Refugees hosted across the developed world often work in low-quality jobs, regardless of education previously attained in their country of origin. In this paper, I analyse the long-term value of formal host-country education for refugees using the example of forcefully displaced Bosnians who arrived in Austria during the 1992-1995 Bosnian war. Deploying 22 years of Austrian microcensus data, I exploit the age at the time of forced migration as an instrument for the probability of receiving host-country instead of origin country education to recover local average treatment effects of education attained in Austria vis-Ã -vis Bosnia on labour market outcomes for refugees aged around schooling thresholds. These estimates show that attaining a formal degree in the host-country significantly reduces the probability of work below educational attainment and low-skill employment over the entire observation period. Income differences between Austrian and Bosnian degree holders are visible after more than two decades of stay in Austria. The discount on Bosnian education declines over time for men but not for women, suggesting that host-country degrees are particularly important to groups that faced cultural barriers to quality employment in their country of origin.
{"title":"The Value of Formal Host-Country Education for the Labour Market Position of Refugees: Evidence from Austria","authors":"L. Ludolph","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3904543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3904543","url":null,"abstract":"Refugees hosted across the developed world often work in low-quality jobs, regardless of education previously attained in their country of origin. In this paper, I analyse the long-term value of formal host-country education for refugees using the example of forcefully displaced Bosnians who arrived in Austria during the 1992-1995 Bosnian war. Deploying 22 years of Austrian microcensus data, I exploit the age at the time of forced migration as an instrument for the probability of receiving host-country instead of origin country education to recover local average treatment effects of education attained in Austria vis-Ã -vis Bosnia on labour market outcomes for refugees aged around schooling thresholds. These estimates show that attaining a formal degree in the host-country significantly reduces the probability of work below educational attainment and low-skill employment over the entire observation period. Income differences between Austrian and Bosnian degree holders are visible after more than two decades of stay in Austria. The discount on Bosnian education declines over time for men but not for women, suggesting that host-country degrees are particularly important to groups that faced cultural barriers to quality employment in their country of origin.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124298739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We structurally estimate the firm-level frictions across prefectures in China and quantify their aggregate and distributional implications. Based on a general equilibrium model with input and output distortions and migration, we show that the firm-level frictions are less dispersed and less correlated with productivity in richer prefectures. Counterfactual exercises show that reducing the within-prefecture misallocation increases the aggregate welfare, discourages migration towards large cities, and narrows the spatial inequality. Moreover, internal migration alleviates the impacts of micro-frictions on aggregate welfare and worsens their impacts on spatial inequality.
{"title":"Migration and Spatial Misallocation in China","authors":"Xiaolu Li, Lin Ma, Yang Tang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3925339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3925339","url":null,"abstract":"We structurally estimate the firm-level frictions across prefectures in China and quantify their aggregate and distributional implications. Based on a general equilibrium model with input and output distortions and migration, we show that the firm-level frictions are less dispersed and less correlated with productivity in richer prefectures. Counterfactual exercises show that reducing the within-prefecture misallocation increases the aggregate welfare, discourages migration towards large cities, and narrows the spatial inequality. Moreover, internal migration alleviates the impacts of micro-frictions on aggregate welfare and worsens their impacts on spatial inequality.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134015977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We ask whether access to the internet increases participation in a workfare program in Indian villages, especially during a crisis. We exploit the exodus of migrant workers from cities to rural areas during the pandemic and phase-wise rollout of the internet for identification. Comparing bordering regions with and without the internet in a differences-in-differences program, we find that access to the internet increases the demand for workfare by 4.2%. In areas more impacted by the pandemic, the demand increases by an additional 7.5%. Thus, we show that the digital infrastructure could play a positive role in alleviating distress during crises.
{"title":"Does The Internet Enhance State Capacity To Alleviate Distress","authors":"Sumit Agarwal, Nithin Mannil, Prasanna Tantri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3924061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3924061","url":null,"abstract":"We ask whether access to the internet increases participation in a workfare program in Indian villages, especially during a crisis. We exploit the exodus of migrant workers from cities to rural areas during the pandemic and phase-wise rollout of the internet for identification. Comparing bordering regions with and without the internet in a differences-in-differences program, we find that access to the internet increases the demand for workfare by 4.2%. In areas more impacted by the pandemic, the demand increases by an additional 7.5%. Thus, we show that the digital infrastructure could play a positive role in alleviating distress during crises.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"24 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128451649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores what determines employers’ violations of the wage contracts of workers on H-1B temporary work visas, which occur when firms pay those workers below the promised prevailing or “market” wage. A theoretical framework is proposed that predicts more violations during economic downturns, fewer violations when firms have more labor-market power, and more violations by subcontractor firms. Empirical analysis is based on a firm-level matched dataset of wage and hour violations and the firms that sponsor H-1Bs. Higher labor market power, measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, is associated with fewer violations. Higher unemployment rates and subcontractor firms are associated with more violations. The effects of the unemployment rate and labor market power are amplified in subcontractor firms.
{"title":"Wage Theft, Economic Conditions, and Market Power: The Case of H-1B Workers","authors":"Jed DeVaro, P. Norlander","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3858061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3858061","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores what determines employers’ violations of the wage contracts of workers on H-1B temporary work visas, which occur when firms pay those workers below the promised prevailing or “market” wage. A theoretical framework is proposed that predicts more violations during economic downturns, fewer violations when firms have more labor-market power, and more violations by subcontractor firms. Empirical analysis is based on a firm-level matched dataset of wage and hour violations and the firms that sponsor H-1Bs. Higher labor market power, measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, is associated with fewer violations. Higher unemployment rates and subcontractor firms are associated with more violations. The effects of the unemployment rate and labor market power are amplified in subcontractor firms.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"406 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114007993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a bibliographic review of the gravitational model in sociophysics since its origins in Newton’s conception. Considering the crucial role played by physics in expanding our understanding about social sciences, I will preserve such an approach throughout the article. Firstly, I will introduce its theoretical roots with an overview of the physical models by the most prominent scholars up to the recent applications in migration and economics. Secondly, I will illustrate the analogies and differences between the gravitational model and Tobler’s first law of geography. Thus, this work results in a sound comparison between a simple spatial framework in three variables, the most notable of which is distance, and a structured scheme based on the gravity metaphor which relies on the concepts of attractions’ forces and spatial concentration. Thirdly, I will propose an assessment of the most recent application to intangible goods as in the fields of marketing and services.
{"title":"Review of the gravity model: a physical approach to social sciences","authors":"Luigi Capoani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3845593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3845593","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a bibliographic review of the gravitational model in sociophysics since its origins in Newton’s conception. Considering the crucial role played by physics in expanding our understanding about social sciences, I will preserve such an approach throughout the article. Firstly, I will introduce its theoretical roots with an overview of the physical models by the most prominent scholars up to the recent applications in migration and economics. Secondly, I will illustrate the analogies and differences between the gravitational model and Tobler’s first law of geography. Thus, this work results in a sound comparison between a simple spatial framework in three variables, the most notable of which is distance, and a structured scheme based on the gravity metaphor which relies on the concepts of attractions’ forces and spatial concentration. Thirdly, I will propose an assessment of the most recent application to intangible goods as in the fields of marketing and services.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132110069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forced migration traumatizes millions displaced from their homes, but little is known about the few who manage to stay and become a minority in a new society. We study the case of German stayers in Sudetenland, a region from which Czechoslovakia expelled ethnic Germans after World War Two. The unexpected presence of the US Army in parts of 1945 Czechoslovakia resulted in more anti-fascist Germans avoiding displacement compared to regions liberated by the Red Army. We study the long-run impacts of this local variation in the presence of left-leaning stayers and find that Communist party support and local party cell frequencies, as well as far-left values and social policies are more pronounced today where anti-fascist Germans stayed in larger numbers. Our findings also suggest that political identity supplanted German ethnic identity among anti-fascist stayers. The German staying minority shaped the political identity of newly formed local societies after ethnic cleansing by providing the ‘small seed’ of political development.
{"title":"Forced Migration, Staying Minorities, and New Societies: Evidence from Post-war Czechoslovakia","authors":"Jakub Grossmann, Š. Jurajda, Felix Roesel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3784126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3784126","url":null,"abstract":"Forced migration traumatizes millions displaced from their homes, but little is known about the few who manage to stay and become a minority in a new society. We study the case of German stayers in Sudetenland, a region from which Czechoslovakia expelled ethnic Germans after World War Two. The unexpected presence of the US Army in parts of 1945 Czechoslovakia resulted in more anti-fascist Germans avoiding displacement compared to regions liberated by the Red Army. We study the long-run impacts of this local variation in the presence of left-leaning stayers and find that Communist party support and local party cell frequencies, as well as far-left values and social policies are more pronounced today where anti-fascist Germans stayed in larger numbers. Our findings also suggest that political identity supplanted German ethnic identity among anti-fascist stayers. The German staying minority shaped the political identity of newly formed local societies after ethnic cleansing by providing the ‘small seed’ of political development.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115533050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: В настоящем препринте рассматривается миграция населения регионов Юга России во второй половине 20-го – начале 21-го веков. Миграционные процессы рассматриваются в двух «измерениях». С одной стороны, исследуется их развитие в исторической перспективе, в связи с чем отдельно рассматривается миграция в советское и постсоветское время. С другой стороны, миграционные потоки противопоставляются друг другу в аспекте «дальности», для чего отдельно характеризуются внутрирегиональные и межрегиональные миграции.
English Abstract: This preprint examines the migration of the population of the regions of the South of Russia in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries. Migration processes are considered in two “dimensions”. On the one hand, their development is investigated in a historical perspective, in connection with which migration in the Soviet and post-Soviet times is considered separately. On the other hand, migration flows are opposed to each other in terms of "distance", for which intraregional and interregional migrations are separately characterized.
{"title":"Характеристика миграционных потоков и расселения мигрантов на Юге России (Characteristics of Migration Flows and Settlement of Migrants in the South of Russia)","authors":"K. Kazenin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3861792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3861792","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> В настоящем препринте рассматривается миграция населения регионов Юга России во второй половине 20-го – начале 21-го веков. Миграционные процессы рассматриваются в двух «измерениях». С одной стороны, исследуется их развитие в исторической перспективе, в связи с чем отдельно рассматривается миграция в советское и постсоветское время. С другой стороны, миграционные потоки противопоставляются друг другу в аспекте «дальности», для чего отдельно характеризуются внутрирегиональные и межрегиональные миграции. <br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This preprint examines the migration of the population of the regions of the South of Russia in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries. Migration processes are considered in two “dimensions”. On the one hand, their development is investigated in a historical perspective, in connection with which migration in the Soviet and post-Soviet times is considered separately. On the other hand, migration flows are opposed to each other in terms of \"distance\", for which intraregional and interregional migrations are separately characterized.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133772542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores labor market discrimination against African immigrants’ who are settled in Norway. For this, it considers to what extent the career prospects of the migrants’ are limited in the Norwegian labor market. In addition, it examines how the employment position of the migrants’ affect their socioeconomic status. The article, further, analyze and discuss the factors that mitigate or reinforce inequality in the sector. Using a qualitative interview of 20 respondents with backgrounds from seven African countries, the article uncovers that, the immigrants’ seem to suffer from significant discrimination in employment. To this end, labor market discrimination warrants critical analysis aimed at transformation by confronting conditions of unequal power relations in the employment fields. The article recognizes that equal opportunities and a more dynamic labor market is an indispensable element of labor inclusion and integration in mainstream society. Against the background of increasing ethnic diversity, a greater emphasis on equal access to the labor market will have positive ramifications on belongingness, social cohesion, participation and collective well-being. In contrast, inequalities in employment often coincide with destabilizing circuits of social marginalization, vulnerability, poverty, and financial stigma. Accordingly, this article allows stakeholders to recognize the increasingly changing realities in the employment fields, adopt proactive measures, appropriate new world of work and the enhancement of human capital.
{"title":"Labor Market Discrimination against African Immigrants’: Between Employment Vulnerability and Social Exclusion","authors":"Patrick Agyare","doi":"10.12691/wjssh-7-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/wjssh-7-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores labor market discrimination against African immigrants’ who are settled in Norway. For this, it considers to what extent the career prospects of the migrants’ are limited in the Norwegian labor market. In addition, it examines how the employment position of the migrants’ affect their socioeconomic status. The article, further, analyze and discuss the factors that mitigate or reinforce inequality in the sector. Using a qualitative interview of 20 respondents with backgrounds from seven African countries, the article uncovers that, the immigrants’ seem to suffer from significant discrimination in employment. To this end, labor market discrimination warrants critical analysis aimed at transformation by confronting conditions of unequal power relations in the employment fields. The article recognizes that equal opportunities and a more dynamic labor market is an indispensable element of labor inclusion and integration in mainstream society. Against the background of increasing ethnic diversity, a greater emphasis on equal access to the labor market will have positive ramifications on belongingness, social cohesion, participation and collective well-being. In contrast, inequalities in employment often coincide with destabilizing circuits of social marginalization, vulnerability, poverty, and financial stigma. Accordingly, this article allows stakeholders to recognize the increasingly changing realities in the employment fields, adopt proactive measures, appropriate new world of work and the enhancement of human capital.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"43 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114086074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Volunteer engagement is improving the well-being of individuals in society, and volunteers' retention and migration behaviors are critical to the management of non-profit organizations. Despite the existing effort to understand organization performance with network science, no prior study has tapped into the behavior of the unpaid labor force of non-profit organizations. This work looks into volunteers' engagement, retention, and migration by constructing dynamic egocentric collaboration networks using data from 827,260 unique volunteers' participation in 183,445 projects initiated by 74,556 non-profit organizations over nine years. We apply a multiplex network framework to characterize the heterogeneous relationships within the collaboration networks. We find that volunteers embedded in more cohesive networks and surrounded by fewer structural holes (gaps between individuals who have complementary sources of information) are more likely to remain in their existing non-profit organizations. These volunteers are less likely to explore unfamiliar organizations through migration, and collectively, the reduced migration rates negatively affect the development of small and newly-established organizations. Further, such volunteers have a higher volunteering engagement level overall, guaranteeing the supply of the volunteer labor force. Our work not only adds to the theories of network cohesion and structural holes but also deepens the understanding of how collaboration networks pose opportunities and constraints for volunteer behaviors. This work provides rich implications for volunteer management and public policy.
{"title":"Retention, Migration, and Engagement: An Analysis of a Large-Scale Multiplex Volunteer Collaboration Network","authors":"Yifan Yu, Xue Tan, Yong Tan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3691421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3691421","url":null,"abstract":"Volunteer engagement is improving the well-being of individuals in society, and volunteers' retention and migration behaviors are critical to the management of non-profit organizations. Despite the existing effort to understand organization performance with network science, no prior study has tapped into the behavior of the unpaid labor force of non-profit organizations. This work looks into volunteers' engagement, retention, and migration by constructing dynamic egocentric collaboration networks using data from 827,260 unique volunteers' participation in 183,445 projects initiated by 74,556 non-profit organizations over nine years. We apply a multiplex network framework to characterize the heterogeneous relationships within the collaboration networks. We find that volunteers embedded in more cohesive networks and surrounded by fewer structural holes (gaps between individuals who have complementary sources of information) are more likely to remain in their existing non-profit organizations. These volunteers are less likely to explore unfamiliar organizations through migration, and collectively, the reduced migration rates negatively affect the development of small and newly-established organizations. Further, such volunteers have a higher volunteering engagement level overall, guaranteeing the supply of the volunteer labor force. Our work not only adds to the theories of network cohesion and structural holes but also deepens the understanding of how collaboration networks pose opportunities and constraints for volunteer behaviors. This work provides rich implications for volunteer management and public policy.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121544749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How does the disruption of traditional communities shape subsequent political outcomes? I argue that the demographic shock to indigenous societies induced by Africa's slave trade influences postcolonial politics by tragically improving ethnic institutions and leadership, thereby affecting the coup-civil war trap and the underlying commitment problems. The empirical analysis leverages the soil suitability for cassava as an instrument to exploit plausibly exogenous variation in the ethnic group-level exposure to the slave trade. The findings are four-fold: Ethnic groups with severer slave trade exposure are (1) less likely to experience battle incidents within their traditional homelands, (2) less likely to fight civil wars against the central government, (3) more likely to be included in state power-sharing schemes, and (4) more likely to stage coups in postcolonial states. Falsification tests exploiting the timing of cassava's arrival in Africa and the regional variation in non-cassava crop suitability lend further credibility to the findings.
{"title":"On the Persistent Effects of the Slave Trade on Postcolonial Politics in Africa","authors":"Gaku Ito","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3714585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3714585","url":null,"abstract":"How does the disruption of traditional communities shape subsequent political outcomes? I argue that the demographic shock to indigenous societies induced by Africa's slave trade influences postcolonial politics by tragically improving ethnic institutions and leadership, thereby affecting the coup-civil war trap and the underlying commitment problems. The empirical analysis leverages the soil suitability for cassava as an instrument to exploit plausibly exogenous variation in the ethnic group-level exposure to the slave trade. The findings are four-fold: Ethnic groups with severer slave trade exposure are (1) less likely to experience battle incidents within their traditional homelands, (2) less likely to fight civil wars against the central government, (3) more likely to be included in state power-sharing schemes, and (4) more likely to stage coups in postcolonial states. Falsification tests exploiting the timing of cassava's arrival in Africa and the regional variation in non-cassava crop suitability lend further credibility to the findings.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126404325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：