章详细研究了克里米亚鞑靼汗国的起源、与周边国家的关系:奥斯曼帝国、莫斯科、波兰等。作者对每个执政的可汗进行了深入的分析,他对汗国的形成做出了贡献:萨希卜·吉拉伊,德夫莱特·吉拉伊,加齐·吉拉伊,塞利姆·吉拉伊一世。在第一章中,作者还详细介绍了可汗国的政治和经济生活。
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引用次数: 0
“The History of the Crimean Khans” by the anonymous author. Part 1 《克里米亚可汗的历史》作者是无名氏。第1部分
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.2.193-225
R. Abduzhemilev
Among the rare materials of the Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of France (Bibliotheque nationale de France. Departement des Manuscrits. Supplement turc 515) there is a small chronicle of the anonymous author dating back to the era of the Crimean Khanate. The manuscript is provided with a description: “The history of the Crimean khans from 880 to 1191 from the Hegira (1475–1777), without a title and without the name of the author. The epigraph read on the front side of the first page is not a title, but a summary of the content of this work, which is not of particular importance. Dating: 1786–1800”. Although this chronicle is known thanks to the researches of a number of orientalists, nevertheless, for its full introduction into scientific circulation, its translation into Russian is of the uttermost necessity. The text processing will serve as the basis for the literary and artistic analysis of “The History of the Crimean Khans”.
法国国家图书馆(Bibliotheque nationale de France)手稿部的珍贵资料。手稿部。补充图515)有一个小编年史的匿名作者追溯到克里米亚汗国的时代。手稿上有这样的描述:“克里米亚可汗的历史,从880年到1191年,从Hegira(1475-1777),没有标题,也没有作者的名字。第一页正面的题词不是标题,而是对这部作品内容的总结,这并不是特别重要。约会:1786 - 1800”。虽然由于许多东方学家的研究,这部编年史才为人所知,然而,为了使它全面进入科学流通,它的俄文翻译是极其必要的。文本处理将作为《克里米亚可汗史》文学艺术分析的基础。
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引用次数: 0
Ethnocultural basis of the formation process of the Crimean Tatar artistic culture and decorative and applied art (part two) 克里米亚鞑靼艺术文化与装饰应用艺术形成过程的民族文化基础(下)
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.1.123-154
Ismet A. Zaatov
In the articlean attempt is made to trace the course of the early medieval (Old Turkic) stage of Turkization process of the plain, foothill, mountainous, southern coast population of the Crimea. And also it follows the formation of artistic culture and decorative art of the Turkic ancestors of that period among the Crimean Tatars, preceding the appearance of the Kipchaks-Polovtsy-Kuman on the peninsula, as well as those occurring parallel to this process. Among the ethnic community of the descendants of the ancient autochthons of the peninsula, the Crimean mountainous people of the Tats, the common ancestors of the southern coast and mountain Crimean Tatars, as well as the ancestors of the Greco-Tatars – Urums of ethnocultural processes, who formed an ethnocultural whole with them.
本文试图追溯克里米亚平原、山麓、山区、南部沿海人口在中世纪早期(古突厥语)突厥化过程的过程。它也遵循了那个时期突厥祖先在克里米亚鞑靼人中的艺术文化和装饰艺术的形成,在半岛上出现Kipchaks-Polovtsy-Kuman之前,以及与此过程平行的那些。在半岛古代民族后裔的民族共同体中,克里米亚山地鞑靼人是南岸和山地克里米亚鞑靼人的共同祖先,也是民族文化进程中的希腊-鞑靼人-乌鲁姆人的祖先,与他们形成了一个民族文化整体。
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引用次数: 0
Unknown materials about Usein Abdulrefioglu Bodaninsky (1877–1938) 关于乌辛·阿布杜莱菲奥格鲁·博达尼斯基(1877-1938)的未知资料
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.2.137-148
Ismail A. Kerimov
The materials discovered recently in the Russian State Library in Moscow are unknown to modern researchers of the activities of the founder of BIKAMZ A. Bodaninsky. In particular, information about the large funds that were issued to Bodaninsky by the Bakhchisaray vaqf “Tole” after graduating from the Tatar teacher`s school in Simferopol, which played a major role in his trip and training in Moscow at the Stroganov School of Technical Drawing. New in the article are also materials related to the appeals of U. Bodaninsky in 1916 to Taurida Governor and also “Society for Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments” in Petrograd, related to the intentions of opening an ethnographic museum in Bakhchisaray. Also little known are the frequent trips of U. Bodaninsky in 1915–1916, when he created the “Society of Lovers of Art and Ethnography” from local youths which played an important role, including material, at the official opening the Bakhchisaray museum in1917, because all members of a large society annually contributed a certain fee to the activities of the museum.
最近在莫斯科的俄罗斯国家图书馆发现的材料,对于研究BIKAMZ A. Bodaninsky创始人活动的现代研究人员来说是未知的。特别是关于从辛菲罗波尔鞑靼教师学校毕业后,Bakhchisaray vaqf“toli”发给Bodaninsky的大笔资金的信息,这对他在莫斯科斯特罗加诺夫技术制图学校的旅行和培训起了重要作用。这篇文章的新内容还包括1916年U. Bodaninsky向陶里达总督的呼吁,以及彼得格勒“历史文化古迹保护协会”,有关在巴赫奇萨赖开设民族志博物馆的意图。同样鲜为人知的是U. Bodaninsky在1915-1916年的频繁旅行,当时他从当地青年中创建了“艺术和人种学爱好者协会”,这在1917年Bakhchisaray博物馆正式开幕时发挥了重要作用,包括材料,因为一个大社会的所有成员每年都为博物馆的活动贡献了一定的费用。
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引用次数: 0
The Case of Ownership of the Lands of Kokkoz Valley (based on Archive Sources) 科科兹山谷土地所有权案例(基于档案资料)
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.1.23-30
E. S. Vaniev
On the example of covering a court dispute about the ownership of the largest land plot in the Crimea of the XIX century, the problem of the law enforcement in the field of land use in Taurida was raised. It points to such a feature of land use in Taurida province, as simultaneous functioning within the same territory of two land use systems: Islamic and continental. From a historical and legal point of view, the demand that arose is interesting in itself as a legal monument to complex land disputes in the Crimea in the XIX century.
以报道19世纪克里米亚最大一块土地所有权的法庭纠纷为例,提出了陶里达土地使用领域的执法问题。它指出了陶里达省土地利用的这样一个特点,即在同一领土内同时运行两种土地利用系统:伊斯兰和大陆。从历史和法律的角度来看,这一要求本身就很有趣,因为它是19世纪克里米亚复杂土地纠纷的法律纪念碑。
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引用次数: 0
Crimean Tatars during the famine of 1921–1923 1921-1923年饥荒期间的克里米亚鞑靼人
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.1.31-39
G. N. Kondratyuk
Based on archival materials, the article considers one of the most tragic periods in the history of the Crimean peninsula – the famine of 1921–1923. Particular attention is paid to the Crimean Tatar population, as the most affected during this period. The article gives the number of those who died from starvation in different settlements and regions. The actions of the authorities aimed at preventing the catastrophic consequences of the famine are analyzed.
本文以档案资料为基础,回顾了克里米亚半岛历史上最悲惨的时期之一——1921-1923年的饥荒。特别注意克里米亚鞑靼人,因为他们在这一时期受影响最大。这篇文章给出了不同定居点和地区死于饥饿的人数。分析了当局为防止饥荒的灾难性后果而采取的行动。
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引用次数: 1
Halil Inalcik. The Khan and the Tribal Aristocracy: The Crimean Khanate under Sahib Giray I 哈利勒·Inalcik。可汗与部落贵族:吉拉伊一世统治下的克里米亚可汗
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.2.10-39
Mirlan A. Namatov, Leylya S. Seitkhalilova
The article is a translation from English of the work of the famous Turkish Historian-Ottomanist Halil Inalcik, dedicated to the socio-political aspects of the relationship between the khan and the tribal aristocracy and building the vertical of the power in the Crimean Khanate during the reign of Sahib Giray I. On the basis of an extensive complex of sources, the author carried out a detailed analysis of the features of the internal struggle for power in the Crimean Khanate, the degree of involvement and of the Ottoman Empire on the one hand, and Muscovy on the other, as well as the role of the tribal aristocracy in the military-political life of the khanate.
本文从英语翻译工作的著名的土耳其Historian-Ottomanist哈利勒·Inalcik,致力于社会政治方面的汗和部落贵族之间的关系,建立垂直的力量在克里米亚汗国的统治大人Giray即广泛复杂的来源的基础上,作者进行了详细的分析特性的内部权力之争在克里米亚汗国,一方面是奥斯曼帝国的介入程度,另一方面是莫斯科公国,以及部落贵族在汗国军事政治生活中的作用。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie
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