In this study, we focus on the effects of labor migration on the economic and political views of people in European, Caucasian, and Central Asian transition countries. During 30 years of transition, people’s views towards transition have demonstrated substantial variations from supports to oppositions. Labor migration can play roles in shaping their views. It can promote supports for transition by providing knowledges and norms related to liberal and democratic systems from foreign countries, a mechanism known as social remittances. However, transition countries also receive immigrants and the economic pressure associated with immigrants can reduce the supports. With survey data covering 27 transition countries and three years, 2006, 2010, and 2016, and remittance flow data as proxies for labor migration intensities, we empirically examine how sending and receiving labor migrants affect the preferences for a market economy and democracy. Our main findings are (i) that sending labor emigrants increases people’s preferences for a market economy but (ii) that receiving immigrants reduces those for a market economy and democracy. The former effect is observed in countries from which labor emigrants head to Western European countries, suggesting the roles of social remittances. Conversely, with immigrants, people increase their demand for governmental interventions and skeptic views towards democracy.
{"title":"Labor Migration and People’s Political and Economic Views in Transition Countries","authors":"Daichi Yamada, Masato Hiwatari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3720329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3720329","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we focus on the effects of labor migration on the economic and political views of people in European, Caucasian, and Central Asian transition countries. During 30 years of transition, people’s views towards transition have demonstrated substantial variations from supports to oppositions. Labor migration can play roles in shaping their views. It can promote supports for transition by providing knowledges and norms related to liberal and democratic systems from foreign countries, a mechanism known as social remittances. However, transition countries also receive immigrants and the economic pressure associated with immigrants can reduce the supports. With survey data covering 27 transition countries and three years, 2006, 2010, and 2016, and remittance flow data as proxies for labor migration intensities, we empirically examine how sending and receiving labor migrants affect the preferences for a market economy and democracy. Our main findings are (i) that sending labor emigrants increases people’s preferences for a market economy but (ii) that receiving immigrants reduces those for a market economy and democracy. The former effect is observed in countries from which labor emigrants head to Western European countries, suggesting the roles of social remittances. Conversely, with immigrants, people increase their demand for governmental interventions and skeptic views towards democracy.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"208 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121996572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate disaster, climate migration, and displacements due to disasters are a growing field of academic inquiry. Several recent studies have highlighted the human cost of climate vulnerability and discussed the scenario of climate migration as a strategy for adaptation (or failure to do so). Studies on climate migration governance have questioned the lack of regional and national policy frameworks to deal with climate migration flows. In this paper, I explore how the government of Assam in India responds to hydro-metrological displacement exacerbated by climate change in recent years. I argue that the complexity of migration, belonging and citizenship in sub-national spaces is often ignored in policy debates. I further argue that to create inclusive climate future it is necessary not just to recognize the institutional barriers but to also address the citizenship barriers in vulnerable geographies.
{"title":"Citizenship Amidst Disaster","authors":"Ritumbra Manuvie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3692793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3692793","url":null,"abstract":"Climate disaster, climate migration, and displacements due to disasters are a growing field of academic inquiry. Several recent studies have highlighted the human cost of climate vulnerability and discussed the scenario of climate migration as a strategy for adaptation (or failure to do so). Studies on climate migration governance have questioned the lack of regional and national policy frameworks to deal with climate migration flows. In this paper, I explore how the government of Assam in India responds to hydro-metrological displacement exacerbated by climate change in recent years. I argue that the complexity of migration, belonging and citizenship in sub-national spaces is often ignored in policy debates. I further argue that to create inclusive climate future it is necessary not just to recognize the institutional barriers but to also address the citizenship barriers in vulnerable geographies.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124416921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The availability of jobs has been a great concern in developing countries like India, with exploding population, increasing urbanization rate and regional disparities in development. This results in migration from one to other cities, states in search of employment for improved livelihood. Migration has become essential, where population densities are high in relation to land. Frequent shortage of rainfall or suffer floods also forces people to move. Informality, circular migration, labor market and social discrimination, and segmentation go hand in hand. This puts these migrants vulnerable. The announcement of stringent lock-down at a notice of about four hours on 24, March 2020 in India in response to the Corona pandemic intensified the feeling of insecurity among the migrant labourers across various parts of the country. The loss in employment and incomes of the workers in the informal economy, some 93 percent of all workers, was almost complete in the first phase of the lockdown. The loss in employment and incomes immediately threatened their access to food and non-food essential items, rented accommodation and shelter in many places. The central government as well as many of the state governments failed to anticipate and understand the scale and nature of the problem faced by migrants. They chose to interpret and deal with the urgent issues as a law and order problem arising due to what it considered were planned spread of misinformation. With all forms of transport stopped completely at the initial stage of this lockdown, most of the immigrant laborer's had no choice but to walk miles to their homes. This paper confines the study to internal laborer's of India and uses secondary data sources and observations of the researchers during the lock down phase of COVID19.
{"title":"Plight of Migrant Workers of India Due to COVID-19","authors":"R. Ramakrishnan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3813438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3813438","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of jobs has been a great concern in developing countries like India, with exploding population, increasing urbanization rate and regional disparities in development. This results in migration from one to other cities, states in search of employment for improved livelihood. Migration has become essential, where population densities are high in relation to land. Frequent shortage of rainfall or suffer floods also forces people to move. Informality, circular migration, labor market and social discrimination, and segmentation go hand in hand. This puts these migrants vulnerable. \u0000 \u0000The announcement of stringent lock-down at a notice of about four hours on 24, March 2020 in India in response to the Corona pandemic intensified the feeling of insecurity among the migrant labourers across various parts of the country. The loss in employment and incomes of the workers in the informal economy, some 93 percent of all workers, was almost complete in the first phase of the lockdown. The loss in employment and incomes immediately threatened their access to food and non-food essential items, rented accommodation and shelter in many places. \u0000 \u0000The central government as well as many of the state governments failed to anticipate and understand the scale and nature of the problem faced by migrants. They chose to interpret and deal with the urgent issues as a law and order problem arising due to what it considered were planned spread of misinformation. With all forms of transport stopped completely at the initial stage of this lockdown, most of the immigrant laborer's had no choice but to walk miles to their homes. This paper confines the study to internal laborer's of India and uses secondary data sources and observations of the researchers during the lock down phase of COVID19.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123838027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pension reforms, which imply a reduction in the generosity of pension benefits, are becoming widespread in response to the demographic transition. The scale, the timing, and the pace of these reforms vary across countries. In this theoretical article, authors analyse individual migration decisions, by adding a component linked to the expected old-age pension benefits in sending and receiving countries in two cases: when the pension system rules are known, and when there is a risk of the pension systems reforms. The results indicate that when individuals fail to take future pension wealth into account, they can make sub-optimal migration decisions.
{"title":"Migration with Pension Reform Expectations","authors":"M. Góra, Anna Ruzik-Sierdzińska","doi":"10.3326/PSE.44.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3326/PSE.44.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Pension reforms, which imply a reduction in the generosity of pension benefits, are becoming widespread in response to the demographic transition. The scale, the timing, and the pace of these reforms vary across countries. In this theoretical article, authors analyse individual migration decisions, by adding a component linked to the expected old-age pension benefits in sending and receiving countries in two cases: when the pension system rules are known, and when there is a risk of the pension systems reforms. The results indicate that when individuals fail to take future pension wealth into account, they can make sub-optimal migration decisions.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125908866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the intersections between youth access to land, migration decisions and employment opportunities using nationally representative and multi-year data from multiple African countries. We document evidence on the evolving dynamics in land distribution and ownership patterns, the effect of land access on youth livelihood choices and development of rental and sales market in the region. The report highlights six key findings: First, a progressively smaller proportion of young people are inheriting land due to land scarcity. Second, rural youth who do inherit land will need to wait longer to gain access to it because of significantly longer adult life spans. Third, land scarcity has been driving rapid changes in the land ownership and distribution patterns over the past decade and shaping the employment and migration decisions of rural youth. Fourth, the share of individual labour time devoted to farming is declining over time across age categories and gender, signifying that continued economic transformation processes are underway in Africa.
{"title":"IFAD Research Series 53 - Youth Access to Land, Migration and Employment Opportunities: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Papers of the 2019 Rural Development Report","authors":"F. Yeboah, T. Jayne, M. Muyanga, J. Chamberlin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3523765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3523765","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the intersections between youth access to land, migration decisions and employment opportunities using nationally representative and multi-year data from multiple African countries. We document evidence on the evolving dynamics in land distribution and ownership patterns, the effect of land access on youth livelihood choices and development of rental and sales market in the region. The report highlights six key findings: First, a progressively smaller proportion of young people are inheriting land due to land scarcity. Second, rural youth who do inherit land will need to wait longer to gain access to it because of significantly longer adult life spans. Third, land scarcity has been driving rapid changes in the land ownership and distribution patterns over the past decade and shaping the employment and migration decisions of rural youth. Fourth, the share of individual labour time devoted to farming is declining over time across age categories and gender, signifying that continued economic transformation processes are underway in Africa.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123413997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Migrants often work longer hours than their non‐migrant counterparts. In this article, we examine reasons behind this inequality, arguing that institutional working time configurations at the country level have impact on worktime inequality. Our cross‐country comparative study uses data from the European Labour Force Survey. We focus on France, Sweden, Austria and the UK as archetypal examples of working time configurations and breadwinner models in Europe. Our findings indicate that institutional and cultural factors play a role in working hour differences between migrants and non‐migrants. We conclude that more centralized worktime regulation and bargaining foster equality, and we suggest several avenues for future research.
{"title":"Behind Migrant and Non‐Migrant Worktime Inequality in Europe: Institutional and Cultural Factors Explaining Differences","authors":"R. Ortlieb, Julian Winterheller","doi":"10.1111/bjir.12521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12521","url":null,"abstract":"Migrants often work longer hours than their non‐migrant counterparts. In this article, we examine reasons behind this inequality, arguing that institutional working time configurations at the country level have impact on worktime inequality. Our cross‐country comparative study uses data from the European Labour Force Survey. We focus on France, Sweden, Austria and the UK as archetypal examples of working time configurations and breadwinner models in Europe. Our findings indicate that institutional and cultural factors play a role in working hour differences between migrants and non‐migrants. We conclude that more centralized worktime regulation and bargaining foster equality, and we suggest several avenues for future research.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120672945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since China’s opening to international trade, the rapid growth of the country’s export sector has been coupled by an intensification of migratory outflows of ethnic Chinese. The literature has already stressed the beneficial role of migration in enhancing bilateral trade. The present paper applies a gravity model in order to capture the impact of migration on Chinese exports for a relatively long period of time (1995-2017) where significant developments take place. We estimated four regressions, each of them confirming the positive network effects of migration for boosting export growth. Apart from the main finding, it appears that the role of institutional and geographical proximity can prove to be complementary for trade enhancement. The results finally suggest mixed effects due to the countries’ import openness, indicating that China’s free trade agreements acts as a substitute for smoothing trade competition from third countries.
{"title":"International Migration and Export Flows: Evidence from the People's Republic of China","authors":"Dimitrios Karkanis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3473673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3473673","url":null,"abstract":"Since China’s opening to international trade, the rapid growth of the country’s export sector has been coupled by an intensification of migratory outflows of ethnic Chinese. The literature has already stressed the beneficial role of migration in enhancing bilateral trade. The present paper applies a gravity model in order to capture the impact of migration on Chinese exports for a relatively long period of time (1995-2017) where significant developments take place. We estimated four regressions, each of them confirming the positive network effects of migration for boosting export growth. Apart from the main finding, it appears that the role of institutional and geographical proximity can prove to be complementary for trade enhancement. The results finally suggest mixed effects due to the countries’ import openness, indicating that China’s free trade agreements acts as a substitute for smoothing trade competition from third countries.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124527502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael E. Cummings, David L. Deeds, Paul M. Vaaler
We use social identity and agency logic to theorize and test hypotheses about how migrants’ different abilities and motivations tied to tenure abroad change the impact of their remittances on venture investment back home. Regression and related analyses of remittances to 33 developing countries from 2001–2010 indicate that, for migrants residing abroad for less (more) than a year, remittances significantly increase new business founding rates (venture-funding availability). Our results suggest that migrants’ tenure abroad shifts remittance-based venture investment activity in ways consistent with shifting importance in migrants’ dual social identities and their related entrepreneurial abilities and motivations. Shorter-term migrants identifying more with their home countries remit to found ventures that provide livelihoods upon their return. Longer-term migrants identifying more with their host countries remit to fund ventures from afar that provide individual financial returns and, perhaps, social returns derived from assisting home-country family members, local communities, and the broader homeland.
{"title":"Migrant Tenure Abroad and the Differential Impact of Remittances for Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries","authors":"Michael E. Cummings, David L. Deeds, Paul M. Vaaler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3460442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3460442","url":null,"abstract":"We use social identity and agency logic to theorize and test hypotheses about how migrants’ different abilities and motivations tied to tenure abroad change the impact of their remittances on venture investment back home. Regression and related analyses of remittances to 33 developing countries from 2001–2010 indicate that, for migrants residing abroad for less (more) than a year, remittances significantly increase new business founding rates (venture-funding availability). Our results suggest that migrants’ tenure abroad shifts remittance-based venture investment activity in ways consistent with shifting importance in migrants’ dual social identities and their related entrepreneurial abilities and motivations. Shorter-term migrants identifying more with their home countries remit to found ventures that provide livelihoods upon their return. Longer-term migrants identifying more with their host countries remit to fund ventures from afar that provide individual financial returns and, perhaps, social returns derived from assisting home-country family members, local communities, and the broader homeland.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"PC-22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126669267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Illegal migration has beguiled the youths of Africa, typified by the treacherous Mediterranean crossing to Europe in recent years. This migration typology, once instigated by political conflicts, is now driven by socio-economic factors. Emigration in search of green pastures is, however, dwarfed by the huge but inconspicuous intra-Africa movement by Africans across international borders for trade, cultural/family ties, and of course, safety from conflicts. But, as migration within and out of Africa is motivated by economic factors, this article examines the Africa Union’s agenda on economic integration through the lens of free movement of persons. It investigates the nexus between migration, free movement, and economic growth through integration; and further provides an outline of the African Union’s framework on migration, mainly free movement of persons. It does so with the view of putting forward a case for the revision of the present African Union’s fragmented and complex migration normative framework. This paper argues for the revision of the present policy of an unconditional progressive approach to free movement, and calls for the acceleration of economic integration in Africa through the said free movement of persons. This economic integration approach will act as a desirable catalyst for the overall continental integration aspirations.
{"title":"Towards a Purposeful Economic Integration in Africa: Free Movement of Persons in Lieu of Illegal Migration","authors":"Michael Imran Kanu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3459837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3459837","url":null,"abstract":"Illegal migration has beguiled the youths of Africa, typified by the treacherous Mediterranean crossing to Europe in recent years. This migration typology, once instigated by political conflicts, is now driven by socio-economic factors. Emigration in search of green pastures is, however, dwarfed by the huge but inconspicuous intra-Africa movement by Africans across international borders for trade, cultural/family ties, and of course, safety from conflicts. But, as migration within and out of Africa is motivated by economic factors, this article examines the Africa Union’s agenda on economic integration through the lens of free movement of persons. It investigates the nexus between migration, free movement, and economic growth through integration; and further provides an outline of the African Union’s framework on migration, mainly free movement of persons. It does so with the view of putting forward a case for the revision of the present African Union’s fragmented and complex migration normative framework. This paper argues for the revision of the present policy of an unconditional progressive approach to free movement, and calls for the acceleration of economic integration in Africa through the said free movement of persons. This economic integration approach will act as a desirable catalyst for the overall continental integration aspirations.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"319 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132419512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our paper tests the hypothesis that living in limbo could have negative consequences for socio-economic integration of refugees. We define limbo as a protracted time period when asylum seekers are granted only a temporary residence permit linked to the asylum application, waiting for the decision concerning a permanent refugee status. To quantify the impact of limbo, we rely on the data from the French survey of migrants, ELIPA. We measure integration by labor market participation, fluency in French, finding new French friends and studying. We first demonstrate that limbo is exogenous as it is not related to the ability of refugees to fulfill administrative procedures. Then, we show that a higher share of the time living in limbo slows down all aspects of socio-economic integration, except fluency in French. The chances of a given refugee being employed are 1.2 times higher than for a refugee that spent one standard deviation more time in limbo, while the odds of having French friends and studying in France are 1.7 times higher, respectively. There are little gender differences.
{"title":"Living in Limbo: Economic and Social Costs for Refugees","authors":"Nadiya Ukrayinchuk, Olena Havrylchyk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2880065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2880065","url":null,"abstract":"Our paper tests the hypothesis that living in limbo could have negative consequences for socio-economic integration of refugees. We define limbo as a protracted time period when asylum seekers are granted only a temporary residence permit linked to the asylum application, waiting for the decision concerning a permanent refugee status. To quantify the impact of limbo, we rely on the data from the French survey of migrants, ELIPA. We measure integration by labor market participation, fluency in French, finding new French friends and studying. We first demonstrate that limbo is exogenous as it is not related to the ability of refugees to fulfill administrative procedures. Then, we show that a higher share of the time living in limbo slows down all aspects of socio-economic integration, except fluency in French. The chances of a given refugee being employed are 1.2 times higher than for a refugee that spent one standard deviation more time in limbo, while the odds of having French friends and studying in France are 1.7 times higher, respectively. There are little gender differences.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"614 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131657930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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