Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.adapen.2024.100165
Han Guo, Bin Huang, Jianhui Wang
The burgeoning proliferation of integrated energy systems has fostered an unprecedented degree of coupling among various energy streams, thereby elevating the necessity for unified multi-energy forecasting (MEF). Prior approaches predominantly relied on independent predictions for heterogeneous load demands, overlooking the synergy embedded within the dataset. The two principal challenges in MEF are extracting the intricate coupling correlations among diverse loads and accurately capturing the inherent uncertainties associated with each type of load. This study proposes an attentive quantile regression temporal convolutional network (QTCN) as a probabilistic framework for MEF, featuring an end-to-end predictor for the probabilistic intervals of electrical, thermal, and cooling loads. This study leverages an attention layer to extract correlations between diverse loads. Subsequently, a QTCN is implemented to retain the temporal characteristics of load data and gauge the uncertainties and temporal correlations of each load type. The multi-task learning framework is deployed to facilitate simultaneous regression of various quantiles, thereby expediting the training progression of the forecasting model. The proposed model is validated using realistic load data and meteorological data from the Arizona State University metabolic system and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration respectively, and the results indicate superior performance and greater economic benefits compared to the baselines in existing literature.
{"title":"Probabilistic load forecasting for integrated energy systems using attentive quantile regression temporal convolutional network","authors":"Han Guo, Bin Huang, Jianhui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2024.100165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2024.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The burgeoning proliferation of integrated energy systems has fostered an unprecedented degree of coupling among various energy streams, thereby elevating the necessity for unified multi-energy forecasting (MEF). Prior approaches predominantly relied on independent predictions for heterogeneous load demands, overlooking the synergy embedded within the dataset. The two principal challenges in MEF are extracting the intricate coupling correlations among diverse loads and accurately capturing the inherent uncertainties associated with each type of load. This study proposes an attentive quantile regression temporal convolutional network (QTCN) as a probabilistic framework for MEF, featuring an end-to-end predictor for the probabilistic intervals of electrical, thermal, and cooling loads. This study leverages an attention layer to extract correlations between diverse loads. Subsequently, a QTCN is implemented to retain the temporal characteristics of load data and gauge the uncertainties and temporal correlations of each load type. The multi-task learning framework is deployed to facilitate simultaneous regression of various quantiles, thereby expediting the training progression of the forecasting model. The proposed model is validated using realistic load data and meteorological data from the Arizona State University metabolic system and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration respectively, and the results indicate superior performance and greater economic benefits compared to the baselines in existing literature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792424000039/pdfft?md5=b54e77f93d7199836be85cd37c0a9d2f&pid=1-s2.0-S2666792424000039-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139986098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.adapen.2024.100163
Yubin Jin , Zhenzhong Zeng , Yuntian Chen , Rongrong Xu , Alan D. Ziegler , Wenchuang Chen , Bin Ye , Dongxiao Zhang
Marine renewable energy is gaining prominence as a crucial component of the energy supply in coastal cities due to proximity and minimal land requirements. The synergistic potential of integrating floating photovoltaics with offshore wind turbines presents an encouraging avenue for boosting power production, amplifying spatial energy generation density, and mitigating seasonal output fluctuations. While the global promise of offshore wind-photovoltaic hybrid systems is evident, a definitive understanding of their potential remains elusive. Here, we evaluate the resource potential of the hybrid systems under geographical constraints, offering insights into sustainable and efficient offshore energy solutions. We compile a database with 11,198 offshore wind turbine locations from Sentinel-1 imagery and technical parameters from commercial project details. Our analysis reveals an underutilization of spatial resources within existing offshore wind farms, yielding a modest 26 kWh per square meter. Furthermore, employing realistic climate-driven system simulations, we find an impressive potential photovoltaic generation of 1372 ± 18 TWh annually, over seven times higher than the current offshore wind capacity. Notably, floating photovoltaics demonstrated remarkable efficiency, matching wind turbine output with a mere 17 % of the wind farm area and achieving an average 76 % increase in power generation at equivalent investment costs. Additionally, the hybrid wind and photovoltaic systems exhibit monthly-scale complementarity, reflected by a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.78, providing a consistent and reliable power supply. These findings support the notion that hybrid offshore renewable energy could revolutionize the renewable energy industry, optimize energy structures, and contribute to a sustainable future for coastal cities.
{"title":"Geographically constrained resource potential of integrating floating photovoltaics in global existing offshore wind farms","authors":"Yubin Jin , Zhenzhong Zeng , Yuntian Chen , Rongrong Xu , Alan D. Ziegler , Wenchuang Chen , Bin Ye , Dongxiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2024.100163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2024.100163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Marine renewable energy is gaining prominence as a crucial component of the energy supply in coastal cities due to proximity and minimal land requirements. The synergistic potential of integrating floating photovoltaics with offshore wind turbines presents an encouraging avenue for boosting power production, amplifying spatial energy generation density, and mitigating seasonal output fluctuations. While the global promise of offshore wind-photovoltaic hybrid systems is evident, a definitive understanding of their potential remains elusive. Here, we evaluate the resource potential of the hybrid systems under geographical constraints, offering insights into sustainable and efficient offshore energy solutions. We compile a database with 11,198 offshore wind turbine locations from Sentinel-1 imagery and technical parameters from commercial project details. Our analysis reveals an underutilization of spatial resources within existing offshore wind farms, yielding a modest 26 kWh per square meter. Furthermore, employing realistic climate-driven system simulations, we find an impressive potential photovoltaic generation of 1372 ± 18 TWh annually, over seven times higher than the current offshore wind capacity. Notably, floating photovoltaics demonstrated remarkable efficiency, matching wind turbine output with a mere 17 % of the wind farm area and achieving an average 76 % increase in power generation at equivalent investment costs. Additionally, the hybrid wind and photovoltaic systems exhibit monthly-scale complementarity, reflected by a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.78, providing a consistent and reliable power supply. These findings support the notion that hybrid offshore renewable energy could revolutionize the renewable energy industry, optimize energy structures, and contribute to a sustainable future for coastal cities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792424000015/pdfft?md5=76e91364e8313daf52e2fc98c7dba1dd&pid=1-s2.0-S2666792424000015-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139634911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.adapen.2024.100164
Gabriele Furlan , Fengqi You
The global energy sector is now transitioning its structure towards carbon neutrality aided by renewable resource use. Despite its immense potential, solar energy contributes minimally to the global energy mix due to its intermittent nature and challenges with power demand fluctuations. Increased use of distributed solar sources alters market dynamics, necessitating conventional power plants to ramp up output during lower renewable energy production times and manage oversupply risks. Concentrated solar power (CSP) can contribute to grid decarbonization, but its high levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) impedes widespread adoption. This study proposes hybridizing CSP and photovoltaic (PV) technologies, aiming to leverage their synergy to maximize economic benefits. We develop a comprehensive process design framework that utilizes a robust multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach, which factors in techno-economic and environmental objectives while accounting for model uncertainty from resource prices and life cycle assessment indicators. Optimization results reveal that in Ivanpah, California, hybrid CSP + PV can reduce 41 % of LCOE and limit environmental impacts compared to standalone CSP plants. This robust framework also identifies design trends, such as a constant dependence on the PV field, and a trade-off between the installed area of the solar concentrators and the backup boiler operation. The optimal unit sizes, less susceptible to future market fluctuations and potential changes in the global warming potential (GWP) of technologies, contribute significantly to robust and sustainable energy planning decisions.
{"title":"Robust design of hybrid solar power systems: Sustainable integration of concentrated solar power and photovoltaic technologies","authors":"Gabriele Furlan , Fengqi You","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2024.100164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2024.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global energy sector is now transitioning its structure towards carbon neutrality aided by renewable resource use. Despite its immense potential, solar energy contributes minimally to the global energy mix due to its intermittent nature and challenges with power demand fluctuations. Increased use of distributed solar sources alters market dynamics, necessitating conventional power plants to ramp up output during lower renewable energy production times and manage oversupply risks. Concentrated solar power (CSP) can contribute to grid decarbonization, but its high levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) impedes widespread adoption. This study proposes hybridizing CSP and photovoltaic (PV) technologies, aiming to leverage their synergy to maximize economic benefits. We develop a comprehensive process design framework that utilizes a robust multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach, which factors in techno-economic and environmental objectives while accounting for model uncertainty from resource prices and life cycle assessment indicators. Optimization results reveal that in Ivanpah, California, hybrid CSP + PV can reduce 41 % of LCOE and limit environmental impacts compared to standalone CSP plants. This robust framework also identifies design trends, such as a constant dependence on the PV field, and a trade-off between the installed area of the solar concentrators and the backup boiler operation. The optimal unit sizes, less susceptible to future market fluctuations and potential changes in the global warming potential (GWP) of technologies, contribute significantly to robust and sustainable energy planning decisions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792424000027/pdfft?md5=acfd1a9dcc566c4b109a2e63fa8ca798&pid=1-s2.0-S2666792424000027-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139718445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100162
Yunfei Du , Xinwei Shen , Daniel M. Kammen , Chaopeng Hong , Jinfeng Nie , Bo Zheng , Shangheng Yao
Globally, the power sector must undergo a profound transition to achieve the decarbonization development targets. Various roadmaps are implemented, but only from a macro perspective, lacking the consideration of the electricity market rules. In this paper, we develop and present a market-driven generation and transmission expansion planning (MGTEP) model considering the effectiveness of the electricity market. Specifically, generation and transmission companies incorporate hourly market trading and annual capacity investment into strategic decisions to maximize their profits, with the supply function equilibrium model to analyze bidding behaviors. An equivalent quadratic programming formulation is deployed to solve the trilevel MGTEP model. Meanwhile, the MGTEP model is coupled with decarbonization policies to support the state and federal government in assessing energy transition strategies. We implement the MGTEP model with carbon emission allowance and carbon tax policies for the southern China electricity market to achieve carbon peaking by 2030. Carbon emission allowance adopts an intensity-based cap based on generation companies' historical output. The case study results show that 50 % carbon emission allowance or 400 CNY/t carbon tax is required but with several drawbacks, including unsatisfactory decarbonization effect, excessive economic sacrifice, etc. Finally, the case study is extended to dual-track policies with different combinations of policies. An optimal combination is 70 % carbon emission allowance and 160 CNY/t carbon tax. In this case, the power sector's carbon dioxide emissions and electricity prices in the southern China electricity market would increase to 554.6 Mt and 864.34 CNY/MWh in 2030, respectively, along with a carbon price of 850 CNY/t.
{"title":"A generation and transmission expansion planning model for the electricity market with decarbonization policies","authors":"Yunfei Du , Xinwei Shen , Daniel M. Kammen , Chaopeng Hong , Jinfeng Nie , Bo Zheng , Shangheng Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Globally, the power sector must undergo a profound transition to achieve the decarbonization development targets. Various roadmaps are implemented, but only from a macro perspective, lacking the consideration of the electricity market rules. In this paper, we develop and present a market-driven generation and transmission expansion planning (MGTEP) model considering the effectiveness of the electricity market. Specifically, generation and transmission companies incorporate hourly market trading and annual capacity investment into strategic decisions to maximize their profits, with the supply function equilibrium model to analyze bidding behaviors. An equivalent quadratic programming formulation is deployed to solve the trilevel MGTEP model. Meanwhile, the MGTEP model is coupled with decarbonization policies to support the state and federal government in assessing energy transition strategies. We implement the MGTEP model with carbon emission allowance and carbon tax policies for the southern China electricity market to achieve carbon peaking by 2030. Carbon emission allowance adopts an intensity-based cap based on generation companies' historical output. The case study results show that 50 % carbon emission allowance or 400 CNY/t carbon tax is required but with several drawbacks, including unsatisfactory decarbonization effect, excessive economic sacrifice, etc. Finally, the case study is extended to dual-track policies with different combinations of policies. An optimal combination is 70 % carbon emission allowance and 160 CNY/t carbon tax. In this case, the power sector's carbon dioxide emissions and electricity prices in the southern China electricity market would increase to 554.6 Mt and 864.34 CNY/MWh in 2030, respectively, along with a carbon price of 850 CNY/t.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792423000410/pdfft?md5=0b449a964db258b71efe732b873abc1d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666792423000410-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139392424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100161
Jonathan Hanto , Philipp Herpich , Konstantin Löffler , Karlo Hainsch , Nikita Moskalenko , Sarah Schmidt
With the aim of reducing carbon emissions and seeking independence from Russian gas in the wake of the conflict in Ukraine, the use of hydrogen in the European Union is expected to rise in the future. In this regard, hydrogen transport via pipeline will become increasingly crucial, either through the utilization of existing natural gas infrastructure or the construction of new dedicated hydrogen pipelines. This study investigates the effects of hydrogen blending in existing pipelines on the European energy system by the year 2050, by introducing hydrogen blending sensitivities to the Global Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD). Results indicate that hydrogen demand in Europe is inelastic and limited by its high costs and specific use cases, with hydrogen production increasing by 0.17% for 100%-blending allowed compared to no blending allowed. The availability of hydrogen blending has been found to impact regional hydrogen production and trade, with countries that can utilize existing natural gas pipelines, such as Norway, experiencing an increase in hydrogen and synthetic gas exports from 44.0 TWh up to 105.9 TWh in 2050, as the proportion of blending increases. Although the influence of blending on the overall production and consumption of hydrogen in Europe is minimal, the impacts on the location of production and dependence on imports must be thoroughly evaluated in future planning efforts.
{"title":"Assessing the implications of hydrogen blending on the European energy system towards 2050","authors":"Jonathan Hanto , Philipp Herpich , Konstantin Löffler , Karlo Hainsch , Nikita Moskalenko , Sarah Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the aim of reducing carbon emissions and seeking independence from Russian gas in the wake of the conflict in Ukraine, the use of hydrogen in the European Union is expected to rise in the future. In this regard, hydrogen transport via pipeline will become increasingly crucial, either through the utilization of existing natural gas infrastructure or the construction of new dedicated hydrogen pipelines. This study investigates the effects of hydrogen blending in existing pipelines on the European energy system by the year 2050, by introducing hydrogen blending sensitivities to the Global Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD). Results indicate that hydrogen demand in Europe is inelastic and limited by its high costs and specific use cases, with hydrogen production increasing by 0.17% for 100%-blending allowed compared to no blending allowed. The availability of hydrogen blending has been found to impact regional hydrogen production and trade, with countries that can utilize existing natural gas pipelines, such as Norway, experiencing an increase in hydrogen and synthetic gas exports from 44.0 TWh up to 105.9 TWh in 2050, as the proportion of blending increases. Although the influence of blending on the overall production and consumption of hydrogen in Europe is minimal, the impacts on the location of production and dependence on imports must be thoroughly evaluated in future planning efforts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792423000409/pdfft?md5=f1eb008c82435b25e32dfed5d7cb000f&pid=1-s2.0-S2666792423000409-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139108848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100160
Jinqing Peng , Zhengyi Luo , Yutong Tan , Haihao Jiang , Rongxin Yin , Jinyue Yan
The optimal scheduling of home energy systems is influenced by the benefits of different stakeholders, with the hierarchical nature of user's needs being particularly significant. However, previous studies have largely neglected these factors. To bridge the research gaps, a many-objective optimal dispatch framework for home energy systems, which was inspired by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, was proposed. In the framework, user's needs for the optimal dispatch of home energy systems were categorized into various hierarchies referring to the Maslow's theory, which were fulfilled in a specific sequence during the scheduling optimization. In addition to the user's needs, the benefits of grid operators and policymakers were considered in the developed many-objective nonlinear optimal model, which includes six objective functions that capture the interests of end-users, grid operators, and policymakers. Simulation results obtained across the home energy systems with various configurations verified the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Results indicate that user's needs can be fully satisfied and a tradeoff among the benefits of end-users, grid operators, and policymakers was achieved. For various home energy systems, the optimal scheduling demonstrated reductions of 22.33 %-81.05 % in daily operation costs, 14.39 %-25.68 % in CO2 emissions, and 15.58 %-17.49 % in peak-valley differences, associated with increment of 5.37 %-15.51 % in self-consumption rate and 8.91 %-27.29 % in self-sufficiency rate, compared with the benchmark. The proposed framework provides valuable guidance for the optimal scheduling of various home energy systems in practical applications.
{"title":"Balancing stakeholder benefits: A many-objective optimal dispatch framework for home energy systems inspired by Maslow's Hierarchy of needs","authors":"Jinqing Peng , Zhengyi Luo , Yutong Tan , Haihao Jiang , Rongxin Yin , Jinyue Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The optimal scheduling of home energy systems is influenced by the benefits of different stakeholders, with the hierarchical nature of user's needs being particularly significant. However, previous studies have largely neglected these factors. To bridge the research gaps, a many-objective optimal dispatch framework for home energy systems, which was inspired by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, was proposed. In the framework, user's needs for the optimal dispatch of home energy systems were categorized into various hierarchies referring to the Maslow's theory, which were fulfilled in a specific sequence during the scheduling optimization. In addition to the user's needs, the benefits of grid operators and policymakers were considered in the developed many-objective nonlinear optimal model, which includes six objective functions that capture the interests of end-users, grid operators, and policymakers. Simulation results obtained across the home energy systems with various configurations verified the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Results indicate that user's needs can be fully satisfied and a tradeoff among the benefits of end-users, grid operators, and policymakers was achieved. For various home energy systems, the optimal scheduling demonstrated reductions of 22.33 %-81.05 % in daily operation costs, 14.39 %-25.68 % in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and 15.58 %-17.49 % in peak-valley differences, associated with increment of 5.37 %-15.51 % in self-consumption rate and 8.91 %-27.29 % in self-sufficiency rate, compared with the benchmark. The proposed framework provides valuable guidance for the optimal scheduling of various home energy systems in practical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792423000392/pdfft?md5=5fef1786f524aa77ea97b0b938f1641d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666792423000392-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138988935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100159
Xiao Nie , Robert Flores , Jack Brouwer , Jaeho Lee
While cool coatings have recently received much attention for building applications, their impact on building energy consumption strongly depends upon climatic conditions. Herein we evaluate the energy, cost, carbon, and interior comfort impact of cool coatings applied to a residential multifamily building across 32 climate zones in the United States by applying advanced cool coating properties to established building energy models. The model not only considers promising cool coating properties based upon recent experiments but also an ideal cool coating. Our calculations show that the ideal cool coating can achieve annual cooling energy savings of up to 6.64 kWh/m2 (Phoenix, AZ), annual net utility cost savings up to $1.16/m2 (Brawley, CA), and net annual carbon emission savings up to 7.7 % (Phoenix, AZ). We also estimate the change in interior temperature for buildings without space cooling systems and show that cool coatings make buildings in the warmest climate zones in the U.S. without space cooling more comfortable by 30 % to 50 % on a cooling degree days basis. Using analysis of variance, we examine the statistical relationships between building performance metrics and climatic parameters. The presented methodology enables evaluation of cool coating application to buildings in various climate zones across the world.
{"title":"Energy and cost savings of cool coatings for multifamily buildings in U.S. climate zones","authors":"Xiao Nie , Robert Flores , Jack Brouwer , Jaeho Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While cool coatings have recently received much attention for building applications, their impact on building energy consumption strongly depends upon climatic conditions. Herein we evaluate the energy, cost, carbon, and interior comfort impact of cool coatings applied to a residential multifamily building across 32 climate zones in the United States by applying advanced cool coating properties to established building energy models. The model not only considers promising cool coating properties based upon recent experiments but also an ideal cool coating. Our calculations show that the ideal cool coating can achieve annual cooling energy savings of up to 6.64 kWh/m<sup>2</sup> (Phoenix, AZ), annual net utility cost savings up to $1.16/m<sup>2</sup> (Brawley, CA), and net annual carbon emission savings up to 7.7 % (Phoenix, AZ). We also estimate the change in interior temperature for buildings without space cooling systems and show that cool coatings make buildings in the warmest climate zones in the U.S. without space cooling more comfortable by 30 % to 50 % on a cooling degree days basis. Using analysis of variance, we examine the statistical relationships between building performance metrics and climatic parameters. The presented methodology enables evaluation of cool coating application to buildings in various climate zones across the world.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792423000380/pdfft?md5=e3abbd25a40762bb10fef0843e3128ab&pid=1-s2.0-S2666792423000380-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139015626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100158
Tristan Pelser , Jann Michael Weinand , Patrick Kuckertz , Russell McKenna , Jochen Linssen , Detlef Stolten
The accurate quantification and assessment of available renewable energy resources has emerged as a research topic with high relevance to policymakers and industry. Motivated by the need for a contemporary review on the methodologies and practices prevalent in wind resource assessments, we employ a systematic analysis of 195 articles that describe large-scale wind assessments. Our review reveals significant heterogeneity in global and continental-scale potentials and geographical bias of research towards the Northern Hemisphere, despite electrification needs in regions like Africa and Latin America. A fraction of the literature attempts to explicitly include social and political barriers to wind power development, thereby defining ‘feasible’ potentials. We delve into advancements in this domain, focusing on innovative methodologies that encapsulate the viewpoints of subject experts and stakeholders in the assessment process. Our analysis underscores pressing challenges relating to data sharing and scientific reproducibility, with our findings revealing a mere 10 % of studies that offer openly available data for download. This highlights a pervasive insufficiency in the reproducibility of wind assessments. Additionally, we tackle notable hurdles concerning wind data and meteorological characterization, including an over-reliance on single-source wind data and a deficit in adequately characterizing temporal wind variability. Relatedly, we uncover a highly heterogenous approach to turbine siting and characterizing wake-related losses. These methods are frequently simplistic, potentially leading to an overestimation of wind potentials by assuming an overly optimistic capacity density. In each of these domains, we discuss the state of the art for modern wind resource assessments, propose best practices, and pinpoint crucial areas warranting future research.
{"title":"Reviewing accuracy & reproducibility of large-scale wind resource assessments","authors":"Tristan Pelser , Jann Michael Weinand , Patrick Kuckertz , Russell McKenna , Jochen Linssen , Detlef Stolten","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The accurate quantification and assessment of available renewable energy resources has emerged as a research topic with high relevance to policymakers and industry. Motivated by the need for a contemporary review on the methodologies and practices prevalent in wind resource assessments, we employ a systematic analysis of 195 articles that describe large-scale wind assessments. Our review reveals significant heterogeneity in global and continental-scale potentials and geographical bias of research towards the Northern Hemisphere, despite electrification needs in regions like Africa and Latin America. A fraction of the literature attempts to explicitly include social and political barriers to wind power development, thereby defining ‘feasible’ potentials. We delve into advancements in this domain, focusing on innovative methodologies that encapsulate the viewpoints of subject experts and stakeholders in the assessment process. Our analysis underscores pressing challenges relating to data sharing and scientific reproducibility, with our findings revealing a mere 10 % of studies that offer openly available data for download. This highlights a pervasive insufficiency in the reproducibility of wind assessments. Additionally, we tackle notable hurdles concerning wind data and meteorological characterization, including an over-reliance on single-source wind data and a deficit in adequately characterizing temporal wind variability. Relatedly, we uncover a highly heterogenous approach to turbine siting and characterizing wake-related losses. These methods are frequently simplistic, potentially leading to an overestimation of wind potentials by assuming an overly optimistic capacity density. In each of these domains, we discuss the state of the art for modern wind resource assessments, propose best practices, and pinpoint crucial areas warranting future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792423000379/pdfft?md5=13aa8adaba32fb8e06f4ba4955cc4e2b&pid=1-s2.0-S2666792423000379-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138656301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100144
Shiyu Yang , H. Oliver Gao , Fengqi You
Building electrification with distributed energy resources (DERs) is a promising strategy to decarbonize the building sector. Considering the inter-dependencies between operations control and systems design, integrating technology operations control optimization with DERs investment optimization can cost-effectively enhance such building decarbonization opportunities. This study proposes a multi-timescale integrated optimization framework to simultaneously optimize the design and control of DERs and electrification technologies for buildings. A novel building operational performance prediction model based on deep learning is developed to approximate and replace the computationally expensive control optimization. This helps resolve the challenging, computationally intractable multi-timescale integrated design and control optimization problem. Applying the proposed framework to a residential building, our results demonstrate its effectiveness in cost-efficient carbon emissions reduction. With integrated design and control optimization for DERs and electric building energy systems, the proposed framework reduces operational carbon emissions by 80% and total costs by 2.7% compared to a base case, which uses typical conventional building energy systems without DERs and control/design optimization. Separate optimization of operations control and system design cannot achieve such performance. Further scenario analyses indicate that as power grids become cleaner, the reliance on DERs can be alleviated but remain important in building carbon emission reduction under 2050 power grid scenario. Overall, as our results demonstrate, it is possible to reduce building operational carbon emissions simultaneously with net electrical load: compared to the base case, the proposed framework helps reduce the carbon emission by 80% while driving down the net electrical load from 44.1 to 19.3 kWh/m2/year.
利用分布式能源资源(DERs)实现楼宇电气化是楼宇领域去碳化的一项前景广阔的战略。考虑到运营控制与系统设计之间的相互依存关系,将技术运营控制优化与 DERs 投资优化相结合,可以经济有效地提高建筑行业的去碳化机会。本研究提出了一个多时间尺度的集成优化框架,可同时优化 DERs 和建筑电气化技术的设计和控制。研究开发了一种基于深度学习的新型建筑运行性能预测模型,以近似并取代计算成本高昂的控制优化。这有助于解决具有挑战性、难以计算的多时间尺度综合设计和控制优化问题。我们将所提出的框架应用于一栋住宅楼,结果证明了它在经济高效地减少碳排放方面的有效性。通过对 DERs 和电动建筑能源系统进行集成设计和控制优化,与使用典型传统建筑能源系统(无 DERs 和控制/设计优化)的基本情况相比,所提出的框架减少了 80% 的运行碳排放和 2.7% 的总成本。单独优化运行控制和系统设计无法实现这样的性能。进一步的情景分析表明,随着电网变得更加清洁,对 DER 的依赖可以减轻,但在 2050 年电网情景下,DER 在建筑碳减排中仍然非常重要。总之,我们的研究结果表明,在减少建筑运行碳排放的同时,还能减少净电力负荷:与基本情况相比,所提出的框架有助于减少 80% 的碳排放,同时将净电力负荷从 44.1 千瓦时/平方米/年降低到 19.3 千瓦时/平方米/年。
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Pub Date : 2023-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100156
Jonas Martin , Emil Dimanchev , Anne Neumann
Renewable fuels can help to reduce carbon emissions from transportation. To inform planning decisions, this paper estimates carbon abatement costs of replacing fossil fuels with renewable hydrogen, ammonia, or Fischer–Tropsch e-fuel in Norwegian freight transport across long-haul trucking, short-sea shipping, and medium-haul aviation. We do this by applying a holistic cost model of renewable fuel value chains. We compare abatement costs across transport sectors and analyze how policy interventions along the value chains – such as carbon pricing, subsidies, and de-risking policies – impact carbon abatement costs. We estimate abatement costs of 793–1,598 €/tCO2 in 2020 and -11–675 €/tCO2 in 2050, depending on the electricity source, transport sector, and type of fuel. A 1 €/kg reduction in the cost of hydrogen - e.g. through a subsidy - lowers present-day carbon abatement cost by 95 €/tCO2 for hydrogen-powered trucking, 133 €/tCO2 for e-fuel-powered shipping, and 143 €/tCO2 for e-fuel-powered aviation. We further show that reductions in the weighted average cost of capital materially decrease abatement cost, particularly for renewable hydrogen due to its relative capital intensity.
{"title":"Carbon abatement costs for renewable fuels in hard-to-abate transport sectors","authors":"Jonas Martin , Emil Dimanchev , Anne Neumann","doi":"10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Renewable fuels can help to reduce carbon emissions from transportation. To inform planning decisions, this paper estimates carbon abatement costs of replacing fossil fuels with renewable hydrogen, ammonia, or Fischer–Tropsch e-fuel in Norwegian freight transport across long-haul trucking, short-sea shipping, and medium-haul aviation. We do this by applying a holistic cost model of renewable fuel value chains. We compare abatement costs across transport sectors and analyze how policy interventions along the value chains – such as carbon pricing, subsidies, and de-risking policies – impact carbon abatement costs. We estimate abatement costs of 793–1,598 €/tCO<sub>2</sub> in 2020 and -11–675 €/tCO<sub>2</sub> in 2050, depending on the electricity source, transport sector, and type of fuel. A 1 €/kg reduction in the cost of hydrogen - e.g. through a subsidy - lowers present-day carbon abatement cost by 95 €/tCO<sub>2</sub> for hydrogen-powered trucking, 133 €/tCO<sub>2</sub> for e-fuel-powered shipping, and 143 €/tCO<sub>2</sub> for e-fuel-powered aviation. We further show that reductions in the weighted average cost of capital materially decrease abatement cost, particularly for renewable hydrogen due to its relative capital intensity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34615,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Applied Energy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666792423000355/pdfft?md5=b2388558e20602c9cbef9161e8d8df3c&pid=1-s2.0-S2666792423000355-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92047100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}