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The campaign of Muhammad Giray I to Moscow in 1521 in the light of a critical analysis of Russian historical sources 穆罕默德·吉拉伊一世1521年的莫斯科战役根据对俄国历史资料的批判性分析
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2023.1.21-32
M. E. Shalak
A little more than 500 years ago, in the summer of 1521, the Crimean Khan Muhammad-Giray made a campaign against Moscow, thus marking the beginning of almost 250 years of confrontation between Russia and Crimea. This confrontation ended with the defeat of the Crimean Khanate and its incorporation into the Russian Empire. However, there is still no consensus among historians about the assessments of this event. Especially in light of the political events of recent years. Even more broadly, this topic concerns the building of Russian-Tatar cultural interaction in terms of developing their attitude to the common history of Eastern Europe. In the article presented, we will try to understand this through a comprehensive analysis of Russian historical sources of a chronicle nature. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary to establish the main circle of chronicle sources, dividing it into independent groups according to the degree of informativeness. It will also be necessary to identify the main narrative traditions, from the point of view of objectivity, in which the assessments and interpretations of the Tatars’ march on Moscow in 1521 may differ from each other. As a result, 3 main traditions in the coverage of the events of the summer of 1521 will be highlighted. in Russian historical sources of a chronicle nature. The most important chronicle sources in terms of reliability and objectivity include the Vologda-Perm and Resurrection chronicles, Postnikovsky and Vladimir chroniclers. The least reliable and tendentious are the Nikon Chronicle and the Power Book. An intermediate position between the providentialist and rationalist historiosophical position is occupied by the Lviv Chronicle and the Chronograph of the edition of 1512.
500多年前的1521年夏天,克里米亚汗穆罕默德-吉拉伊(Khan Muhammad-Giray)向莫斯科发起了一场战役,从而标志着俄罗斯与克里米亚之间近250年对抗的开始。这场对抗以克里米亚汗国战败并被并入俄罗斯帝国而告终然而,历史学家对这一事件的评价仍然没有达成共识。尤其是考虑到近年来的政治事件。更广泛地说,这个话题涉及俄罗斯-鞑靼文化互动的建立,以发展他们对东欧共同历史的态度。在本文中,我们将试图通过对俄罗斯编年史性质的史料的综合分析来理解这一点。要实现这一目标,就必须建立编年史信息源的主体圈,并根据信息性程度将其划分为独立的群组。从客观的角度来看,也有必要确定主要的叙事传统,其中对1521年鞑靼人进军莫斯科的评估和解释可能彼此不同。因此,在1521年夏天的事件报道中,将重点介绍三个主要传统。俄国的编年史性质的史料。就可靠性和客观性而言,最重要的编年史来源包括沃洛格达-彼尔姆编年史和复活编年史,波斯特尼科夫斯基编年史和弗拉基米尔编年史。最不可靠和有偏见的是尼康编年史和Power Book。在天意主义和理性主义的历史哲学立场之间的中间位置是由利沃夫编年史和1512年版的编年史占据的。
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引用次数: 0
A letter from the Crimean scholar Abdallah b. Ibrahim ’Afif ad-Din-efendi to sheikh Yahya, the custodian of the tomb of Muhya ad-Din Ibn Arabi in Damascus (1630s) 克里米亚学者Abdallah b.Ibrahim‘Afif ad Din efendi给大马士革Muhya ad Din Ibn Arabi墓保管人叶海亚的信(1630年代)
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2023.1.10-20
I. Zaytsev
The article publishes the Arabic text and the translation into Russian of a letter from the Crimean scholar, poet and judge Abdallah b. Ibrahim ’Afif ad-Din-efendi (? – 1640, Kafa) to sheikh Yahya, the custodian of the tomb of Muhya ad-Din Ibn Arabi in the Damascus quarter of Salihiya. The letter may be dated to the 1630s. This letter is an example of the close ties that existed between the Crimean medieval scientists and their brethren in Syria.
这篇文章发表了克里米亚学者、诗人和法官阿卜杜拉·b·易卜拉欣·阿夫夫·丁·埃芬迪(Abdallah b. Ibrahim ' Afif ad-Din-efendi)的一封信的阿拉伯文文本和俄文译文。(1640年,卡法)献给谢赫·叶海亚,他是大马士革Salihiya区的Muhya ad-Din Ibn Arabi墓的监护人。这封信可能写于17世纪30年代。这封信是克里米亚中世纪科学家和他们在叙利亚的兄弟之间存在的密切联系的一个例子。
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引用次数: 0
Dervish Mehmed bin Mubarek Geray Genghisi. The Chronicle “Tarikh-i Mehmed Geray” (“Mehmed Geray’s History”). Part 1 Dervish Mehmed bin Mubarek Geray Genghisi。编年史“Tarikh-i Mehmed Geray”(“Mehmed Geray的历史”)。第1部分
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2022.1.189-214
R. Abduzhemilev
The Chronicle “Tarikh-I Mehmed Geray” (1682–1703) by Crimean Tatar historiographer Dervish Mehmed bin Mubarak Geray Ginghisi is the narrative source reflecting the history of the Ottoman state in 1682–1703. The date of the work is 1703 (completed in the month of Rejeb 1115). A copy of the chronicle has been preserved in the funds of the Austrian National Library (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek) under the cipher (inventory number). No. 1080, Cod. H.O.86 HAN MAG. Volume (folio) – 125 sheets in taalik script, sheets are small. There are verses on 125 sheets. The manuscript is not marked with the title, but has an appraisal prescript: “Tarih-i Mehmed Geray: Qara Mustafa Paşa cenklerin söyler Avcı Sultan Mehmed Han vaqtlarından Sultan Ahmed Han, biñ yüz on beş tarihınacek söyler bir maqbul tarihdır” / “Tarikh-i Mehmed Geray: the generally accepted history in the narration about the wars of Kara Mustafa Pasha, since the times of Avjy (“The Hunter”) Sultan Mehmed Khan till Sultan Ahmed Khan, up to the year one thousand one hundred and fifteen”. The translation of the Chronicle’s extracts into Russian (the author of the translation is R.R. Abduzhemilev) was made from the manuscript’s transliteration into Latin, presented in the Turkish edition of Ughur Demir’s master thesis “Tarikh-i Mehmed Giray” (assessment – text’s transcription) ”(consultant: Prof. Dr. Nejdet Öztürk, Istanbul, 2006, 163 pages).
克里米亚鞑靼史官Dervish Mehmed bin Mubarak Geray Ginghisi的编年史“Tarikh-I Mehmed Geray”(1682–1703)是反映1682–1700年奥斯曼国家历史的叙事来源。这项工作的日期是1703年(完成于1115年的利结月)。该编年史的一份副本以密码(库存编号)保存在奥地利国家图书馆(Österreichische National bibliothek)的资金中。1080号,代码。H.O.86《韩》卷(对开本)125张,用塔里克文书写,张数较小。125张纸上有诗句。手稿没有标明标题,但有一个评估规定:“塔里赫·迈赫迈德·杰莱:卡拉·穆斯塔法·帕沙·森克勒林·阿夫奇苏丹·迈赫默德·汉·瓦克斯塔尔·伊丹苏丹·艾哈迈德·汉,比尼尤兹on beşTarihınacek söyler bir maqbul tarihdır”/“塔里赫·迈赫迈德·杰莱:关于卡拉·穆斯塔法帕夏战争的叙述中普遍接受的历史苏丹艾哈迈德·汗,至一千一百一十五年”。《纪事报》摘录的俄文翻译(翻译作者是R.R.Abduzzhemilev)是根据Ughur Demir的硕士论文“Tarikh-i Mehmed Giray”(评估-文本转录)土耳其语版中的手稿音译而成的(顾问:NejdetÖztürk教授博士,伊斯坦布尔,2006年,163页)。
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引用次数: 0
Ethno-cultural basis of the process of formation of the Crimean Tatar artistic culture and decorative art (part three) 克里米亚鞑靼艺术文化与装饰艺术形成过程的民族文化基础(三)
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2023.1.120-146
Ismet A. Zaatov
In the article an attempt is made to trace the stages of development of the process of the Kypchak-Tatar – Turko-Seljuk Turkization and the beginning of the process of Asia Minor–Central Asian Islamization of the population of the peninsula and formation of artistic culture and decorative art of the Crimean Tatars during the formation of the foundations of the Crimean Tatar statehood in the Black Sea uluses of the Golden Horde.
本文试图追溯在金汗国黑海地区形成克里米亚鞑靼国家基础的过程中,kypchak -鞑靼-突厥-塞尔柱突厥化过程的发展阶段和半岛人口的小亚细亚-中亚伊斯兰化过程的开始以及克里米亚鞑靼人的艺术文化和装饰艺术的形成。
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引用次数: 0
Literary and cultural character of Cemil Seitabla Kermenchikli (1891–1942) Cemil Seitabla Kermenchikli(1891–1942)的文学和文化特征
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2023.1.97-105
Ismail A. Kerimov
Cemil Kermenchili is one of the brightestCrimean Tatar poets of the 20th century, who played significant role in the development of the national poetic word in Crimea. In the article, on the basis of new materials recently found in the central and in the repositories of regional libraries in Russia, new facets of his work are revealed and many refinements are made to the development of the author`s scientific biography. Attention is paid to the rich journalistic component of his work. The appendix to the article contains unknown poetic works of the author relating to the period of the First World War.
切米尔·克尔门奇利是20世纪克里米亚最杰出的鞑靼诗人之一,在克里米亚民族诗歌词的发展中发挥了重要作用。在这篇文章中,根据最近在俄罗斯中央和地区图书馆的资料库中发现的新材料,揭示了他的工作的新方面,并对作者的科学传记的发展进行了许多改进。人们注意到他作品中丰富的新闻成分。这篇文章的附录收录了作者与第一次世界大战时期有关的不为人知的诗歌作品。
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引用次数: 0
Rehabilitation of the Crimean Khanate by Historians in a five-volumes book about the Crimean Tatars 历史学家在一本关于克里米亚鞑靼人的五卷书中对克里米亚汗国的复兴
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2023.1.220-232
V. Bobrovnikov
Author of the article analyzes the 3rd volume of the History of the Crimean Tatars, dedicated to the Crimean Khanate of the15th–18th centuries, published in Kazan in 2021, and resulted from the 2-year international research project aiming to produce the first academic History of the Crimean Tatars in a five volumes. This is a pioneering and valuable research covering the whole period of the Khanate history, from its formation in the first half of the 15th century to its annexation to the Russian Empire under the reign of Catherine the Great, who abolished the Khanate in 1783. The book discusses different aspects of the Khanate’s everyday life: its conquests and frequent raids against non-Muslim neighbors, foreign and domestic politics, Crimean Tatars’ economy, slave trade, spiritual and material culture, religion, military affairs, demography, their relationship with ethnic and confessional minorities of the Khanate and their Diaspora abroad, images of the Crimean Tatars as the Other constructed and later Orientalized by foreign travelers and observers from Western Europe, Ukraine and Russia. In fact, this book rehabilitates the Crimean Khanate, showing that it was not just a robber’s nest, living off raids on neighbors and the international slave trade, as the late Soviet literature argued. The study fills in a significant gap in contemporary historiography on the subject in the field of Oriental, Russian, Polish, and Ukrainian studies. It also contributes to comparative history of the northern Black sea area at the turn of the early modern times. It is noteworthy that the new series on History of the Crimean Tatars does not dismiss the legacy of the anti-Crimean Soviet literature categorically, but attempts to rethink it all creatively, starting with the pre-revolutionary classic study written by V.D. Smirnov. It resumes revisionist historiography of the Crimean Khanate from Perestroika to the present day proposing possible alternative readings of its history.
本文作者分析了2021年在喀山出版的《克里米亚鞑靼人的历史》第三卷,该卷专门介绍15 - 18世纪的克里米亚汗国,是为期两年的国际研究项目的成果,该项目旨在制作第一部五卷的克里米亚鞑靼人学术史。这是一项开创性的、有价值的研究,涵盖了汗国从15世纪上半叶形成到1783年凯瑟琳大帝统治下被俄罗斯帝国吞并的整个历史时期。这本书讨论了汗国日常生活的不同方面:克里米亚鞑靼人的经济、奴隶贸易、精神和物质文化、宗教、军事事务、人口、他们与汗国少数民族和信仰少数民族的关系以及他们在国外的流散;克里米亚鞑靼人作为他者的形象被西欧、乌克兰和俄罗斯的外国旅行者和观察者所建构和后来东方化。事实上,这本书还原了克里米亚汗国的形象,表明它不只是强盗的巢穴,不像苏联晚期文学作品所说的那样,靠掠夺邻国和国际奴隶贸易为生。这项研究填补了当代史学在东方、俄罗斯、波兰和乌克兰研究领域的重大空白。它还有助于近代初黑海北部地区的比较历史。值得注意的是,关于克里米亚鞑靼人历史的新系列并没有断然否定反克里米亚的苏联文学遗产,而是试图创造性地重新思考它,从V.D.斯米尔诺夫(V.D. Smirnov)撰写的革命前经典研究开始。它恢复了克里米亚汗国从改革到现在的修正主义历史编纂,提出了对其历史的可能替代解读。
{"title":"Rehabilitation of the Crimean Khanate by Historians in a five-volumes book about the Crimean Tatars","authors":"V. Bobrovnikov","doi":"10.22378/kio.2023.1.220-232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22378/kio.2023.1.220-232","url":null,"abstract":"Author of the article analyzes the 3rd volume of the History of the Crimean Tatars, dedicated to the Crimean Khanate of the15th–18th centuries, published in Kazan in 2021, and resulted from the 2-year international research project aiming to produce the first academic History of the Crimean Tatars in a five volumes. This is a pioneering and valuable research covering the whole period of the Khanate history, from its formation in the first half of the 15th century to its annexation to the Russian Empire under the reign of Catherine the Great, who abolished the Khanate in 1783. The book discusses different aspects of the Khanate’s everyday life: its conquests and frequent raids against non-Muslim neighbors, foreign and domestic politics, Crimean Tatars’ economy, slave trade, spiritual and material culture, religion, military affairs, demography, their relationship with ethnic and confessional minorities of the Khanate and their Diaspora abroad, images of the Crimean Tatars as the Other constructed and later Orientalized by foreign travelers and observers from Western Europe, Ukraine and Russia. In fact, this book rehabilitates the Crimean Khanate, showing that it was not just a robber’s nest, living off raids on neighbors and the international slave trade, as the late Soviet literature argued. The study fills in a significant gap in contemporary historiography on the subject in the field of Oriental, Russian, Polish, and Ukrainian studies. It also contributes to comparative history of the northern Black sea area at the turn of the early modern times. It is noteworthy that the new series on History of the Crimean Tatars does not dismiss the legacy of the anti-Crimean Soviet literature categorically, but attempts to rethink it all creatively, starting with the pre-revolutionary classic study written by V.D. Smirnov. It resumes revisionist historiography of the Crimean Khanate from Perestroika to the present day proposing possible alternative readings of its history.","PeriodicalId":34588,"journal":{"name":"Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45853370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tatar poet Sagit Suncheley and Crimea in the early 1920s 鞑靼诗人Sagit Suncheley和克里米亚在20世纪20年代初
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2023.1.106-119
L. Gabdrafikova
The article tells about the life and work of the Tatar poet Sagit Suncheley (1888–1937), it is written on the basis of his ego-documents. He lived in the Crimea in 1919–1924, was a witness to historical events and a participant in the Soviet cultural construction. His letters and diaries, literary and journalistic works illustrate the everyday life of the Crimean population during the Civil War, including the life of a Soviet nomenklatura worker. In addition, these ego-documents supplement information about the work of the Tatar departments of Soviet institutions in the Crimean ASSR.
本文以鞑靼诗人萨吉特·孙切利(Sagit Suncheley, 1888-1937)的个人资料为基础,讲述了他的生活和工作。1919年至1924年,他生活在克里米亚,是历史事件的见证者和苏联文化建设的参与者。他的信件和日记,文学和新闻作品说明了内战期间克里米亚人民的日常生活,包括苏联工人的生活。此外,这些自我文件补充了有关苏联机构在克里米亚ASSR鞑靼人部门工作的信息。
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引用次数: 0
The Crimean Tatars (3) 克里米亚鞑靼人(3)
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2023.1.33-86
A. Fisher
This work is a translation from English of the second part of the scientific work of Alan Fisher, the famous historian, professor at Michigan State University, USA. His work The Crimean Tatars was published in 1978 in the USA. In the second part of the book, the author considers the following issues: 1. Reorganization of Crimea; 2. Catherine II and Islam; 3. Administrative structure; 4. Tatar nobility; 5. Crimean clergy; 6. Tatar emigration; 7. Russian colonization; 8. Russian administration of Crimea in the 19th century; 9. Administrative structure organization; 10. Tatar mirza class; 11. Tatar land ownership; 12. Military service of the Tatars; 13. Cities of the Crimea 14. Tatar peasants. 15. Crimean Tatar national awakening; 16. Destruction of Tatar architecture; 17. Russia and Crimean Islam; 18. Education; 19. Gaspraly (I. Gasprinsky); 20. Gaspraly’s followers; 21. Young Tatars. In general, the second part of the work considers the Russian period of stay of the Crimea.
本书是著名历史学家、美国密歇根州立大学教授Alan Fisher科学著作第二部分的英文译本。他的著作《克里米亚鞑靼人》于1978年在美国出版。在本书的第二部分,作者考虑了以下问题:1。克里米亚重组;2.凯瑟琳二世与伊斯兰教;3.行政结构;4.鞑靼贵族;5.克里米亚神职人员;6.鞑靼人移民;7.俄罗斯殖民化;8.19世纪俄罗斯对克里米亚的管理;9.行政机构组织;10.鞑靼米尔扎阶级;11.鞑靼土地所有权;12.鞑靼人的兵役制度;13.克里米亚的城市14。鞑靼农民。15.克里米亚鞑靼民族觉醒;16.破坏鞑靼建筑;17.俄罗斯和克里米亚伊斯兰;18.教育;19.加斯普拉利(I.加斯普林斯基);20.加斯普拉利的追随者;21.年轻的鞑靼人。总的来说,这项工作的第二部分考虑了俄罗斯在克里米亚的停留期。
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引用次数: 0
“The History of the Crimean Khans” by the anonymous author. Part 2 (end) 匿名作者的《克里米亚可汗的历史》。第二部分(完)
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2023.1.198-219
R. Abduzhemilev
Among the rare materials of the Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of France (Bibliotheque nationale de France. Departement des Manuscrits. Supplement turc 515) there is a small chronicle of the anonymous author dating back to the era of the Crimean Khanate. The manuscript is provided with a description: “The history of the Crimean khans from 880 to 1191 from the Hegira (1475–1777), without a title and without the name of the author. The epigraph read on the front side of the first page is not a title, but a summary of the content of this work, which is not of particular importance. Dating: 1786–1800”. Although this chronicle is known thanks to the researches of a number of orientalists, nevertheless, for its full introduction into scientific circulation, its translation into Russian is of the uttermost necessity. The text processing will serve as the basis for the literary and artistic analysis of “The History of the Crimean Khans”.
在法国国家图书馆手稿部的稀有材料中(法国国家图书馆,手稿部,补编,第515页),有一本匿名作者的小编年史,可以追溯到克里米亚汗国时代。手稿中有一段描述:“赫吉拉(1475–1777)从880年到1191年的克里米亚可汗的历史,没有标题,也没有作者的名字。第一页正面的题词不是标题,而是对这部作品内容的总结,并不特别重要。年代:1786–1800”。尽管这部编年史因许多东方学家的研究而为人所知,但由于它被充分引入科学流通,它的俄语翻译是最必要的。文本处理将作为《克里米亚汗国历史》文艺分析的基础。
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引用次数: 0
Musical instruments of the Crimean Tatars in the collection of the Bakhchisarai Museum-Reserve Bakhchisarai博物馆保护区收藏的克里米亚鞑靼人乐器
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.22378/kio.2023.1.147-161
Sevilya S. Velieva
The article gives a detailed descripton of the musical instruments of the Crimean Tatars, which are presented in the collection of the Bakhchisarai Museum-Reserve and are interesting for studying musical culture in general. The history of formation of the collection of musical instruments is connected with the creation of the Museum of Turkic-Tatar Culture in Bakhchisarai. In the 1920s and 30s, the staff of the institution collected a large number of antiquities, including musical instruments. In scientific works devoted to the music of the Crimean Tatar people, researchers mainly paid attention to the songs, melodies and partially mentioned traditional instruments. In this work, it is assumed to study the issues of acquisition, cataloging, classification of musical instruments, as well as determining the characteristic features of these items. The research will be relevant for further use in creating expositions, excursion stories, possibly also in recreating folk instruments and playing them.
本文详细介绍了克里米亚鞑靼人的乐器,这些乐器收藏在巴奇萨赖博物馆保护区,对研究一般音乐文化很有意思。乐器收藏的形成历史与巴奇萨赖突厥鞑靼文化博物馆的创建有关。在20世纪二三十年代,该机构的工作人员收集了大量文物,包括乐器。在专门研究克里米亚鞑靼人音乐的科学著作中,研究人员主要关注歌曲、旋律,并部分提及传统乐器。在这项工作中,假设研究乐器的获取、编目、分类问题,以及确定这些物品的特征。这项研究将有助于进一步用于创建博览会、远足故事,也可能用于重现民间乐器和演奏它们。
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引用次数: 0
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Krymskoe istoricheskoe obozrenie
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